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THE  CHERRIES 


OF 


fEWYORK 


CHARLES   DOWNING 


State  OF  New  York— Department  of  Agriculture 

Twenty-second   AnnucJ    Report  —  Vol.    2  —  Part   II 


THE 


CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 


BY 
U.  P.   HEDRICK 

ASSISTED  BY 

G.   H.  HOWE 
O.  M.  TAYLOR 
C.  B.  TUBERGEN 
R.  WELLINGTON 


Report  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  the  Year  1914 

II 


r.UBRARY 
NEW  YORK 
BOTANICAL 

GARDEN 

ALBANY 

J.  B.  LYON  COMPANY.  STATE  PRINTERS 

1915 


.?1 


C  '  "^ 


NEW  YORK  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION, 

Geneva,  N.  Y.,  January  12,  1915 

To  the  Honorable  Board  of  Control  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station: 

Gentlemen  :  —  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  manu- 
script copy  for  Part  II  of  the  33d  Annual  Report  of  this  Station.  This 
contribution  is  the  fourth  monograph  on  the  fruits  of  New  York  State, 
prepared  under  your  direction  by  the  Horticulturist  of  this  institution 
and  his  associates. 

The  cherry,  which  this  manuscript  discusses,  is  undoubtedly  most 
widely  grown  of  the  tree-fruits  of  the  State;  for  within  easy  reach  of  every 
rural  housewife  —  in  orchard  or  garden,  along  roadside  or  lane  —  the 
"  pie  cherry  "  will  be  found;  and  many  a  lawn,  even  in  village  or  city, 
is  graced  by  the  stately  trees  which  bear  the  delicious  Yellow  Spanish 
or  Black  Tartarian.  In  many  parts  of  the  State,  also,  cherry  growing 
is  an  industry  of  much  commercial  importance,  with  orchards  exceeded 
in  value  by  those  of  the  apple  and  peach  alone. 

Because  of  its  widespread  popularity  and  commercial  importance 
the  cherry  well  merits  treatment  in  this  place  in  the  series  of  monographs. 
It  is  hoped  and  believed  that  the  growers  and  lovers  of  the  fruit  will  appre- 
ciate and  utilize  to  good  advantage  the  result  here  presented  of  years  of 
painstaking  work  by  the  authors.  The  discussions  are  based  not  alone 
on  Station  experience  with  hundreds  of  the  thousand  or  more  varieties 
described,  but  as  well  upon  the  collected  observations  of  many  cherry 
growers   and   the   expressed   judgments   of   the  leading   pomologists  who 

have  been  interested  in  this  fruit. 

W.  H.  JORDAN, 

Director 


PREFACE 

This  is  the  fourth  of  the  monographs  on  the  fruits  of  temperate  North 
America  pubHshed  by  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 
The  nature  and  purposes  of  these  treatises  have  been  set  forth  in  the  pref- 
aces of  preceding  volumes,  but  a  summary  of  the  purposes,  with  needed 
emphasis  on  several,  is  given  for  the  convenience  of  all  readers  and  the 
enlightenment  of  those  who  may  not  have  the  first  three  books. 

The  Cherries  of  New  York  contains  an  historical  account  of  cultivated 
cherries,  the  botany  of  this  fnoit,  a  statement  of  its  present  economic  status  in 
America,  descriptions  of  all  known  varieties  of  cherries,  the  synonymy  and 
bibliography  of  the  species  and  varieties,  and  biographical  sketches  of  the  per- 
sons who  have  contributed  materially  to  cherry  culture  in  America.  The  most 
important  varieties  are  illustrated  in  colors.  Everything  that  was  thought 
would  be  helpfvil  in  breeding  cherries  has  been  included,  and  special  search 
has  been  made  for  such  material.  So,  too,  whatever  was  thought  to  be 
of  interest  to  students  of  ecology  and  of  plant  distribution  has  been  added. 

In  the  monographs  on  grapes  and  plums  it  was  necessary  to  devote 
much  space  to  the  botanical  relationship  of  these  fruits  since  each  contains 
more  than  a  score  of  species  vmder  cultivation,  some  of  which  are  scarcely 
known  and  most  of  which  are  extremely  variable.  The  botany  of  culti- 
vated cherries  is  comparatively  simple  and  has  been  made  plain  by  botanical 
writers.  Yet  the  contemplation  of  the  several  species  from  a  horticultural 
standpoint  adds  something,  we  believe,  to  the  botany  of  cherries,  especially 
as  concerns  the  forms  of  the  Sweet  Cherry  and  the  Sour  Cherry  which 
have  been  variously  treated  by  botanists. 

As  compared  with  their  congeners,  especially  the  plums,  the  economic 
species  of  cherries  are  remarkably  well  delimited,  showing  far  less  respon- 
siveness to  environment  and  having  seemingly  less  inherent  variation,  so 
that  there  need  be  little  confusion  in  botanical  classification.  On  the  other 
hand  varieties  are  so  similar  that  it  is  only  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that 
closely  related  sorts  are  distinguished  and  there  is  great  confusion  in  the 
synonymy,  the  chief  task  of  the  present  work  being  to  distinguish  the  true 
names  from  the  synonyms  of  the  varieties  described. 

In  The  Cherries  of  New  York,  as  in  the  preceding  fruit  books  from  this 


VI  PREFACE 

Station,  effort  has  been  made  to  give  as  accurately  as  possible  the  region 
in  which  the  species  and  varieties  grow  best  and  to  set  forth  fully  the  local 
prejudices  of  the  fruits.  Such  knowledge  cannot  but  be  of  value  in  deter- 
mining the  factors  which  govern  the  distribution  of  plants.  The  estabHsh- 
ment  of  community  relationships  and  description  of  plant  communities  now 
constitute  an  important  part  of  botany  on  the  one  side  and  of  geography  on 
the  other.  No  phenomena  give  better  expression  of  the  climate  and  the  soU 
of  a  region  than  plant  communities.  When  monographs  of  several  of  the 
fruits  of  temperate  North  America  shall  have  been  completed,  with  state- 
ments of  likes  and  dislikes  of  the  fruits  and  their  varieties  as  to  climate 
and  soil,  material  should  be  available  to  establish  plant  communities  from 
which  can  be  drawn  valuable  generalizations. 

All,  howsoever  interested  in  pomology,  are  dependent  upon  descrip- 
tions of  fruits.  A  well-made  description  of  a  fruit,  to  one  mentally  equipped 
to  interpret  it,  is  second  only,  in  the  study  of  pomology,  to  having  the  fruit 
itself.  With  but  few  exceptions  the  descriptions  of  the  major  varieties 
are  made  first  hand  from  cherries  growing  on  the  Station  grounds,  though 
in  many  cases  fruits  from  different  localities  have  been  compared  with 
those  home-grown. 

Since  there  are  fewer  varieties  of  cherries  than  of  plums,  it  has  been 
possible  to  describe  and  illustrate  a  greater  proportion  of  the  sorts  under 
cultivation  than  in  the  book  on  plums,  yet  a  selection  has  had  to  be  made 
of  the  worthiest  of  the  many  kinds.  The  choice  of  sorts  for  full  descriptions 
and  color-plates  has  been  determined:  (i)  By  the  present  value  of  the 
variety;  (2)  the  probable  value  if  the  variety  be  a  novelty;  (3)  by  the 
value  of  the  data  to  the  cherry  breeder;  (4)  because  of  historical  value 
—  to  show  what  the  trend  of  cherry  evolution  has  been;  (5)  to  show  the 
relationships  of  species  and  varieties.  The  varieties  not  illustrated  nor  fully 
described  are  divided  into  two  further  groups  in  accordance  with  the  same 
considerations. 

In  botanical  nomenclature  the  code  adopted  by  the  International 
Botanical  Congress,  held  at  Vienna  in  1905,  has  been  used.  In  the  use 
of  horticultural  names  we  have  followed  somewhat  closely  the  rules  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society,  though  in  many  cases  strict  observance  of 
these  niles,  poor  at  best,  would  have  added  to  rather  than  lessened  the 
confusion  in  horticultural  nomenclature  and,  therefore,  they  have  been 
honored  in  the  breach  rather  than  in  the  observance. 


PREFACE  VU 

The  references  given  are  those  that  have  been  of  use  in  ascertaining 
the  history,  the  economic  status,  or  the  description  of  the  variety  that 
follows  —  no  more,  no  fewer.  These  constitute  a  very  small  proportion  of 
the  references  that  have  been  read  —  a  tremendous  task  involving  two  or 
three  years'  work  for  several  persons. 

So,  too,  it  has  been  a  herculean  task  to  search  out  the  synonyms  of 
cherries.  French,  German,  English  and  American  books  on  pomology 
overflow  with  such  synonyms  and  all  in  a  state  of  "  confusion  worse  con- 
fotmded."  An  enormous  amount  of  work  has  been  done  in  trying  to 
bring  order  out  of  this  confusion.  Many  of  the  synonyms  of  varieties 
have  been  given  in  times  past  because  of  adaptations  to  local  environ- 
ment. Such  naming  of  ecologic  forms  is  not  an  unmixed  evU,  since  it 
draws  attention  to  variable  varieties  and  characters  which  otherwise  might 
be  overlooked. 

Under  the  ferment  of  MendeUan  and  De  Vriesian  ideas  we  seem  to  be 
at  the  beginning  of  an  era  of  great  improvement  of  plants.  There  have 
never  been  well-directed  efforts  to  improve  fruits,  yet  something  has  been 
done  with  all.  Now,  when  there  is  an  onrush  of  new  discoveries  in  plant- 
breeding,  seems  to  be  a  particularly  opportune  time  to  tell  all  that  can  be 
learned  about  how  cherries  have  been  brought  from  their  wild  state  to  their 
present  perfection.  This  we  try  to  do  in  giving  the  origin  and  history  of 
varieties,  especially  as  to  parentage  and  maimer  of  origin,  though  such 
information  is  scant  and  very  fragmentary. 

As  in  the  previous  frvdt  books  some  prominence  is  given  in  foot-notes 
to  biography.  A  knowledge  of  the  career  of  those  who  have  been  giants 
in  their  day  in  the  development  of  any  industry  is  most  helpful  to  the  best 
understanding,  indeed,  is  almost  indispensable  to  the  fullest  comprehension, 
of  the  industry.  The  short  foot-notes,  it  is  hoped,  will  serve  to  give  some 
conception  of  what  the  master  builders  in  pomology  were  like  in  training, 
character,  and  methods  of  work.  From  the  reception  which  these  sketches 
in  former  fruit  books  have  received,  the  writers  feel  that  the  considerable 
expenditure  of  time  and  thought  that  these  biographical  notices  have 
required  is  amply  justified  and  that  the  effort  to  give  credit  due  and 
some  small  honor  to  the  promoters  of  pomology  has  been  well  worth  while. 

For  aid  in  the  preparation  of  The  Cherries  of  New  York  I  am  especially 
indebted  to  those  whose  names  appear  on  the  title  page,  to  my  associate, 
Mr.  R.  D.  Anthony,  for  reading  proof;    to  the  Station  editor,  Mr.  F.  H. 


Vlll  PREFACE 

Hall,  who  has  had  charge  of  the  proof  reading;  to  Zeese-Wilkinson  Com- 
pany, New  York  City,  who  have  had  an  especially  difficult  task  in  making 
the  color-plates  and  who  have  done  the  work  well;  and  to  the  J.  B.  Lyon 
Company,  Albany,  New  York,  for  their  painstaking  work  in  printing  the 

book. 

U.  P.  HEDRICK, 

Horticulturist,  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface v 

Index  to  Illustrations xi 

Chapter     I. —  Cultivated  Cherries i 

Chapter    II. —  The  History  of  Cultivated  Cherries 39 

Chapter  III. —  Cherry  Culture 65 

Chapter   IV. —  Leading  Varieties  of  Cherries 97 

Chapter     V. —  Minor  Varieties  of  Cherries 205 

Bibliography,  References  and  Abbreviations 337 

Index 347 

ix 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Portrait  of  Charles  Downing Frontispiece 

FACING   PAGE 

Abbesse  d'Oignies 98 

Arch  Duke 100 

BiNG 104 

Black  Tartarian 108 

Bourgueil 1 10 

Brusseler  Braune 112 

Carnation 114 

Coe 120 

Double  Natte 1 24 

Downer 1 26 

Dyehouse 126 

Eagle 128 

Early  Purple 130 

Early  Richmond 132 

Elton 136 

Empress  Eugenie 138 

English  Morello 140 

Florence 140 

George  Glass 142 

Ida 144 

Kirtland 148 

Knight 150 

Lambert 152 

Large  Montmorency 1 54 

Late  Duke 156 

Louis  Philippe 158 

May  Duke 164 

Mezel 168 

Montmorency 170 

Napoleon -. . .  172 

NouvELLE  Royale 1 74 

TO. 


Xll  INDEX   TO   ILLUSTRATIONS 

FACING    PAGE 

Olivet 1 76 

OSTHEIM 178 

Prunus  avium  (Double  Flowering),  Blossoms  of 30 

Prunus  a  vium  (Mazzard) 72 

Prunus  a  vium  (Mazzard),  Blossoms  of 68 

Prunus  a  vium  (Yellow  Spanish),  Blossoms  of 28 

Prunus  a  vium  X  Prunus  cerasus  (Reine  Hortense),  Blossoms  of.  32 

Prunus  cerasus  (Amarelle  Group),  Blossoms  of 24 

Prunus  cerasus  (Morello  Group),  Blossoms  of 26 

Prunus  mahaleb 74 

Prunus  mahaleb,  Blossoms  of 70 

Prunus  tomentosa 34 

Reine  Hortense 180 

Republican 1 82 

RocKPORT 182 

Royal  Duke 1 84 

Schmidt 1 86 

Short-Stem  Montmorency 188 

Sklanka 188 

SuDA 192 

Timme 192 

Vladimir 194 

Windsor 198 

Wood 200 

Yellow  Spanish 202 


NEW  YORK 
BOTANICAL 

GARDEN 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 


CHAPTER  I 
CULTIVATED   CHERRIES 

CHERRIES   AND   THEIR   KINDRED 

The  genus  Prunus  plays  a  very  important  part  in  horticulture.  It 
furnishes,  in  temperate  climates,  the  stone-fruits,  plants  of  ancient  and  mod- 
em agriciilture  of  which  there  are  a  score  or  more  commonly  cultivated  and 
at  least  as  many  more  sparingly  grown  for  their  edible  fruits.  Of  these 
stone-fruits  the  species  of  cherries  rank  with  those  of  the  plum  and  the 
peach  in  commercial  importance  while  the  several  botanical  groups  of  the 
apricot  and  almond  are  less  important,  but  hardly  less  well-known,  members 
of  this  notable  genus.  Prunus  is  of  interest,  too,  because  the  history  of 
its  edible  species  follows  step  by  step  the  history  of  agriciolture.  The 
domestication  of  its  fruits  from  wild  progenitors,  most  of  which  are  still 
subjects  of  common  observation,  illustrates  well  the  influences  and  conditions 
under  which  plants  have  generally  been  brought  into  domestication. 
The  genus  is  also  of  more  than  ordinary  note  because  the  number  of  its 
economic  species  is  being  increased  almost  yearly  by  new-found  treasures 
from  North  America  and  Asia,  not  varieties  but  species,  which  promise 
under  future  domestication  still  further  to  enrich  horticulture. 

The  plum  and  the  peach  surpass  the  cherry  in  diversity  of  flavor, 
aroma,  texture,  color,  form  and  size,  characters  which  make  fruits  pleasant 
to  the  palate  and  beautiful  to  the  eye;  but  the  cherry,  perhaps,  plays  a 
more  important  part  than  the  plum  or  the  peach  in  domestic  economy.  It 
has  fewer  prejudices  as  to  soil  and  climate,  hence  is  much  more  widely 
distributed  and  is  more  easily  grown,  being  better  represented  in  the  or- 
chards and  gardens  in  the  regions  where  the  three  fruits  grow.  The  cherry, 
too,  fruits  more  quickly  after  planting,  ripens  earlier  in  the  season  and  its 
varieties  are  more  regular  in  bearing  and  usually  more  fruitful  —  charac- 
ters that  greatly  commend  it  to  fruit-growing  people.  Probably  it  is  the 
most  popular  of  all  fruits  for  the  garden,  dooryard,  roadside  and  small 
orchard.  All  in  all,  while  adorning  a  somewhat  humbler  place  in  pomology, 
it  is  more  generally  useful  than  the  showier  and  more  delicate  plum  and 
peach. 


2  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Though  placed  by  most  botanists  in  the  same  genus,  each  of  the  stone- 
fruits  constitutes  a  natural  group  so  distinct  that  neither  botanist  nor  fruit- 
grower could  possibly  take  one  for  another  as  the  trees  and  fruits  of  the  dif- 
ferent groups  are  called  to  mind.  But  there  are  outstanding  forms  which 
seem  to  establish  connections  between  the  many  species  and  the  several 
groups  of  fruits  and  through  these  outliers  the  characters  are  so  confounded 
in  attempting  to  separate  species  that  it  becomes  quickly  apparent  that  there 
are  few  distinct  lines  of  cleavage  within  the  genus.  For  several  centviries 
systematists  have  disputed  as  to  whether  the  stone-fruits  fall  most  naturally 
into  one,  two,  or  three  genera  —  indeed  have  not  been  able  to  agree  as  to 
whether  some  species  are  plums  or  cherries,  or  others  apricots  or  plums. 
Hybridization  between  the  cultivated  divisions  of  the  genus  —  unques- 
tionably it  has  taken  place  in  nature  as  well  —  has  added  to  the  perplexities 
of  classification.  Accepting,  then,  for  the  present  at  least,  the  very  artificial 
classification  which,  rather  paradoxically,  places  in  one  genus  a  number  of 
fruits  commonly  thought  of  as  quite  distinct,  let  us  briefly  note  the  charac- 
ters which  best  distinguish  cherries  from  their  congeners. 

The  cherry  is  nearest  of  kin  to  the  plum.  These  two  are  roughly 
separated  from  the  other  cultivated  members  of  the  genus  to  which  they 
belong  by  bearing  their  fruits  on  stems  in  fascicles  while  the  others  are 
practically  stemless  and  are  solitary  or  borne  in  pairs.  The  fruits  of  plums 
and  cherries  are  globular  or  oblong,  succulent  and  smooth  or  nearly  so. 
Peaches,  apricots,  nectarines  and  almonds  are  more  silicate  than  plums  and 
cherries  and  the  almond  has  a  drier  flesh,  splitting  at  maturity  to  liberate 
the  stone;  and,  with  the  exception  of  nectarines  and  a  few  varieties  of 
apricots,  all  are  very  pubescent.  The  stones  of  cherries  and  plums  are 
smooth,  or  nearly  so,  while  those  of  the  other  fruits  are  sculptured  and 
pitted,  though  those  of  the  apricot  are  often  somewhat  plum-like. 

Cherries  are  separated  from  plums  by  their  smaller  size  and  distinctive 
color  of  skin,  juice  and  flesh;  by  the  texture  and  distinct  flavor  of  the  flesh; 
by  growth  in  corymbose  rather  than  umbelliferous  fascicles;  by  the  more 
globular  stone;  and  by  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the  bud.  Leaves 
of  the  plum  are  usually  convolute,  or  rolled  up,  in  the  bud,  while  those  of 
the  cherry  are  conduplicate,  or  folded  lengthwise  along  the  midrib. 

We  have  been  discussing  the  cherries  of  common  cultivation  —  the 
Sweet  Cherry  and  Sour  Cherry  of  the  orchards,  the  fascicled  cherries  to 
which  the  botanists  give  the  group  name,  Cerasus.  But  there  is  another 
group,  the  Padus  cherries,  well  worthy  of  brief  mention.     The  most  note- 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  3 

worthy  representatives  of  Padus  are  the  bird  cherry  (Prunus  padiis)  of 
the  Old  World  and  the  choke  cherry  {Primus  virginiana)  of  the  New  World. 
These  Padus  cherries  are  distinguished  botanically  in  having  their  flowers 
borne  in  racemes,  that  is,  in  long  clusters  of  which  those  nearest  the  base 
of  the  shoot  open  first  —  rather  than  in  the  short-clustered  fascicles  of  the 
Cerasus  group.  The  cherries  are  small  and  almost  or  quite  black.  The 
Padus  cherries  are  but  sparingly  cvdtivated  but  undoubtedly  they  are 
capable  of  some  improvement  under  more  thorough  cviltivation. 

DISTRIBUTION   OF    CULTIVATED    CHERRIES 

The  cherry  is  one  of  the  most  commonly  cultivated  of  all  fruits  and 
the  many  varieties  of  its  several  forms  encircle  the  globe  in  the  North 
Temperate  Zone  and  are  being  rapidly  disseminated  throughout  the  tem- 
perate parts  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere.  For  centuries  it  has  been,  as 
we  shall  see  in  the  history  of  the  species,  one  of  the  most  valuable  fruit- 
producing  trees  of  Europe  and  Asia  —  an  inhabitant  of  nearly  every 
orchard  and  garden  as  well  as  a  common  roadside  tree  in  temperate  climates 
in  both  continents.  From  Europe,  as  a  center  of  distribution,  the  cherry 
has  played  an  important  part  in  the  orcharding  in  temperate  regions  of 
other  continents.  In  North  America  varieties  of  the  cherry  are  grown 
from  Newfoundland  to  Vancouver  Island  on  the  north,  to  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, Texas  and  Florida  on  the  south,  yielding  fruit  in  a  greater  diversity 
of  soils  and  climates  in  Canada  and  the  States  of  the  Union  than  any  other 
tree-fruit. 

The  Sour  Cherry  is  very  cosmopolitan,  thriving  in  many  soils;  is  able 
to  withstand  heat,  cold  and  great  atmospheric  dryness,  if  the  soil  contain 
moistvire;  and,  though  it  responds  to  good  care,  it  grows  under  neglect 
better  than  any  other  tree-fruit.  The  Sour  Cherry,  too,  is  rather  less 
inviting  to  insects  and  fungi  than  most  other  stone-fruits,  being  practically 
immune  to  the  dreaded  San  Jose  scale.  On  the  other  hand  the  Sweet 
Cherry  is  very  fastidious  as  to  soils,  is  lacking  in  hardiness  to  both  heat 
and  cold  and  is  prey  to  many  insects  and  subject  to  all  the  ills  to  which 
stone-fruits  are  heir;  it  is  grown  at  its  best  in  but  few  and  comparatively 
limited  areas,  though  these  are  very  widely  distributed. 

USES   OF   THE    CHERRY 

The  cherry  is  a  delectable  early-summer  fruit,  especially  grateful  as  a 
refreshing  dessert  and  much  valued  in  cookery,  when  fresh,  canned,  pre- 


4  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

served  or  dried,  for  the  making  of  pies,  tarts,  sauces  and  confections.  Dur- 
ing the  last  few  years,  in  America  at  least,  the  consumption  of  cherries 
has  been  enormously  increased  by  the  fashion  of  adding  preserved  cherries, 
as  much  for  ornament  as  to  give  flavor,  to  many  drinks  and  ices.  The 
great  bulk  of  the  cherry  crop  now  grown  in  America  for  commercial  purposes 
is  canned,  the  industry  being  more  or  less  specialized  in  a  few  fruit  regions. 
The  demand  for  cherries  for  canning  seems  to  be  increasing  greatly  but 
unfortunately  it  calls  for  but  few  varieties,  the  Montmorency  being  the 
sort  sought  for  among  the  Sour  Cherries,  while  the  hard-fleshed  varieties 
of  the  Bigarreau  type  are  in  greatest  demand  among  the  Sweet  Cherries. 

The  cherry,  while  a  very  common  fruit  in  nearly  all  agricultioral  regions 
of  America,  does  not  hold  the  place  in  American  markets  as  a  fresh  fruit 
that  it  does  in  the  towns  and  cities  of  Europe.  The  great  abundance  of 
strawberries,  raspberries,  currants,  gooseberries,  dewberries,  blackberries, 
as  well  as  early  varieties  of  tree  fruits,  makes  keener  here  than  abroad  the 
competition  in  the  fruit  markets  during  cherry  time.  The  fact,  too,  that 
market  fruits  in  America  are  shipped  long  distances,  for  which  the  cherry 
is  not  well  adapted,  helps  to  explain  the  relatively  small  regard  in  which 
this  fruit  has  been  held  for  commercial  piH"poses  in  the  fresh  state.  In 
recent  years,  however,  both  Sweet  Cherries  and  Sovir  Cherries,  the  former 
in  particular,  have  been  sent  to  the  markets  in  far  greater  abundance,  the 
impetus  to  their  market  value  being  due  to  a  better  product  —  better 
varieties,  hence  greater  demand  —  and  to  greatly  improved  facilities  for 
shipping  and  holding  for  sale. 

In  Europe  several  liqueurs  are  very  commonly  made  from  cherries 
both  for  home  and  commercial  uses.  Such  is  not  the  case  in  America, 
where,  except  in  very  limited  quantities  in  which  unfermented  cherry 
juices  are  used  in  the  home,  this  fruit  is  not  used  in  liqueur-making.  In 
some  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  wine  is  made  from  the  juice;  a  spirit, 
kirschwasser,^  is  distilled  from  the  fermented  pulp  as  an  article  for  both 
home  and  commerce;  and  ratafias  and  cordials  are  very  generally  flavored 
with  cherries.  In  the  Austrian  province  of  Dalmatia  a  liqueur  or  cordial 
called  maraschino  ^  is  made  by  a  secret  process  of  fermentation  and  distil- 

'  Kirschwasser  as  a  commercial  article  is  made  chiefly  on  the  upper  Rhine  from  the  wild  black  Sweet 
Cherrj-  {Primus  avium).  In  its  manufacture,  fruit — -flesh  and  kernels  —  is  mashed  into  a  pulp  which 
is  allowed  to  ferment.     By  distillation  from  this  fermented  pulp  a  colorless  liqueur  is  obtained. 

^  Maraschino  is  a  liqueur,  or  cordial,  made  from  the  fruit  and  leaves  of  the  small,  sour,  black  Marasca 
cherry.  The  product  comes  chiefly  from  Zara,  the  capital  of  the  Austrian  province  of  Dalmatia,  where 
it  has  been  made  and  exported  for  over  200  years.     Such  accounts  of  the  process  of  making  maraschino 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  5 

lation.  This  liquevir  is  imported  in  America  in  considerable  quantities  to 
flavor  preservatives  in  which  the  home-grown  cherries  are  prepared  for  use 
in  various  drinks  and  confections.  No  attempts  have  been  made  to  grow 
the  Marasca  cherry  on  a  commercial  scale  in  America  but  undoubtedly  it 
could  be  grown  and,  with  the  process  of  making  maraschino  discovered,  an 
important  use  would  be  developed  for  cherries  —  all  the  more  to  be  desired 
since  the  foreign  maraschino  is  now  grossly  adulterated  and  imitated  in 
this  country.  Both  the  fruits  and  seeds  of  cherries,  especially  of  the 
Mahaleb,  are  steeped  in  spirits  for  food,  drink  and  medicinal  purposes.  An 
oil  used  in  making  perfumes  for  scenting  soaps  and  confectionery  is  also 
extracted  from  the  seeds  of  the  Mahaleb  because  of  which  use  this  species 
is  often  called  the  "  Perfumed  Cherry." 

In  the  old  herbals  and  pomologies  much  is  made  of  the  value  of  cherries 
for  medicinal  pvuposes.  The  fruit  was  supposed  to  be  a  sovereign  remedy 
for  various  ailments  of  the  digestive  tract  as  well  as  for  nervous  disorders 


as  have  become  public  seem  to  agree  that  the  liqueur  is  a  distillation  of  a  compote  made  from  the  fruit 
and  young  leaves.  When  ripe  the  cherries  are  picked  early  in  the  morning  and  sent  at  once  to  the  distiller^' 
where  the  stones  are  extracted  by  machinery.  The  leaves  are  cut,  pressed  and  added  to  the  fruit  with 
sugar  and  alcohol.  This  mixture  is  allowed  to  ferment  for  six  months  or  thereabouts  and  from  it  is  then 
distilled  maraschino.  It  is  then  stored  in  cellars  for  three  years  before  being  placed  on  the  markets. 
In  both  Europe  and  America  there  are  many  imitations  of  the  maraschino  liqueur  in  which  neither  fruit 
nor  foliage  of  the  Marasca  nor  any  other  cherry  has  any  part. 

According  to  the  Dalmatians  all  attempts  to  improve  the  Marasca  cherry  by  culture  have  failed. 
They  say,  too,  that  it  will  not  thrive  elsewhere  than  in  Dalmatia.  Under  culture,  the  fruits  and  leaves 
lose  their  distinctive  aroma  and  taste  as  they  do  on  any  but  the  native  soil  of  the  variety.  The  poorer, 
sparser  and  more  rocky  the  ferruginous  soil,  the  wilder  the  tree,  the  smaller  and  sourer  the  cherries,  the 
better  the  maraschino  liqueur  —  so  the  present  makers  say. 

Since  considerable  quantities  of  cherries  are  put  up  in  America  in  maraschino,  or  its  imitation,  and  the 
manufacture  of  such  products  is  a  growing  industry,  the  following  ruling  by  the  Board  of  Food  and  Drug 
Inspection  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  taken  from  Food  Inspection  Decision  141,  is 
of  interest  to  growers,  canners  and  users  of  cherries: 

"  In  considering  the  products  prepared  from  the  large  light-colored  cherry  of  the  Napoleon  Bigarreau, 
or  Royal  Anne  type,  which  are  artifically  colored  and  flavored  and  put  up  in  a  sugar  sirup,  flavored  with 
various  materials,  the  Board  has  reached  the  conclusion  that  this  product  is  not  properly  entitled  to  be 
called  '  Maraschino  Cherries,'  or  '  Cherries  in  Maraschino.'  If,  however,  these  cherries  are  packed  in 
a  sirup,  flavored  with  maraschino  alone,  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  Board  that  they  would  not  be  misbranded, 
if  labeled  '  Cherries,  Maraschino  Flavor,'  or  '  Maraschino  Flavored  Cherries.'  If  these  cherries  are 
packed  in  maraschino  liqueur  there  would  be  no  objection  to  the  phrase  '  Cherries  in  Maraschino.'  When 
these  artificially  colored  cherries  are  put  up  in  a  sirup  flavored  in  imitation  of  maraschino,  even  though 
the  flavoring  may  consist  in  part  of  maraschino,  it  would  not  be  proper  to  use  the  word  '  Maraschino  ' 
in  connection  with  the  product  unless  preceded  by  the  word  '  Imitation.'  They  may,  however,  be  labeled 
to  show  that  they  are  a  preserved  cherry,  artificially  colored  and  flavored. 

"  The  presence  of  artificial  coloring  or  flavoring  matter,  of  any  substitute  for  cane  sugar,  and  the 
presence  and  amount  of  benzoate  of  soda,  when  used  in  these  products  must  be  plainly  stated  upon  the 
label  in  the  manner  provided  in  Food  Inspection  Decisions  Nos.  52  and  104." 


6  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

and  epilepsy.  The  astringent  leaves  and  bark,  or  extracts  from  them, 
were  much  used  by  the  ancients  in  medicine  and  are  still  more  or  less 
employed  both  as  home  remedies  and  in  the  practice  of  medicine  as  mild 
tonics  and  sedatives.  One  of  the  active  chemicals  of  the  leaf,  seed 
and  bark  is  hydrocyanic  acid  to  which  is  largely  due  the  peculiar  odor  of 
these  structures.  A  gum  is  secreted  from  the  trunks  of  cherry  trees, 
known  in  commerce  as  cerasin,  which  has  some  use  in  medicine  and  in 
various  trades  as  well,  especially  as  a  substitute  and  as  an  adulterant  of 
gum  arabic. 

At  least  three  cultivated  cherry  trees  produce  wood  of  considerable 
value.  The  wood  of  the  cherry  is  hard,  close-grained,  solid,  durable,  a 
handsome  pale  red,  or  brown  tinged  with  red.  Primus  avium,  the  Sweet 
Cherry,  furnishes  a  wood  which,  if  sufficient  care  be  taken  to  season  it,  is 
of  much  value  in  cabinet-making  and  for  the  maniifacture  of  musical 
instruments.  Prunus  mahaleh  is  a  much  smaller  tree  than  the  former  but 
its  wood,  as  much  as  there  is  of  it,  is  even  more  valuable,  being  very  hard 
and  fragrant  and  dark  enough  in  color  to  take  on  a  beautiful  mahogany- 
like polish.  In  France  the  wood  of  the  Mahaleb  cherry  is  held  in  high 
esteem,  under  the  name  Bois  de  St.  Lucie,  in  cabinet-making  and  for  toys, 
canes,  handles  and  especially  for  the  making  of  tobacco  pipes.  In  Japan 
the  wood  of  Prunus  pseudocerasus  is  said  to  be  in  great  demand  for 
engraving  and  in  making  the  blocks  used  in  printing  cloth  and  wall-paper. 
In  America  the  wood  of  the  orchard  species  of  cherries  is  seldom  used  for 
domestic  purposes,  that  of  the  wild  species  being  so  much  more  cheaply 
obtainable  and  serving  all  purposes  quite  as  well. 

To  people  who  know  it  only  for  its  fruit,  the  cherry  does  not  appear 
particvilarly  desirable  as  an  ornamental.  But  wild  and  cultivated  cherries 
furnish  many  beautiful  trees  in  a  genus  peculiar  for  the  beauty  of  its  species. 
The  color  and  abundance  of  the  flowers,  fruits  and  leaves  of  the  cultivated 
cherries  and  the  fact  that  they  are  prolific  of  forms  with  double  flowers, 
weeping,  fastigiate  or  other  ornamental  habits,  make  the  several  species 
of  this  plant  valuable  as  ornamentals.  Besides,  they  are  vigorous  and  rapid 
in  growth,  hardy,  easy  of  culture,  comparatively  free  from  pests  and 
adapted  to  a  great  diversity  of  soils  and  climates.  Both  the  ornamental 
and  the  edible  cherries  are  very  beautiful  in  spring  when  abundantly 
covered  with  flowers,  which  usually  open  with  the  unfolding  leaves,  as 
well  as  throughout  the  summer  when  overspread  with  lustrous  green  foliage 
and    most  of  them   are   quite  as  conspicuously   beautiful  in  the   autumn 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  7 

when  the  leaves  turn  from  green  to  light  and  dark  tints  of  red.  All  will 
agree  that  a  cherry  tree  in  full  fruit  is  a  most  beautiful  object.  In  the 
winter  when  the  leaves  have  fallen,  some  of  the  trees,  especially  of  the 
ornamental  varieties,  are  very  graceful  and  beautiful,  others  are  often 
picturesque,  and  even  the  somewhat  stiff  and  formal  Sweet  Cherries  are 
attractive  plants  in  the  garden  or  along  the  roadside. 

Very  acceptable  jellies,  sauces  and  preserves  are  made  from  several  of 
the  wild  cherries  in  the  Padus  group.  The  peasantry  of  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere have  in  times  of  need  found  them  important  foods  as  have  also  the 
American  Indians  at  all  times.  The  fruits  of  some  of  the  species  of  Padus 
are  quite  commonly  used  in  flavoring  liquevirs  and  on  both  continents  are 
sometimes  fermented  and  distilled  into  a  Hquexir  similar  to  kirschwasser. 
The  bark  of  different  parts  of  the  trees  of  this  group  is  valuable  in  medicine 
—  at  least  is  largely  used.  The  trees  of  several  species  form  handsome 
ornamentals  and  some  of  them  are  in  commerce  for  the  purpose.  Primus 
serotina,  one  of  the  group,  because  of  the  strength  of  its  wood  and  the 
beautiful  satiny  polish  which  its  surface  is  capable  of  receiving,  is  a  valuable 
timber  tree  of  American  forests.  For  the  products  of  the  members  of  this 
group,  as  just  set  forth,  the  domestication  of  some  of  the  species  of  Padus 
might  well  be  pushed. 

LITERATURE   OF   THE    CHERRY 

Despite  the  important  part  they  have  played  in  orcharding  since  the 
domestication  of  fruits  in  temperate  zones,  as  shown  by  their  history  and 
their  present  popularity,  pomological  writers  have  singularly  neglected 
cherries.  There  are  relatively  few  European  books  devoted  to  them  and 
in  America,  while  there  are  treatises  on  all  others  of  the  common  tree-fruits, 
the  cherry  alone  seems  not  to  have  inspired  some  pomologist  to  print  a 
book.  Neither  are  the  discussions  in  general  pomologies  as  full  and  accu- 
rate as  for  other  fruits.  The  reason  for  this  neglect  is  that  the  cherry, 
until  the  last  decade  or  two,  has  scarcely  been  a  fruit  of  commerce,  having 
been  grown  almost  entirely  for  home  use  or  at  most  for  the  local  market. 
As  a  result  of  this  neglect  of  the  cherry  by  students  of  pomology,  we  have 
no  authoritative  nor  serviceable  system  of  classification  of  the  varieties  of 
cherries  and  the  nomenclature  of  this  fruit  is  in  an  appalling  state  of  con- 
fusion, as  a  glance  at  the  synonymy  of  some  of  the  older  varieties  discussed 
in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  will  show. 


8  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

AMELIORATION  OF  THE  CHERRY 

The  amelioration  of  the  cherry  has  been  in  progress  almost  since 
the  dawn  of  civilization,  yet  few  men  have  directed  their  efforts  toward 
the  improvement  of  this  fruit.  The  histories  of  the  varieties  described 
in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  show  that  nearly  all  of  them  have  come 
from  chance  seedlings.  Possibly  there  has  been  little  interest  in 
improving  cherries  because  this  fruit  is  comparatively  immutable  in  its 
characters. 

In  spite  of  the  fact  that  there  are  a  great  number  of  varieties,  1,145 
being  described  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York,  this  of  all  stone-fruits  is  most 
fixed  in  its  characters.  The  differences  between  tree  and  fruit  in  the  many 
varieties  are  less  marked  than  in  the  other  fruits  of  Prunus  and  the  varieties 
come  more  nearly  true  to  seed.  Though  probably  domesticated  as  long 
ago  as  any  other  of  the  tree-fruits,  the  cherry  is  now  most  of  all  like  its 
wild  progenitors.  The  phim  is  very  closely  related  to  the  cherry  but  it 
has  varied  in  nature  and  under  cultivation  much  more  than  the  cherry 
and  in  accordance  with  different  environments  has  developed  more  marked 
differences  in  its  species  to  endure  the  conditions  brought  about  by  the 
topographical  and  climatic  changes  through  which  the  earth  has  passed. 
Under  domestication  more  than  twice  as  many  orchard  varieties  of  the 
plum  have  come  into  being  as  of  the  cherry.  In  spite  of  this  stability, 
there  are  ample  rewards  in  breeding  cherries  to  those  who  will  put  in  prac- 
tice rightly  directed  efforts  to  improve  this  fruit  —  a  statement  substan- 
tiated by  the  histories  of  some  of  the  best  varieties,  described  later  in  this 
text,  which  were  originated  through  what  was  passing  as  ctorrent  coin  in 
plant-breeding  before  the  far  better  methods  of  the  present  time,  brought 
about  by  Mendel's  discovery,  came  into  being. 

The  cherry,  as  the  histories  of  its  many  diverse  kinds  show,  has  been 
improved  only  through  new  varieties.  There  is  no  evidence,  whatever,  to 
show  that  any  one  of  the  several  hundred  cherries  described  in  this  text 
has  been  improved  by  selection  as  a  cumulative  process,  or,  on  the  other 
hand,  that  any  one  of  them  has  cumulatively  degenerated.  Of  varieties 
cultivated  for  their  fruits  there  are  no  records  of  mutations  either  from  the 
seed  or  from  bud,  though  of  the  ornamental  cherries  not  a  few  have  arisen 
as  bud-mutations,  as,  for  example,  the  several  double-flowered  cherries  and 
those  of  weeping  or  fastigiate  habit  of  growth  and  the  many  sorts  with 
abnormally  colored  foliage.  Since  improvement  depends  upon  the  bring- 
ing  into  being   of   new   cherries   it   becomes   highly   important   to   know 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  9 

how  the  varieties  we  are  deahng  with  in  Tlie  Cherries  of  New  York 
have  come  into  existence.  The  following  is  a  summary  of  their  manner 
of  origin: — 

No  case  is  recorded  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  of  a  variety  known 
to  have  come  from  self-fertilized  seed. 

The  seed  parent  is  given  for  6i  varieties.  The  statements  as  to  seed 
parents  are  probably  accurate,  for  a  man  planting  cherry  seeds  would 
record  the  name  of  the  seed  parent  correctly  if  he  knew  it. 

The  seed  and  pollen  parents  of  twenty  of  the  cherries  described  in  this 
work  are  given.  Sixteen  of  these  are  hybrids  originating  with  Professor 
N.  E.  Hansen  of  South  Dakota,  leaving  but  four  sorts  the  parents  of  which 
were  known  before  the  recent  work  of  Professor  Hansen. 

No  cherry  cultivated  for  its  fruit  is  reported  to  have  come  from  a  sport 
or  a  bud-mutation. 

Cherries  arising  from  seed  sown  without  knowledge  of  either  parent  or 
from  natural  seedlings  are  put  down  as  chance  seedlings;  of  these  there 
are  147. 

The  origin  of  917  of  the  varieties  here  described  is  unknown. 

The  total  number  of  cherries  under  discussion  is  1,145. 

To  improve  the  cherry  the  breeder  must  know  the  material  with  which 
he  is  working.  The  following  is  a  brief  discussion  of  the  characters  of  this 
fruit  to  be  found  in  the  technical  descriptions  of  species  and  varieties. 

TREE  AND  FRUIT  CHARACTERS  OF  THE  CHERRY 

Species  of  cherries  have  very  characteristic  trees.  The  merest  glance 
at  the  tree  enables  one  to  tell  the  Sweet  Cherry,  Primus  avium,  from  the 
Soior  Cherry,  Primus  cerasus.  The  first  named  is  the  larger  of  the  two, 
especially  reaching  a  greater  height,  is  pyramidal  in  shape,  with  branches 
erect  and  bearing  much  less  foliage  than  the  Sour  Cherry.  The  Sweet 
Cherry  often  lives  for  a  century  or  more  —  the  Sour  Cherry  attains  but 
the  three  score  years  and  ten  of  man.  Primus  cerasus  is  easily  distin- 
guished from  Pnmus  avium  by  its  comparatively  low,  roundish  and  never 
pyramidal  head.  So,  too,  many  of  the  varieties  of  either  of  these  two 
species  are  readily  told  in  the  orchard  by  the  size  or  habit  of  the  plant. 
Other  species  are  either  shrubby  or  tree-like  and  their  varieties  may  often 
be  identified  from  the  spaciousness  or  dwarfness  of  its  trees,  ^ize  is  rather 
more  variable  than  other  gross  characters  because  of  the  influence  of 
environment  • —  food,  moisture,  light,  isolation,  pests   and   the   like  —  yet 


10  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

size  in  a  plant,  or  in  the  parts  of  a  plant,  is  a  very  reliable  character  when 
proper  allowances  have  been  made  for  environment. 

Habit  of  growth,  unlike  size,  varies  but  little  with  changing  conditions 
and  thus  becomes  a  most  important  means  of  distinguishing  species  and 
varieties  and  not  infrequently  sets  the  seal  and  sign  of  desirability  for  an 
orchard  cherry.  More  than  any  other  character,  habit  of  growth  gives 
what  is  called  "  aspect  "  to  a  cherry  tree.  Thus,  a  species  or  a  variety 
may  be  upright,  spreading,  roimd-topped,  drooping  or  weeping  in  habit  of 
growth;  the  head  may  be  open  or  dense  and  may  be  formed  by  a  central 
shaft  with  several  whorls  of  branches  or  by  three  or  four  trunk-like  stems 
each  with  its  scaffolding  branches.  The  trees  may  grow  rapidly  or  slowly 
and  may  be  long-lived  or  short-lived.  The  trunks  may  be  short  and  stocky, 
or  long  and  slender,  straight  or  crooked,  gnarled  or  smooth,  these  characters 
often  determining  whether  a  cherry  is  manageable  or  unmanageable  in  the 
orchard. 

The  degree  of  hardiness  is  a  very  important  diagnostic  character  for 
groups  of  cherries  and  often  wholly  indicates  their  value  for  agriculture. 
Thus,  the  varieties  of  Primus  avium  are  but  little  hardier  than  the  peach 
while  those  of  Prunus  cerasus  are  as  hardy  or  hardier  than  the  apple.  The 
range  of  varieties  as  to  hardiness  falls  within  that  of  the  species  and  it  is 
interesting  to  note  that  in  Europe,  where  the  wild  Prunus  avium  is  very 
common,  in  the  many  centuries  since  the  fruit  has  been  under  domestication, 
a  cultivated  variety  hardier  than  the  wild  Sweet  Cherry  has  not  been 
developed.  Cherries  are  designated  in  the  technical  descriptions  as  hardy, 
half-hardy  and  tender. 

Productiveness,  age  of  bearing,  and  regularity  of  bearing  are  distinctive 
and  valuable  characters  of  orchard  cherries  but  not  of  wild  cherries.  The 
care  given  the  tree  greatly  influences  fruitfulness,  yet  the  quantity  of  fruit 
produced  is  often  a  helpful  means  of  identifying  a  variety  and  is  a  charac- 
ter that  must  always  be  considered  by  the  plant-breeder.  Age  of  bearing 
and  regularity  of  bearing  are  most  important  characters  with  the  pome 
fruits,  the  apple,  in  particular,  but  while  worth  considering  with  the 
drupes  are  of  relatively  little  value,  all  drupaceous  fruits  coming  in  bearing 
at  about  the  same  time  for  the  species  and  all  bearing  regularly,  as  a 
rule,  unless  interfered  with  by  some  outside  agency  preventing  the  setting 
or  causing  the  dropping  of  fruit. 

Immunity  and  susceptibility  to  diseases  and  insects  are  valuable 
taxonomic  characters  of  both  species  and  varieties  of  cultivated  cherries. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  II 

Thus,  the  varieties  of  Primus  cerastes  are  very  susceptible  to  black  knot 
{Plowrightia  morbosa),  while  those  of  Primus  avium  are  almost  immune. 
On  the  other  hand,  Primus  avium  is  an  inviting  prey  to  San  Jose  scale 
{Aspidiotus  perniciosus) ,  while  Prunus  cerasus  is  but  little  injured,  indeed, 
seldom  attacked;  Prunus  mahaleb  appears  to  be  almost  wholly  immune  to 
the  powdery  mildew  {Podosphaera  oxyacanthae) ,  while  Primus  avium  and 
Prunus  cerasus  are  much  attacked,  though  Wood,  a  variety  of  Prunus 
avium,  is  almost  immune.  The  English  Morello,  a  variety  of  Prunus 
cerasus,  is  very  subject  to  leaf  spot  {Cylindrosporium  padi),  while  Mont- 
morency, of  the  same  species,  is  nearly  immune.  These  examples  can 
be  multiplied  many  times  by  references  to  the  discussions  of  varieties, 
and  represent  only  observations  on  the  grounds  and  in  the  neighborhood 
of  this  Station.  They  serve  to  show  the  great  importance,  to  the  fruit- 
grower, the  plant-breeder  and  the  systematist,  of  natural  resistance  to 
disease  and  insects. 

Both  the  outer  and  the  inner  bark  have  considerable  value  in  deter- 
mining species  but  are  of  little  importance  in  identifying  varieties  and 
have  no  economic  value  to  the  fruit-grower  and  hence  but  little  to  the 
breeder.  Smoothness,  color,  thickness  and  manner  of  exfoliation  are  the 
attributes  of  the  outer  bark  to  be  noted,  while  the  color  of  the  inner  bark 
is  the  only  determinant  and  that  relatively  unimportant.  In  young  trees 
the  bark  of  the  cherry  of  all  species  is  smooth,  glossy  or  even  brilliant; 
but  later  it  becomes  uneven,  scaly  and  dull,  usually  ash-gray  but  varying 
in  all  of  these  characters  to  an  extent  well  worth  noting  for  taxonomic 
purposes.  Cherries,  in  common  with  most  trees,  have  a  lighter  colored 
bark  in  cold  than  in  warm  regions,  and  in  dry  than  in  wet  areas. 

Branches  and  branchlets  are  very  characteristic  in  both  species  and 
varieties.  The  length,  thickness,  direction,  rigidity  and  the  branching 
angle  are  valuable  determining  characters  and  very  stable  ones,  changing 
but  little  even  with  marked  variations  of  soil  and  climate.  Thus,  a  Sweet 
Cherry  tree  can  be  told  from  a  tree  of  the  Sour  Cherry,  or  the  English 
Morello  can  be  distinguished  from  Montmorency  by  branch  characters  as 
far  as  the  outlines  of  the  trees  are  discernible.  Few  cherries  bear  spines 
but  all  are  more  or  less  spurred  and  these  spurs  are  quite  characteristic 
even  in  varieties.  With  the  branchlets  the  length  of  the  intemodes  should 
be  considered  and  their  direction,  whether  straight  or  zigzag;  also  color, 
smoothness,  amount  of  pubescence,  size  and  appearance  of  the  lenticels, 
the  presence  of  excrescences,  are  all  to  be  noted  in  careful  study  though 


12  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

all  are  more  or  less  variable,  pubescence  especially  so,  this  character 
being  too  often  relied  upon  in  descriptions  by  European  botanists  and 
pomologists. 

Leaf-buds  vary  greatly  in  different  species  in  size,  shape,  color  of 
the  buds  and  of  their  outer  and  inner  scales  and  in  the  outline  of  the 
scales.  The  angle  at  which  the  bud  stands  out  from  the  branchlet  is  of 
some  taxonomic  value.  Vernation,  or  the  disposition  of  the  leaf-blade  in 
the  bud,  is  a  fine  mark  of  distinction  in  separating  the  cherry  from  other 
stone-fruits  and  while  all  cherry  leaves  are  supposed  to  be  conduplicate, 
that  is,  folded  by  the  midrib  so  that  the  two  halves  are  face  to  face,  yet 
there  are  slight  but  important  differences  in  the  conduplication  of  the 
leaves  in  both  species  and  varieties.  The  manner  of  bearing  buds  — 
whether  single,  in  pairs,  or  in  rosettes  —  must  be  taken  into  account,  with 
species  at  least,  and  differences  in  shape  and  position  of  leaf  and  fruit- 
buds  must  be  noted. 

Leaves  in  their  season  are  very  evident  and  either  collectively  or 
individually  are  valuable  determinants  of  species  and  varieties.  Fruit- 
growers take  little  note  of  leaves,  however,  though  they  should  be  taken 
into  practical  account,  since  their  size  and  number  often  indicate  the 
degree  of  vigor.  The  variability  of  leaves  is  usually  within  limits  easily 
set  and  occurs  most  often  in  young  plants,  in  extremes  of  soil  and 
climate,  and  on  very  succulent  growths  or  water-sprouts.  Leaf-size  is  the 
most  variable  character  of  this  organ  but  is  yet  dependable  in  separating 
several  species,  as,  for  example,  Prunus  avium  from  Prunus  cerasits,  the 
leaves  being  very  much  larger  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter  species. 
Leaf-forms  are  very  constant  in  species  and  varieties,  hence  especially 
valuable  in  classification. 

Much  care  has  been  taken  to  illustrate  accurately  the  size  and  form 
of  cherry  leaves  in  the  color-plates  in  this  text  but  it  is  impossible  to 
reproduce  by  color-printing  the  tints  of  the  leaves,  though  these  are  quite 
constant  in  both  species  and  varieties. 

Other  characters  of  leaves  taken  into  account  in  describing  cherries 
are  thickness,  roughness,  and  pubescence,  all  of  which  are  somewhat 
variable,  being  greatly  influenced  by  climate  and  soil.  Quite  too  much 
stress  is  laid  upon  the  value  of  pubescence  on  leaves  in  determining  groups, 
unless  comparisons  can  be  made  between  plants  growing  in  the  same 
habitat.  Possibly  more  important  than  any  other  part  of  the  leaf-blade, 
in  the  study  of  species  at  least,   is  the    margin.     This  in  the  cherry  is 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I3 

always  serrated  and  often  sub-serrated.  These  serrations  are  best  studied 
at  the  middle  of  the  sides  of  the  leaves,  those  at  the  base  and  apex  often 
being  crowded  or  wanting. 

The  petiole  may  be  used  to  good  advantage  in  distinguishing  both 
species  and  varieties.  Thus,  in  consequence  of  the  great  length  and  slender- 
ness  of  the  petiole  of  leaves  of  Sweet  Cherries,  the  leaves  are  always  more 
or  less  drooping,  while  those  of  the  Sour  Cherry  are  usually  erect  by  reason 
of  the  petiole  being  short  and  strong.  The  color  of  the  petiole  is  said 
by  some  to  be  correlated  with  that  of  the  fruit  —  a  statement  that  needs 
verification.     The  pubescence  of  the  petiole  must  be  noted. 

The  position,  size,  shape  and  color  of  the  glands  on  cherry  leaves 
must  be  noted  as  they  are  fairly  constant  guides.  They  are  usually  on 
the  petiole  at  the  base  of  the  leaf  but  are  sometimes  on  the  leaf  itself. 
The  glands  are  commonly  given  as  globular  or  reniform  in  shape  but  there 
are  often  intermediate  forms  the  shape  of  which  is  hard  to  classify. 

Stipules  in  this  plant  have  considerable  taxonomic  value,  having  some 
distinguishing  marks  not  possessed  by  the  leaves.  Cherry  leaves  spring- 
ing from  dormant  leaf-buds  have  very  small  stipules,  sometimes  so  minute 
as  hardly  to  be  seen,  but  on  the  current  year's  growth  the  stipules  are 
larger,  being  largest  at  the  tip  of  the  branchlet.  There  is  considerable 
difference  in  the  size  of  these  organs  in  varieties  of  the  same  species. 
Stipules  of  the  cherry  are  nearly  always  borne  in  pairs.  The  small  stipioles, 
appearing  with  the  first  leaves,  drop,  at  this  Station,  about  the  middle  of 
June  while  those  accompanying  the  later  leaves  on  the  wood  growth  of 
the  current  year  remain  until  in  July,  there  being  a  difference  in  varieties 
as  to  how  long  they  remain.  All  stipules  are  deeply  toothed  and  bear 
glands  of  varying  color  and  shape  on  the  serrations,  the  characters  of 
both  serrations  and  glands  offering  some  distinguishing  marks  for  species 
and  varieties. 

The  flowers  of  cherries  are  very  characteristic,  as  a  study  of  the  color- 
plates  of  blossoms  will  show,  furnishing  a  wholly  distinctive  mark  of 
species  and  helping  to  distinguish  varieties.  The  flowers  are  hermaphro- 
dites and  are  borne  in  more  or  less  dense,  corymbose  clusters.  Individual 
flowers  in  species  and  varieties  vary  in  size,  shape,  color  and  odor.  The 
peduncles  are  long  or  short,  as  the  case  may  be;  the  corolla  furnishes 
distinctions  in  size,  shape  and  color  of  petals;  the  calyces  are  chiefly  dis- 
tinguished by  their  glands  and  the  amount  and  character  of  the  pubescence; 
while  stamens  and  pistils  offer  differences  in  size,  color  of  their  different 


14  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

parts  and  in  the  number  of  stamens.  In  plums  the  reproductive  organs 
differ  greatly  in  ability  to  perform  their  functions,  some  varieties  being 
self-sterile.  In  New  York  there  seem  to  be  no  marked  differences  in 
fecundity  in  cherries  nor  are  there  so  frequently  the  malformations  of 
reproductive  organs  which  are  found  in  plums.  The  season  of  flowering 
is  a  fine  mark  of  distinction  between  species  and  varieties,  a  fact  well 
brought  out  by  the  chart  on  pages  80-81. 

Of  all  organs,  the  fruit  of  the  cherry  is  most  responsive  to  changed 
conditions  and  hence  most  variable,  yet  the  fruits  furnish  very  valuable 
taxonomic  characters  in  both  botany  and  pomology.  In  pomology,  in 
particular,  the  fruits  must  be  closely  studied.  Size,  shape,  color,  bloom, 
stem,  cavity,  apex,  suture  and  skin  are  the  outward  characters  of  which 
note  must  be  made;  while  the  color,  aroma,  flavor  and  texture  of  the  flesh 
are  usually  very  characteristic.  Both  species  and  varieties  are  well  dis- 
tinguished by  the  time  of  ripening  though  there  is  much  variation  in 
ripening  dates.  The  keeping  quality  is  scarcely  taken  into  account  with 
cherries  but  varies  a  great  deal,  chiefly  in  accordance  with  firmness  of  the 
flesh.  The  flesh  of  cherries,  as  in  all  drupaceous  fruits,  clings  to  the  stone 
or  is  wholly  or  partly  free  —  a  character  of  interest  both  to  the  systematist 
and  to  the  fruit-grower.  The  color  of  the  juice,  whether  colorless  or  red, 
is  a  plain  and  certain  dividing  line  in  both  species  and  varieties. 

The  pits  of  cherries  are  rather  more  lacking  in  distinction  than  in 
other  stone-fruits,  plums  for  example,  yet  they  must  be  accounted  of 
considerable  value  in  determination  and  for  this  reason  have  been  included 
in  all  of  the  color-plates  of  varieties.  Cherry-pits  from  individual  trees 
are  almost  lacking  in  differences  except  in  size  but  between  species  and 
varieties  show  many  distinctions  not  only  in  size  but  in  shape,  surfaces, 
grooves  and  ridges,  in  the  ends  and  more  or  less  in  the  seeds  within. 
Cherries  of  any  variety  grown  on  poor  soils  or  in  incongenial  climates 
tend  to  have  large  stones  and  little  flesh,  while  the  pits  are  smaller  and 
there  is  more  flesh  with  the  opposite  extremes  in  environment.  As  will  be 
pointed  out  in  the  discussion  of  the  group  of  cherries  known  as  the  Dukes, 
many  varieties  have  pits  with  shrunken  and  abortive  seeds  coming,  as  we 
think,  from  the  hybrid  origin  of  these  cherries. 

The  several  pages  given  to  the  discussion  of  the  characters  of  cherries 
are  in  preparation  for  a  proper  understanding  of  the  classifications  and 
descriptions  of  species  and  varieties.  We  are  now  ready  for  the  classifi- 
cation of  the  species  of  cherries  which  contribute  or  may  contribute  forms 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 5 

for  cultivation  either  for  their  fruits  or  as  stocks  upon  which  to  grow 
edible  cherries.  The  following  is  a  brief  conspectus  of  the  edible  species 
of  Prunus  followed  by  a  fuller  conspectus  of  the  sub-genus  Cerasus  to 
which  cherries  belong. 

A    CLASSIFICATION    OF    CULTIVATED    CHERRIES 

The  genus  Prunus  is  variously  delimited  and  divided  by  systematic 
botanists.  A  simple,  and  from  a  horticultural  point  of  view,  a  very  satis- 
factory classification,  is  to  put  almonds  and  peaches  in  one  sub-genus 
(Amygdalus),  cherries  in  a  second  (Cerasus),  plums  and  apricots  in  a  third 
(Euprunus),  and  to  place  the  racemose  cherries  and  cherry-laurels,  usually 
considered  in  Prunus,  in  another  genus,  Padus.  In  this  division  of  Prunus 
into  three  sub-genera  we  may  assign  to  each  the  following  characters. 

A.  Leaves  convolute,  i.  e.,  rolled  in  the  bud  (showing  best  in  the  opening  buds).^ 
Euprunus.  Plums  and  apricots. 
A. A.  Leaves  conduplicate,  i.  e.,  folded  lengthwise  along  the  midrib  in  the  bud. 

B.  Fruit  more  or  less  dry  and  hirsute;  if  juicy  or  glabrous  the  blossoms  appear 
long  before  the  opening  of  the  leaves;  fruits  without  stems. 
Amygdalus.  Almonds  and  peaches. 
B.B.  Fruit  always  juicy  and  usually  glabrous;  blooms  appearing  with  the  leaves. 
Cerasus.  Cherries. 

Of  these  several  divisions  we  are  here  concerned  only  with  Cerasus, 
to  which  belong  all  fascicled  cherries,  the  racemose,  or  Padus,  cherries  as 
yet  having  little  or  no  value  as  esculents.  The  genus  Prunus  is  from  year 
to  year  being  enlarged  by  the  discovery  of  new  species,  the  additions  to 
Cerasus  in  particular  being  numerous.  Thus,  a  decade  ago,  botanists 
placed  in  this  sub-genus,  at  the  outside,  not  more  than  a  score  of  species 
but  Koehne,  the  most  recent  monographer  of  Cerasus,  describes  119  species. 
Of  Koehne's  species  at  least  a  dozen  are  more  or  less  cultivated  for  their 
fruits  and  a  score  or  more  are  grown  as  ornamentals. 

The  following  species  are  listed  by  Koehne:" 

'  The  leaves  are  conduplicate  in  vernation  in  a  few  species  of  American  plums;  these  species  are 
intermediate  between  plums  and  cherries. 

^  The  species  are  given  as  classified  by  Koehne,  Plantae  Wilsonianae  Vt.  2:237-271.  1912.  The 
liberty  has  been  taken  of  changing  the  form  of  Koehne's  citations  to  conform  to  that  used  at  this  Station. 
For  the  sake  of  brevity  some  of  the  citations  of  the  original  author  have  been  omitted.  Space  does  not 
permit  the  publication  of  Koehne's  system  of  classification.  This  may  be  found  in  Plantae  Wilsonianae 
VX.  2:226-237.     1912. 

Conservative  botanists  will  hardly  accept  all  of  Koehne's  species,  in  describing  which  the  author  tells 
us  he  labored  under  the  difficulty  of  paucity  of  material  and  that  as  more  material  comes  to  hand  there 


l6  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

SPECIES    OF    CHERRIES 

Div.  I.     TYPOCERASUS     Koehne. 

Sect.  I.     CREMASTOSEPALUM     Koehne. 

Subsect.  I.     AIAHALEB  Koehne. 
Cerasus  sect.  Mahaleb  Roemer.     Fam.   Nat.  Syn.  3:79.     1847. 
Prtiniis  subgen.  Cerasus  sect.  Mahaleb  Koehne.     Deutsche  Dendr.  305.     1893. 
Ser.  I.     EuM.\HALEB  Koehne. 

1.  Prunus  mahaleb  Linnaeus.  Sp.  PI.  472.     1753.     Europe,  Western  Asia. 

Ser.  2.     Param.\haleb  Koehne. 

2.  Prunus  mollis  Walpers.  Rep.  2:9.     Western  North  America. 

3.  Prunus  emarginata  Walpers.  Rep.  2:9.     Western  North  America. 
Cerasus  calif ornica  Greene.     Fl.  Francis  1:50. 

4.  Prunus  pennsylvanica  Linnaeus.  Syst.  ed  13  SuppL  252.     Eastern  North  America. 

Subsect.  2.     EUCERASUS     Koehne. 
Prunus  sect.  Eucerasus  Koehne.     Deutsche  Dendr.  306.     1893. 

5.  Prunus  fruticosa  Pallas.  Fl.  Ross.  1:19.     1784.     Europe  to  Siberia. 

6.  Prunus  acida  C.  Koch.  Dendr.  1:112.     1869.     Southern  Europe. 

7.  Prunus  cerasus  Linnaeus.  Sp.  PL  474.     1753.     Europe,  Western  Asia. 

8.  Prunus  avium  Linnaeus.  Fl.  Svec.  ed  2:165.     1755.     Europe,  Western  Asia. 

Subsect.  3.     PHYLLOMAHALEB     Koehne. 
Ser.  I.     Aphanadenium  Koehne. 

9.  Prunus  maximowiczii  Ruprecht.  Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  15:131.     1857. 
Prunus  bracteata  Franchet  &  Savatier.     Enuin.  PL  Jap.  2:329.     1879. 

Prunus    apelala    Zabel.  Alilt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.   13:60    (not  Franchet  &  Savatier)  1904.     Amur, 

eastern  Manchuria,  Korea,  Saghalin,  Japan  from  Hokkaido  to  Kiushiu. 
Prunus   maximowiczii    aperta  Komarow.  Act.  Hort.   Pelrop.  22:5,  48.     1904.     Manchuria  from  the 
Ussuri  through  Kirin  to  Mukden  and  northern  Korea 
ID.  Prunus  pulchella  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:197.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 
Ser.  2.     Macradenium  Koehne. 

11.  Prunus  conadenia  Koehne.     /.  c.  197.     Western  Szechuan. 

12.  Prunus  pleiocerasus  Koehne.     I.  c.  198.     Western  Szechuan. 

13.  Prunus  macradenia  Koehne.     I.  c.  199.     Western  Szechuan. 

14.  Prunus  discadenia  Koehne.     I.  c.  200.     Western  Hupeh. 

15.  Prunus  szechuanica  Batalin.     Act.  Hort.  Pelrop.  14:167.     1895.     Szechuan. 

Subsect.  4.     PHYLLOCERASUS  Koehne. 

16.  Prunus  tatsienensis  Batalin.     .Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  14:322.     1897.     Szechuan. 
Prunus  tatsienensis  adenophora  (Franchet)  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:238.     191 2. 
Prunus  maximowiczii  adenophora  Franchet.     PL  Delavay.  195.     1889.     Yunnan. 

Prunus  tatsienensis  stenadenla  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:201.     1912.     Western  Szechuan. 

17.  Prunus  variabilis  Koehne.     I.  c.  201.     Western  Hupeh. 

18.  Prunus  pilosiuscula  (Schneider)  Koehne.     I.  c.  202. 

Prunus  tatsienensis  pilosiuscula  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.   Nov.  Sp.  1:66.     1905.     Western  Hupeh  and 
Szechuan. 

19.  Prunus  polytricha  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:204.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 

20.  Prunus  rehderiana  Koehne.     /.  c.  205.     Western  Hupeh. 

21.  Prunus  venusta  Koehne.     I.  c.  239.     Western  Hupeh. 

22.  Prunus  litigiosa  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.   Nov.  Sp.  1:65.     1905.     Hupeh. 

Prunus  litigiosa  abbreviata  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:205.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 

23.  Prunus  clarofolia  Schneider.     Fedde  i?ep.  Nov.  Sp.  1:67.     1905.     Szechuan. 


must,  therefore,  be  revisions.  These  species  are  provisionally  accepted  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York 
under  the  belief  that  botany  and  horticulture  are  best  served  by  giving  names  freely  so  that  all  forms 
to  which  reference  may  need  to  be  made  may  thus  be  better  identified. 

The  botanical  student  of  Cerasus  is  referred  to  Schneider's  comprehensive  discussion  of  Prunus  in 
his  Handbuch  der  Laubholzkunde  1:589-637.  1906  and  2:973-993;  also  Koehne's  monographs  of  Cerasus, 
Sargent,  C.  S.,  Plantae  WilsonianaePt.  2:197-271.  1912.  Profitable  *:hough  it  might  be,  space  does  not 
permit  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  a  botanical  discussion  of  other  than  the  species  cultivated  for  their 
fruits. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 7 

Subsect.  5.     PSEUDOMAHALEB  Koehne. 

24.  Primus  yunnanensis  Franchet.     PL  Delavay.  195.     1889.     Yunnan. 

25.  Prvinus  macgregoriana  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Ft.  2:240.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 

26.  Primus  henryi  (Schneider)  Koehne.     I.  c.  240. 

Prunus   yunnanensis  henryi  C.  K.  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.   Nov.  Sp.   1:66  (in  part)   1905.     Yunnan. 

27.  Prunus  neglecta  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:241.     191 2. 

Prunus  yunnanensis  henryi  C.  K.  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.   Nov.  Sp.  i:66  (in  part)   1905.     Yunnan. 
Subsect.  6.     LOBOPETALUM  Koehne. 
Ser.  I.     Heterocalyx  Koehne. 

28.  Prunus  scopulorum  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:241.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 
39.  Prunus  glabra  (Pampanini)  Koehne. 

Prunus  hirtipes  glabra  Pampanini.      Nuov.  Giorn.  Bot.  Ilal.  17:293.     1910;  18:122.     1911.     Hupeh. 

30.  Prunus  involucrata  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:206.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 

31.  Prunus  hirtipes  Hemsley.     Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  23:218.     1887. 

32.  Prunus  schneideriana  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:242.     1912.     Chekiang. 

33.  Prunus  duclouxii  Koehne.     I.  c.  242.     Yunnan. 

34.  Prunus  ampla  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:243.     1912.     Szechuan. 

35.  Prunus  malifolia  Koehne.     I.  c.  207.     Western  Hupeh. 
Prunus  malifolia  rosthomii  Koehne.     I.  c.  243.     Szechuan. 

Ser.  2.     Cyclaminium  Koehne. 

36.  Prunus  cyclamina  Koehne.     P/ani.  IFi/i.  Pt.  2:207.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 
Pnmus  cyclamina  biflora  Koehne.     I.  c.  243.     Western  China. 

37.  Prunus  dielsiana  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.  1:68.     1905. 

"P.  szechuanica,  var.  ?  "  or  "P.  szechuanica  dielsiana  Schneider,"   I.  c,  not  P.  szechuanica  Batalin. 

Hupeh. 
Pnmus  dielsiana  laxa  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:208.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 
Prunus  dielsiana  conferta  Koehne.     /.  c.  244.     Western  Hupeh. 

38.  Prunus  plurinervis  Koehne.     /.  c.  208.     Western  Szechuan. 

39.  Prunus  rufoides  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.  1:55.     1905.     Szechuan. 

40.  Prunus  hirtifoUa  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:209.     1912.     Western  Szechuan. 

Sect.  2.     PSEUDOCERASUS  Koehne. 

Prunus  subgen.  Cerasus  sect.  Yamasakura  Koidznmi.  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  25:183.     1911. 
Subsect  7.     HYPADE.NIUM  Koehne. 

41.  Prunus  glandulifolia  Ruprecht  &  Maximowicz.     M^m.  Sav.  Etr.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  9:87  (Prim. 

Fl.  Amur.)     1859.     Amur. 

Subsect.  8.     SARGEXTIELLA  Koehne. 

42.  Prunus  pseudocerasus  Lindley.     Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  6:90.     1826.    Cultivated  in  China. 
Cerasus  pseudocerasus  G.  Don.     Loudon  Hort.  Brit.  200.     1830. 

Prunus  sieboldii  K.oidzu.mi.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  25: 18.^.     191 1. 

Pnmus  pseudocerasus  sieboldii  Ma.ximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29:102. 

Prunus  paniculata  Ker.     Bot.  Reg.  10:  t.  800.     1824,  not  Prunus  paniculata  Thunberg. 

Cerasus  paniculata  De  Ca.ndolle.    Prodr.  2:539.     1825. 

Cerasus  sieboldtii  Carriere.     Rev.  Hort.  371.     1866. 

Prunus  sieboldii  WitX.ma.ck..     Gartenfi.     51:272.     1902. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  sieboldtii  Makino.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  22: 102.     1908? 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  sieboldtii 'Kla.kino.     I.  c.  23:74.     1909. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  typica  sieboldii  Koidzumi.     /.  c.  182. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  flore  rosea  plena  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  naden  Koehne.      (Horticultural) 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  watereri  Koehne.     /.  c.  172.     1909. 

Cerasus   wattererii,  cited    by   Lavallee    Icon.    Arb.    Segrez.    119.     1885,  as  a  synonym  under  Cerasus 

pseudocerasus  ? 
Cerasus  watereri  Goldring.    Garden  33:416,  fig.  p.  420.     1888? 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  wattererii  Makino.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  23:75.     1909?     (Horticultural) 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  virescens  Koehne. 
Prunus  donarium  Siebold.     Rijks-Herbarium,  Leyden. 

43.  Prunus  paracerasus  Koehne.     Fedde  Rep.  Nov.  S p.  7:1:^3.     1909.     Japan.     (Horticultural) 

44.  Prunus  serrulata  Lindley.      Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  London  7:1^8.     1830. 
Prunus  cerasus  flore  simplici  Th\inheTg.     Fl.  Jap.  201.     1784. 

Prunus  donarium  Siebold.      Verh.  Batav.  Genoot.  12:  No.  I.     68  {Syn.  PL  Oecon.)     1827. 
Prunus  jamasakura  Siebold.     /.  c.     1827. 
2 


1 8  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Cerasus  serrulata  G.  Don.     Loudon  Hort.  Brit.  480.     1830. 

Primus  pttddum  Miquel.     Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  2:90,  (in  part,  not  Wallich)  1865. 

Primus  pseudocerasus  jamasakiira  glabra  Makino.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  22:93.     1809. 

Primus  pseudocerasus  jamasakura  pracox  Makino.     /.  c.  98.     1908. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  jamasakura  glabra  prcecox  Makino.     /.  c.  113. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  glabra  Makino.     /.  c.  loi. 

Primus  pseudocerasus  spontanea  kortensis  Koidzumi.     /.  c.  23: 183.     1909. 

Prunus  cerasus  flore  plena  Thunberg.     Fl.  Jap.  201.     1784. 

Prunus  serrulata  Lindley.     cf .  supra. 

Cerasus  serrulata  G.  Don.     London  Art.  Brit.  2:701,  fig.  407.     1833. 

Cerasus  pseudocerasus  LavalMe.     Icon.  Arb.  Segrez.  119,  t.  36.     1885,  (ubi  citatur:  Cerasus  maeda  h.). 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  glabra  fugenzo  Makino.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  22:73.     1908. 

Pruttus  serrulata  serrulata  fugenzo  rosea  Makino.     /.  c.  23 :  74.     1909. 

Prunus  jamasakura  elegans  glabra  Koidzumi.     /.c.  25:185.     1911. 

Prunus  jamasakura  speciosa  Koidzumi.     /.  c.  186.     Japan,  Korea. 

Prunus  serrulata  albida  (Makino)  Koehne. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flore  simplici  albo  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29:102. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  Stapf.     Bot.  Mag.  131:  t.  8012.     1905. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  sieboldii  albida  Makino.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  22: 102.     1908. 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  albida  fi.iakino.     I.  c.  23:74.     1909. 

Prunus  serrulata  yashino  Koehne.     Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  18:167.     1909. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  yoshino  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 

Prunus  serrulata  lannesiana  (Carri^re)  Koehne.     Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  18:167.     i909- 

Cerasus  lannesiana  Carriere.     Rev.  Hort.  198.     1872. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flore  simplici  cameo  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29: 102. 

Primus  serrulata  serrulata  lannesiana  Makino.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  23:74.     1909. 

Primus  jamasakura  speciosa  nobilis  Koidzumi.     /.  c.  25:187.     1911. 

Prunus  serrulata  kriegeri  Koehne.     Gartenfl.  52:2  (nomen  nudum)  1902. 

Cerasus  pendula  kriegeri  F.  Spath  ex  Koehne. 

Prunus  serrulata  grandiflora  A.  Wagner.    Gartenfl.  52:169,  t.  1513a.     1903. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flore  plena  viridi  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29:102. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  glabra  viridiflora  Makino.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  22:102.     1908. 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  viridiflora  Makino.     /.  c.  23:74.     1909. 

Cerasus  donarium  Siebold.     Rijks-Herbarium,  Leyden. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  ukon  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 

Prunus  serrulata  ochichima  Koehne.     Milt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  18:169.     1909. 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  fugenzo,  2.     alborosea  Makino.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  23:74.     1909. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  ochichima  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  shirofugen  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 

Prunus  serrulata  hisakura  Koehne.     Gartenfl.  51:  2,  t.  1494  b.  1902. 

Cerasus  caproniana  flore  rosea  plena  Van  Houtte.     Fl.  des.  Serres  21:141,  t.  2238.     1875. 

Cerasus  serratifolia  rosea  Carriere.     Rev.  Hort.  889,  t.  fig.  B.  1877. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flare  semipleno  rosea  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  11: 

699-     1883. 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  hisakura  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  benifugen  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  "New  Red."  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 
Prunus  serrulata  "W.  Kou."  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 

Prunus  jamasakura  speciosa  nobilis  donarium  Koidzumi.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  25:187.     191 1. 
Pnmus  serrulata  veitchiana  Koehne.     Fedde  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.  g:  122.     191 1. 
Cerasus  pseudocerasus  "James  Veitch."    Gartenfl.  51: ^gj.     1902.     (Horticultural) 
Prunus  serrulata  mucronata  Koehne.     Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  18:170.     1909. 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flare  pulcherrimo   plena   Candida  Maximowicz.      Bui.  Acad.   Sci.   St. 

Petersburg  29: 102. 
Prunus  cerasus  flare  rosea  plena   Koehne.     (Horticultural) 
Prunus  serrulata  flore  plena   Koehne.     (Horticultural) 

Prunus  serrulata  shidare-sakura  Koehne.     Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  18:170.     1909. 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flare  cameo  sufuso  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29: 102. 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  shidare-sakura  Koehne.     (Horticultural) 
44  X  88  ?  Prunus  a£finis  Makino.  Prunus  pseudocerasus  jamasakura  z  incisa?  Makino.     Tokyo  Bot. 

Mag.  22:99.     1908.     Japan. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 9 

45.  Pninus  sargentii  Rehder.     Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  17:159.     1908. 

Primus  puddum  Miquel.     Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  2:90  (in  part,  not  Wallich)  1865. 

Primus  pseudocerasus  sachcdinensis  F.  Schmidt.     Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  ser.  7,  12:  No.  2.     124. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  spontanea  Maximowicz.     Bid.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29: 102. 

Prunus  mume  crasseglandulosa  Miquel.     Rijks-Herbarium,  Leyden. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  Sargent.     Garden  and  Forest  10:462,  fig.  58  (not  Lindley)  1897. 

Prunus  Sp.  Zabel.    Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel  Handb.  Laubholz-Ben.  241.     1903. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  borealis  Alakino.      Tokyo  Bol.  Mag.  22:99.     1908. 

Prunus  serrulata  borealis  Makino.    /.  c.  23:75.     1909. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  spontanea  Koidzumi.     /.  c.  182. 

Prunus  jamasakura  elegans  compta 'Koidzurm.     /.  c.  25:186.     191 1. 

Prunus  jamasakura  borealis  K-oidzxirm.     I.  c.  187.     Korea,  Saghalin,  Japan. 

46.  Prunus  tenuiflora  Koehne.     Plant  Wils.  Pt.  2:209.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 

47.  Prunus  wildeniana  Koehne.     /.  c.  249.     Hupeh. 

48.  Prunus  leveilleana  Koehne.     I.  c.  250.     Korea. 

49.  Prunus  sontagia  Koehne.     /.  c.  250.     Korea. 

50.  Prunus  mesadenia  Koehne.     /.  c.  250.     Nippon. 

51.  Prunus  parvifoUa  (Matsumura)  Koehne.     /.  c.  251. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  paroifolia  Matsumura.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  15:101.     1901. 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  typica  parvifoUa  Koidzumi.     /.  c.  23: 182.     1909. 

Prunus  jamasakura  elegans  pannfolia  Koidzumi.     /.c.  25:186.     191 1.     Japan. 

Prunus  parvifoUa  aomoriensis  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.   Pt.  2:251.     1912.     Northern  Nippon. 

52.  Prunus  concinna  Koehne.     /.  c.  210.     Western  Hupeh. 

53.  Prunus  twymaniana  Koehne.     /.  c.  211.     Western  Szechuan. 

Subsect.  9.     CONRADINIA  Koehne. 

54.  Prunus  conradinse  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:211.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 

55.  Prunus  helenae  Koehne.     /.  c.  212.     Western  Hupeh. 

56.  Prunus  saltuum  Koehne.     /.  c.  213.     Western  Hupeh. 

57.  Prunus  pauciflora  Bunge.     Mem.  Etr.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg   2:97  (Enum.  PL  Chin.  Bar.)     1835. 

Chili. 

58.  Prunus  sprengeri  Pampanini.      Nuov.  Giorn.  Bot.  Ital.  18:230.     191 1.     Hupeh. 

59.  Prunus  yedoensis  Matsumura.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  15: 100.     1901.     Cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  Tokyo. 

Subsect.  10.     SERRULA  Koehne. 

60.  Prunus  majestica  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:252.     1912. 

Prunus  puddum  Franchet.      PI.  Delavay.     197  (not  Roxburgh  following  Brandis)  1889. 
Prunus  cerasoides  tibetica  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.  1:54  (in  part)  1905.     Yunnan. 

61.  Prunus  serrula  Franchet.      PI.   Delavay.  196.     1889.     Yunnan. 

Prunus  serrula  tibetica  (Batalin)  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:213.     1912.     Western  Szechuan. 
Subsect.  II.     PUDDUM  Koehne. 

62.  Prunus  campanulata  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29.     103. 

Prunus   cerasoides    Koidzumi.      Tokyo    Bot.    Mag.    23:181    (in  part,    not     D.    Don)    1909.     Fokien. 
Cultivated  in  Japan. 

63.  Prunus  hosseusii  Diels.     Fedde  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.      4:289.     1907.     Siam. 

64.  Prunus  cerasoides  D.  Don.    Prodr.  Fl.  Nepal.  239.     1825. 
Prunus  sihatica  Roxburgh.    Hort.  Beng.  92.     1814. 

Cerasus  phoshia  Yia.miton.     De  CandoUe  Prodr.  2:535.     1825. 
Cerasus  puddum  Seringe.     De  CandoUe  Prodr.  2:537.     1825. 
Prunus  puddum  Roxburgh.     Forest  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  194.     1874.     Nepal. 

65.  Prunus  rufa  Steudel.    Nomencl.  Bot.  2:404.     1841. 

Cerasus  rufa  WaUich.     Cat.  No.  721.     1829.     Eastern  Himalaya. 

66.  Prunus  trichantha  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:254.     1912. 

Prunus  rufa  Hooker.     Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  2:314  (in  part)  1878.     Eastern  Himalaya. 
Subsect.  12.     MICROCALYMMA  Koehne. 

67.  Prunus  herincquiana  Lavall^e.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:214.     1912.     Western  Hupeh. 
Prunus  herincquiana  biloba  (Franchet)  Koehne.     Western  Hupeh. 

Prunus  biloba  Franchet  in  Herb.     Paris.     China. 

68.  Prunus  subhirtella  Miquel.     Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  2:91.     1865. 
Prunus  subhirtella  oblongifolia  Miquel.     I.  c. 

Prunus  incisa  Maximowicz.     Bul.  Sci.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg  29:99. 

Prunus  pendula  ascendens  Makino.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  7:103.     1893? 

Prunus  herincquiana  ascendens  Schneider.     III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  1:608.     1906. 


20  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Prunus  itosakra  subhirtellaKoidzuTm.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  23:180.     1908.     Japan. 
Prunus  subhirtella  fukubana  Makino.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  22:118.     1908. 
Prunus  itosakra  ascendens  amabilis  Koidzumi.     /.  c.  23:181.      1909? 

69.  Prunus  pendula  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29:98. 
Prunus  itosakura  S\&hQ\d.      Verh.  Batav.  Genoot.  12:  No.  1.     68.     1830. 
Cerasus  pendula  florc  rosea  Siehold.     Cat.  5:^1.     1863,  Maximowicz. 
Cerasus  pendula  rosea  Domhrain.     Floral  Mag.  10.     t.     536.     1871.  , 
Prunus  subhirtella  pendula  Tanaka.      Useful  PI.  Jap.  153,  fig.  620.     1895. 
Cerasus  itosakura  Siebold.     Herb.,  iVIaximowicz.     /.  c. 

Cerasus  hcrincquiana  Lavallee.     Icon.  Arb.  Segrez.  117.     1885. 

Prunus  miqueliana  Schneider.     ///.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  1:609  (not  Maximowicz)  1906. 

Prunus  hcrincquiana  Schneider.     /.  c.  608. 

Cerasus  pendula  Siebold  in  herb.,  Koehne.    /.  c. 

Prunus  cerasus  pendula  flore  roseo  Koehne.    I.  c.  (Horticultural) 

Prunus  itosakra  pendula  KoidzMvai.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  23:180.     1909.     Japan. 

70.  Prunus  taiwaniana  Hayata.     Jour.  Coll.  Sci.  Tokyo  30:87.     1911.     Formosa. 

71.  Prunus  microlepis  Koehne.     Plant.  Wtls.  Pt.  2:256.     1912.     Hondo. 
Prunus  microlepis  temata  Koehne.     /.  c.  256.     Hondo. 

Subsect.  13.     CERASEIDOS  (Siebold  &  Zuccarini)  Koehne. 
Ceraseidos  Siebold  &  Zuccarini.     Abh.  Akad.  Miinch.  3:743  t.  5.     1843. 
Ser.  I.     Phyllopodium. 

72.  Pnmus  setulosa  Batalin.     Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  12:165.     1892.     Eastern  Kansu. 

73.  Prunus  phyllopoda  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:257.     1912.     Northern  Shensi. 

74.  Pnmus  canescens  Bois.     /.  c.  215.     Western  Hupeh. 

75.  Prunus  veitchii  Koehne.     /.  c.  257.     Western  Hupeh. 

Ser.  2.     Droserina. 

76.  Prunus  giraldiana  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.  1:65.     1905.     Northern  Shensi. 

77.  Prunus  droseracea  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:215.     1912.     Western  Szechuan. 

Ser.  3.     OxYODON. 

78.  Prunus  trichostoma  Koehne.     /.  c.  216.     Western  Szechuan. 

79.  Pnmus  latidentata  Koehne.     /.  c.  217.     Western  Szechuan. 

80.  Prunus  micromeloides  Koehne.    I.  c.  218.     Western  Szechuan. 

81.  Prunus  oxyodonta  Koehne.     I.  c.  218.     Western  Szechuan. 

82.  Prunus  glsrptocarya  Koehne.     /.  c.  219.     Western  Szechuan. 

83.  Prunus  podadenia  Koehne.     I.  c.  258.     Western  China. 

84.  Pnmus  lobulata  Koehne.     /.  c.  220.     Western  Szechuan. 

85.  Pnmus  stipulacea  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  11:689.     1883.     Kansu. 

86.  Prunus  pleuroptera  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.  Pt.  2:221.     1912.     Western  Szechuan. 

87.  Pnmus  zappeyana  Koehne.     I.  c.  221.     Western  Hupeh. 

Pnmus  zappeyana?  subsimplex  Koehne.     /.  c.  222.     Western  Hupeh. 

88.  Pnmus  incisa  Thunberg.     Fl.  Jap.  202.     1784. 
Cerasus  incisahoisAear.      Nouveau  Duhamel  $: 33.     1 812. 

Ceraseidos  apetala  Miquel.     Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  2:93     1865  (in  part).     Japan. 

Ser.  4.      EUCERASEIDOS. 

89.  Prunus  caudata  Franchet.     PI.  Delavay.     196.     1889.     Yurman. 

90.  Prunus  iwagiensis  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:259.     1912.     Hondo. 

91.  Prunus  nipponica  Matsumura.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  15:99.     1901. 
Primus  miqueliana  Koidzumi.     /.  c.  23:184     (not  Maximowicz)  1909. 
Prunus  ceraseidos  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29: 103. 
Prunus  apetala  typica  Schneider.     III.  Hatulb.  Laubholzk.  1:608.     1906.     Japan. 

92.  Prunus  autumnalis  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:259.     1912. 

Prunus  subhirtella  autumnalts  Makino.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  22:117.     1908.     Hondo. 

93.  Prunus  kurilensis  Miyabe.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  24:11.     1910. 

Prunus  ceraseidos  kurilensis  Miyabe.     Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  4:226  (Fl.  Kurile  Isl.)  1890. 
Prunus  incisa  kurilensis  K.oidzumi.     Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  23:184.     1909. 

94.  Prunus  nikkoensis  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:260.     1912.     Japan. 

95.  Prunus  miqueliana  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  11:692  (not  Schneider)  1883.    Japan. 

96.  Prunus  tschonoskii  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:261.     1912. 
Prunus  ceraseidos  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  29:103. 

Prunus  apetala  iwozana  Schneider.    III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  1:608.     1906.     Japan. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  21 

97.  Pnmus  apetala  (Siebold  &  Zuccarini)  Franchet  &  Savatier.    Enum.  PI.  Jap.  2:329.     1879  (not  Zabel, 

cf.  P.  maximowiczii,  No.  9). 
Ceraseidos  apetala  SithoXd  &  Zvicca.r\ni.     Abh.  Akad.  Miinch.  3:^^^,.     t.  5.     1843. 
Prunus  ceraseidos  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Acad.  Sci.  Si.  Petersburg  29:103.     Japan. 
Ser.  5.     Amblyodox. 

98.  Prunus  gracilifolia  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Ft.  2:223.     191 2.     Western  Hupeh. 

99.  Prunus  rossiana  Koehne.     /.  c.  223.     Western  Hupeh. 

Div.  n.     MICROCERASUS     (Spach,  Roemer)  Koehne. 
Cerasus  sect.  Microcerasus  Spach.     Hist.   Vi-g.  1:423.     1834. 
Microcerasus  Webb.     Phytogr.  Canar.  2:19.     1836-40. 
Sect.  I.     SPIRAEOPSIS  Koehne. 

Subsect.  I.     MYRICOCERASUS  Koehne. 

100.  Prunus  pumjla  Linnaeus.     Mant.  PI.  75.     1767.     Eastern  North  America. 

loi.  Prunus  besseyi  Bailey.     Bui.  Cor.  Ex.  Sta.  70:261.     1894.     Eastern  North  America. 
Subsect.  2.     SPIRAEOCERASUS  Koehne. 

102.  Prunus  dictyoneura  Diels.     Bot.  Jahrb.  36,  Beibl.  82,  57.     1905.     Shensi. 

103.  Prunus  humilis  Bunge.     Mem.  Etr.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  2:97  (Enum.  PI.  Chin.  Bar.)  1833. 
Prunus  salicina  Lindley.     Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  Land.  7:239.     1830. 

Prunus  bungei  Walpers.     Rep.  2:9  (not  Moris)  1893.     China. 

104.  Pnmus  glandulosa  Thunberg.     Fl.  Jap.  202.     1784. 
Amygdalus  pumila  Linnaeus.     Mant.  1:74.     1767. 
Cerasus  glandulosa  Loiseleur.      Nouv.  Duhamel  5:33.     1825. 
Prunus  glandulosa  glabra  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:263.     1912. 

Prunus  japonica  glandulosa  'b.la.y.rmovncz.     Bid.  Soc.   Nat.  Mosc.  54:1;^.     1879.     Japan. 

Prunus  glandulosa  glabra  alba  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:263.     191 2. 

Prunus  japoni^:a  Lindley.     Bot.  Reg.  S:t.  1801.     1835. 

Prunus  glandulosa  glabra  rosea  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt  2:263.     1912. 

Prunus  japonica  typica  flore  rosea  Maximowicz,  in  sched. 

Prunus  japonica  flor.  simp.  Tanaka.    Usejid  PL  Jap.  153,  fig.  621.     1895. 

Prunus  japonica  glandulosa  Matsumura.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  14:136.     1900.     Japan. 

Prunus  glandulosa  glabra  albiplena  Koehne.     Plant  Wils.    Pt.  2:264.     1912. 

Cerasus  japonica  multiplex  Seringa.     De  CandoUe  Prodr.  2:539  (in  part)  1825. 

Prunus  japonica  flore  plena  Siebold  &  Zuccarini.     Fl.  Jap.  1:172  t.  90  f.  in.     (in  part)  1826. 

Prunus  japonica  Oudemans.     Neerlands  Plantentuin  t.  2.     1865. 

Prunus  japonica  flore  albo  pleno  hemidre.     III.  Hort.  $:  t.183.     1858. 

Prunus  japonica  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Soc.   Nat.  Mosc.  54.     14  (in  part)  1879. 

Prunus  japonica  multiplex  Makino.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  22:72  (in  part)  1908.     Japan. 

Pnmus  glandulosa  purdomii  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.    Pt  2:264.     1912.     Northern  China. 

Pnmus  glandulosa  trichostyla  Koehne.     I.  c.  224. 

Pnmus  glanduJosa  trichostyla  faberi  Koehne.     /.  c.  224. 

Prunus  japonica  J.  Hutchinson.     Bot.  Mag.  135:  t.  8260  (not  Thunberg)  1909.     Shantung. 

Pnmus  glandulosa  trichostyla  paokangensis  (Schneider)  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:264.     19 12. 

Prunus  japonica  packangensis  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.   Nov.  Sp.  1:5;}.     1905.     Western  Hupeh. 

Pnmus  glandulosa  trichostyla  sinensis  (Persoon)  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:265.     1912. 

Amygdalus  indica  nana  Plukenett.     Phytogr.  i:  t.  II.     f.  4  (1691,  new  edit.  1769). 

Prunus  sinensis  Persoon.    Syn.  2:36.     1807. 

Cerasus  japonica  Seringe.     De  Candolle  Prodr.  2:539  (in  part)  1825. 

Prunus  japonica  flore  plena  Siebold  &  Zuccarini.     Fl.  Jap.  1:172  t.  90  f.  in.     (in  part)  1826. 

Prunus  japonica  Maximowicz.     Bui.  Soc.   Nat.  Mosc.  54:14  (in  part)  1883.     Northern  Shensi. 

Pnmus  glandulosa  salicifoli  (Komarov)  Koehne.     Plant.  WUs.     Pt.  2:265.     1912. 

Prumcs  japonica  salicifolia  Komasov.     Act.  Hort.  Petro p.  22:^54.     1904.     Shing-king. 

105.  Prunus  pogonostyla  Ma.ximowicz.     Bui.  Soc.   Nat.  Mosc.  54:11.     1879. 
Prunus  formosana  Matsumura.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  15:86.     1901. 

Prunus  pogonostyla  globosa  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.    Pt.  2:265.     1912.     Formosa. 
Prunus  pogonostyla  obovata  Koehne.     /.  c.  265.     Formosa. 

106.  Prunus  japonica  Thunberg.     Fl.  Jap.  201.     1784. 

Prunus  japonica  japonica  ^la.ydmovficz.     Bui.  Soc.   Nat.  Mosc.  $4: 12.     1879. 
Prunus  japonica  typica  Matsumura.      Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  14:135.     1900. 
Prunus  japonica  eujaponica  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:266.     1912. 
Pnmus  japonica  eujaponica  fauriei  Koehne.     /.  c.  266.     Japan. 
Pnmus  japonica  eujaponica  oldhamii  Koehne.     /.  c.  266.     Hupeh. 


22  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Prunus  japonica  gracillima  Koehne.     /.  c.  266. 

Prunus  japonica  gracillima  thunbergii  Koehne.     I.  c.  266. 

Prunus  japonica  thunbergii  Koehne.     Fedde  Rep.    Nov.  Sp.  8:23.     1910.     Cultivated  in  the  Spath 

Arboretum  near  Berlin,  received  from  St.  Petersburg. 
Prunus  japonica  gracillima  engleri  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:266.     1912. 
Prunus  japonica  engleri  Koehne.     /.  c.  266.     Manchuria. 

Pnmus  japonica  gracillima  minor  Koehne.     I.  c.  267.     Cultivated  in  the  Spath  Arboretum,  Berlin. 
Pnmus  japonica  gracillima  sphaerica  (Carri^re)  Koehne.     /.  c.  267. 
Prunus  japonica  sphaerica  Carriere.     Rev.  Hort.  468,  fig.  163.     1890. 
Prunus  japonica  kerii  (Steudel)  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:267.     191 2. 
Prunus  japonica  Ker-Gawler.     Bot.  Reg.  i:  t.  27.     1815. 
Amygdalus  pumila  Sims.     Bot.  Mag.  47:  t.  2176.     1820. 

Prunus  kerii  .Steudel.     Nomencl.  Bot.  ed.  2,  403.     1841,  which  cites  "  Cerasus  "japonica  Ker-Gawler. 
Prunus  japonica  typicaflore  plena  Zabel.      Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel  Handb.  Laubholz-Ben.  238.     1903. 

Chekiang.     Cultivated  in  England. 
?  Prunus  praecoz  Carriere.     Rev.  Hort.  488,  fig.  142,  143.    1892.    Originated  from  sowings  of  Prunus 

japonica  sphaerica  and  supposed  to  be  Prunus  japonica  X  domestica. 

107.  Prunus  nakaii  L^veille.     Fedde  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.  7:198.     1909.     Korea. 

108.  Prunus  carcharias  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.    Pt.  2:267.     1912.     Szechuan. 
Sect.  2.     AMYGDALOCERASUS  Koehne. 

Cerasus  sect.  Microcerasus  Spach. 

Microcerasus  Webb.    Phytogr.  Canar.  2:19  (1836-50);   Schneider  ///.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  1:601.     1906. 
Prunus  subgen.  Microcerasus  Focke.     Engler  &  Prantl   Natiirl.  Pflanzenfam.    3:3,  54.     1888. 
Prunus  sect.  Trichocerasus  et  subgen.  Microcerasus  Koehne.    Deutsche  Dendr.  302,  306.      1893. 

109.  Prunus  tomentosa  Thunberg.    Fl.  Jap.  203,.    1784. —  Siebold  &  Zuccarini  Fl.  Jap.  i:$i,  t.  22.     1826. 

Japan,  western  and  northern  China. 
Prunus  tomentosa  spaethiana  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.     Pt.  2:269.     1912.     Cultivated  in  European 

gardens. 
Pninus  tomentosa  graebneriana  Koehne.     /.  c.  269.     Cultivated  near  the  Botanic  Garden,  Berlin- 

Dahlem. 
Prunus  tomentosa  insularis  Koehne.     /.  c.  269.     Japan.     Cultivated  in  Japan. 
Prunus  tomentosa  souliei  Koehne.     /.  c.  269.     Szechuan. 
Prunus  tomentosa  kashkarovii  Koehne.     /.  c.  269.     Tibet. 
Prunus  tomentosa  endotricha  Koehne.     /.  c.  225.     Western  Hupeh. 
Pnmus  tomentosa  brevifiora  Koehne.     /.  c.  270.     Northern  Shensi. 
Prunus  tomentosa  trichocarpa  (Bunge)  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.    Pt.  2:270.     191 2. 
Prunus  trichocarpa  Bunge.     Mhn.  Etr.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  2:96  {Enum.    PI.  Chin.  Bor.)  1833. 

Northern  China. 
Prunus  tomentosa  tsuluensis  Koehne.     Plant.  Wils.    Pt.  2:270.     1912.     Northern  Shensi. 
Prunus  tomentosa  heteromera  Koehne.     /.  c.  270.     Szechuan. 

110.  Prunus  batalinii  (Schneider)  Koehne.     /.  c.  270. 

Prunus  tomentosa,  (?)  Batalinii  Schneider.     Fedde  Rep.   Nov.  Sp.  1:52.     1905.     Szechuan. 

111.  Prunus  cinerascens  Franchet.      Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.   Paris,  ser.  2,  8:216   {PI.  David.  II.    34)    1885. 

Western  Szechuan. 

112.  Prunus  jacquemontii  (Edgeworth)  Hooke.    Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  2:314.     1878.     Afghanistan,  Northwestern 

Himalaya,  Tibet. 

113.  Prunus  incana  (Pallas)  Steven.     Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.  3:263.     1812.    Armenia,  Georgia,  Himalaya? 
Cf.  Cerasus  hippophaeoides  Bommuller.     Oester.  Bot.  Zeit.  ^g:i^.     1899.     Cappadocia. 

114.  Prunus  griffithii  (Boissier)  Schneider.     ///.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  1:606.     1906.     Afghanistan. 

115.  Prunus  prostrata  Labillardiere.    Icon.   PI.  Syr.  1:15,  t.  6.     1791.     Southern  Europe,  Crete,  Algier, 

Western  Asia  to  Persia  and  Syria. 
Cf.  Pnmus  bifrons  Fritsch.     Sitz.  Akad.  Wien  101:  pt.  i.  636,  t.  3,  fig.  i.     1892.     Himalaya? 

116.  Prunus  brachypetala  (Boissier)  Walpers.    Ann.  1:272.     1848-49.     Southern  Persia. 

117.  Pnmus  microcarpa  C.  A.  Meyer.   Verz.  Pfl.  Caucas.  Casp.  166.     1831.     Caucasia,  Northern  Persia. 
Cf.  Cerasus  tortuosa  Boissier  &  Haussknecht.     Boissier  Fl.  Or.  2:647.     1872.     Antilibanon,  Cappa- 
docia, Kurdistan. 

118.  Prunus  verrucosa  Franchet.     Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  s6r.  6,  16:280.     1883.     Turkestan. 

Cf.  Prunus  calycosus  Aitchison  &  Hemsley.     Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  3:61,  t.  8.     1888.     Afghanistan. 

119.  Prunus  diffusa  (Boissier  &  Haussknecht)  Schneider.     III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.   1 :6o6.     1906.     South- 

western Persia. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  23 

The  geographical  distribution  of  these  cherries  is  most  interesting.^ 
From  North  America  come  but  five  species  of  cherries  but  two  of  which, 
Priums  besseyi  and  Prunns  pumila,  furnish  food  and  these  two  as  yet 
are  but  sparingly  grown;  all  five,  however,  are  more  or  less  used  as  stocks. 

Greene^  has  described,  in  addition  to  the  five  accepted  ones,  eleven  new 
species  of  true  cherries  from  the  far  west  of  the  type  of  Primus  emarginata, 
some  of  which  at  least  have  furnished  food  to  the  Indians,  miners  and 
trappers  and  may  have  horticultural  possibilities  for  the  desert  regions 
in  which  they  are  found  either  for  fruit  or  as  stocks. 

From  the  western  portion  of  the  Old  World,  including  all  of  Europe, 
northern  Africa,  Asia  Minor,  Persia,  Turkestan  and  Afghanistan  come  14 
species.  From  this  region,  though  the  number  of  species  as  compared 
with  East  Asia  is  small,  we  have  all  of  the  cultivated  esculent  cherries, 
if  possibly  Primus  tonientosa  be  excepted.  Though  nearly  all  of  the  species 
of  this  large  territory  are  found  —  possibly  all  originated  there  —  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Europe  and  the  adjoining  southwestern  part  of  Asia, 
yet  they  seem,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  to  be  quite  distinct  from  the 
species  of  the  eastern  half  of  the  Old  World  —  the  Himalaya  Mountains 
separating  the  two  regions.  It  is  probable  that  when  west  central  Asia 
has  been  as  well  explored  botanically  as  the  east  central  part  of  the  con- 
tinent, many  new  species  will  be  added  to  Prunus  and  its  sub-genus  Cerasus. 

It  is  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  Old  World  that  the  cherry  flora  is 
richest.  More  than  100  of  the  119  species  of  Cerasus  recognized  by  Koehne 
are  found  in  the  Himalaya  Mountains  and  the  region  to  the  east  including 
Japan  and  the  Kuril  Islands.  Yet  out  of  all  of  this  wealth  of  raw  material 
only  Primus  tomentosa  has  been  truly  domesticated  as  an  esculent  though 
possibly  a  score  of  these  species  are  well-known  ornamentals.  Of  the 
100  eastern  Asiatic  species  about  75  belong  to  China  —  the  remainder  to 

'  Koehne  has  presented  the  results  of  a  careful  study  of  the  distribution  of  cherries  in  Mitt.  Deulsch. 
Dendr.  Ges.  168-183.     1912. 

^Greene  {Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  18:55-60.  1905),  preferring  Cerasus  to  Prunus  as  a  generic  name 
for  racemose  cherries,  gives  the  following  new  species:  Cerasus  californica  {Fl.  Francis.  50.  1891)  from 
the  hills  of  middle  western  California;  Cerasus  crenulata  from  the  MongoUan  Mountains,  New  Mexico; 
Cerasus  arida  inhabiting  the  borders  of  the  desert  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountain, 
California;  Cerasus  prunifolia  found  in  the  mountains  of  Fresno  County,  California;  Cerasus  rhamnoides 
collected  at  Mud  Springs,  Amador  County,  California;  Cerasus  kelloggiana  from  the  middle  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains  in  California;  Cerasus  padifolia  collected  in  the  foothills  near  Carson  City,  Nevada;  Cerasus 
obliqua  described  from  a  single  specimen  from  Oroville,  California;  Cerasus  parviflora  known  only  from 
Mt.  Shasta,  California;  Cerasus  obtusa  from  the  arid  interior  of  southeastern  Oregon;  and  Cerasus 
trichopetala  found  at  Columbia  Falls,  Montana.  The  type  specimens  of  these  eleven  species  are  in  the 
National  Herbarium  at  Washington. 


24 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


Formosa,  Siam  and  Japan  with  its  islands.  Happily  these  Chinese  cher- 
ries are  being  introduced,  but  a  few  at  a  time,  it  is  true,  to  Europe  and 
America  and  it  can  hardly  be  otherwise  than  that  they  will  enrich  horti- 
culture as  they  are  domesticated,  hybridized  or  used  as  a  consort  upon 
which  to  grow  the  cherries  now  known  to  cultivation.  In  particular,  it 
may  be  expected  that  cherries  for  the  cold  north  and  the  bleak  plains  of 
our  continent  will  be  evolved  from  the  Asiatic  species  better  suited  to 
these  regions  than  the  cultivated  cherries  we  now  grow. 

The  number  and  diversity  of  the  species  of  cherries  which  this  brief 
review  of  Cerasus  shows  to  exist  suggest  that  our  cultivated  cherry  flora 
is  but  begun.  There  can  be  no  question  but  that  others  of  these  species 
than  the  few  that  have  been  domesticated  will  yield  to  improvement  under 
cultivation  and  furnish  refreshing  fruits.  It  is  just  as  certain  that  new 
types,  as  valuable  perhaps  as  the  hybrid  Diikes  we  now  have,  can  be 
produced  through  hybridization.  In  North  America,  we  have  no  satis- 
factory stock  for  cultivated  Sweet  and  Sour  Cherries.  Both  of  the  stocks 
now  commonly  used,  the  Mazzard  and  the  Mahaleb,  as  we  shall  see,  have 
weaknesses  that  unfit  them  for  general  use.  Surely  out  of  the  great  num- 
ber of  forms  we  have  just  listed  a  better  stock  than  either  of  the  two 
named  can  be  found.  No  doubt,  too,  many  of  these  new  species,  even 
though  they  do  not  furnish  food,  will  prove  valuable  timber  or  ornamental 
trees. 

We  are  ready  now  for  a  more  detailed  discussion  of  the  cultivated 
species  of  cherries. 

PRUNUS  CERASUS  Linnaeus. 

I.  Linnaeus  Spec.  PI.  474.     1753. 

P.  austera.     2,  Ehrhart  Beitr.  5:  160.     1790. 

P.  acida.     3.  Ehrhart  I.  c.  1790. 

P.  aestiva.     4.  Salisbury  Prodr.  356.     1796. 

P.  plena.     5.  Poiret,  in  Lamarck  Enc.  ilHh.  Bot.  5:671.     1804. 

P.  rosea.     6.  Poiret,  in  Lamarck  /.  c.  1804. 

P.  Juliana.     7.  Reichenbach  Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  643.     1832,  not  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  1805. 

P.  hortensis.     8.  Persoon  Sym.  PI.  2:34.     1807. 

P.  Marasca.     9.  Reichenbach  Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  644.     1832. 

P.  oxycarpa.     10.  Bechstein  Forst.  Bot.  5:424.     1843. 

P.  vulgaris.     11.  Schur  Entim.  PI.  Transsih.  954.     1866. 

Cerasus  vulgaris .     12.  Miller  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8:  No.  i.     1768. 

C.  hortenses.     13.  Miller  /.  c.  No.  3.     1768. 

C.  acida.     14.  Borkhausen,  in  Roemer  Arch.  Bot.  i:  11,  38.     1796. 

C.  austera.     15.  Borkhausen,  in  Roemer  /.  c.  1796. 

C.   Caproniana.     16.  De  Candolle  Fl.  Fran.  ed.  3,  4:842.     1805. 

C.  nicotianaefoUa.     17.  Hort.  ex  De  Candolle  Prodr.  2:536.     1825. 


-^^'"^^'i^^fe 


--v^; 


PRVXVS  CERASZ^S    (AMARELLE   GROUP) 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  2$ 

C.  bigarella.     i8.  Dumortier  Fl.  Belg.  gi.     1827. 

C.  effusa.     19.  Host  Fl.  Aiislr.  2:6.     1831. 

C.  Marasca.     20.  Host  /.  c.  1831. 

C.  Bungei.     21.  Walpers  Rep.  2:9.     1843. 

C.  Heaumiana.     22.  Roemer  Syn.  Rosifl.  69.     1847. 

C.  tridentina.     23.  Roemer  /.  c.  76.     1847. 

C.  Khexii.     24.  Hort.  Gall,  ex  Van  Houtte  Fl.  Serres,  ser.  2,  7: 159.     1868. 

C.  cucullata.     25.  Hort.  ex  Koch   Dendrol.     1:6.   1869. 

Tree  low,  reaching  a  height  of  twenty  to  thirty  feet,  diffuse,  open-headed,  round- 
topped  or  spreading,  often  without  a  central  leader;  trunk  at  maturity  a  foot  in  diameter; 
bark  reddish-brown  overlaid  with  ashy-gray,  smooth  or  sometimes  roughened;  branches 
spreading,  slender  and  more  or  less  drooping;  branclilets  slender  and  willowy,  glabrous, 
reddish-brown  becoming  darker  and  overspread  with  ashy-gray;  lenticels  small,  numer- 
ous, conspicuous,  raised. 

Leaves  resinous  at  opening,  more  or  less  erect,  very  numerous,  three  to  four  inches 
long  and  from  one-half  to  two  inches  wide,  obovate  to  oval,  folded  upward,  thick  and 
firm  in  texture;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth,  the  lower  surface  paler  green,  with  more 
or  less  pubescence;  apex  taper-pointed  or  acute,  base  abrupt  or  acute;  margins  finely 
serrate,  often  doubly  so,  teeth  tipped  with  small,  dark  glands;  petioles  from  a  half-inch 
to  two  inches  long,  slender,  grooved,  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  tinged  with 
red;  glands  from  one  to  four,  usually  small,  variously  colored,  globose  or  reniform,  usually 
at  the  base  of  the  blade;  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  narrow,  finely  serrate,  early  caducous. 

Winter-buds  small,  short,  obtuse  or  pointed,  plump  and  free,  arranged  singly  or  in 
clusters;  leaf -scars  usually  prominent;  flowers  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves,  showy, 
an  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  dense  or  scattered,  very  scaly  clusters  and  in  twos,  threes 
and  fours  on  one-year-old  wood ;  pedicels  from  a  half  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  slender, 
green  and  glabrous;  calj^c-tube  obconic,  glabrous,  green  or  tinged  with  red;  cal3^x-lobes 
broadly  obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  reflexed,  margin  serrate,  faintly  red; 
petals  white,  roundish  or  oval  to  obovate,  entire  or  crenate,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  stamens 
about  thirty,  filaments  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length;  anthers  yellow;  pistils  about  as 
long  as  the  stamens,  glabrous. 

Fruit  roundish-oblate  or  cordate,  sides  slightly  compressed,  about  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter;  suture  lacking  or  indistinct;  cavity  well  marked,  usually  abrupt; 
apex  usually  depressed;  color  from  light  to  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  more 
or  less  conspicuous;  stem  slender,  from  a  half-inch  to  two  inches  in  length,  glabrous,  with- 
out bloom;  skin  usually  separating  readily  from  the  pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  with  dark  colored 
juice  or  pale  yeUow  with  colorless  juice,  tender,  melting,  sprightly,  more  or  less  acidulous, 
sometimes  astringent;  stone  free  or  more  or  less  clinging,  roundish,  pointed  or  blunt, 
smooth,  less  than  a  half  inch  in  diameter;   ventral  suture  usually  ridged,  sometimes  smooth. 

The  ntiinerous  synonyms  of  Prunus  cerasus  indicate  the  state  of  con- 
fusion which  prevails  in  the  scientific  nomenclature  of  the  Sour  Cherry. 
Yet  the  names  given  are  scarcely  a  tithe  of  those  that  have  been  discarded 
or  superseded  for  a  whole  or  a  part  of  this  species  by  botanists.     Happily, 


26  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

there  is  no  language  in  which  there  is  a  possibility  of  confusing  the  Sour 
Cherry  with  the  other  two  or  three  species  of  cultivated  cherries  if  the 
common  names  be  used.  That  men,  learned  or  unlearned,  speaking  in 
their  mother  tongues  distinguish  species  of  cherries  so  readUy  by  their 
common  names,  is  ample  excuse  for  not  attempting  to  give  in  a  pomological 
work  all  of  the  Latin  names  of  the  Sour  Cherry  that  have  been  used  by 
the  many  men  who  have  at  one  time  or  another  attempted  to  classify 
the  plants  in  Prunus.  Those  here  published  are  from  boanists  who  have 
contributed  most  to  the  knowledge  of  the  species. 

Prunus  cerasus  is  the  Sour  Cherry,  or  Pie  Cherry,  of  many  languages  — 
grown  and  esteemed  in  temperate  climates  the  world  over  and  probably 
the  most  widely  distributed  of  all  tree  fruits.  The  species  is  found  truly 
wild,  as  we  have  set  forth  in  detail  in  the  following  chapter,  in  south- 
western Asia  and  southeastern  Europe.  It  is  a  frequent  escape  from 
cultivation,  multiplying  from  seed  distributed  by  birds  or  human  agencies 
or  growing  from  suckers  which  spring  so  freely  from  the  roots  as  to  make 
the  species  unfit  for  a  stock  in  orchard  work.  The  number  of  cultivated 
varieties  of  Prunus  cerasus  listed  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  is  270. 
Sour  Cherries  cultivated  for  their  fruits  constitute  two  distinct  groups,  each 
of  which  is  again  divided  into  many  varieties.  The  two  groups  vary 
more  or  less  in  both  tree  and  fruit  but  have  a  constant  difference  only 
in  a  single,  very  easily  distinguished  character  —  the  juice  in  the  fruits 
of  one  is  red,  in  the  other  it  is  colorless. 

The  cherries  with  colorless  juice  are  the  Amarelles,  from  the  Latin 
for  bitter,  a  term  probably  first  used  by  the  Germans  but  now  in  general 
use  wherever  these  cherries  are  grown,  though  the  English  often  designate 
them  as  Kentish  cherries  and  the  French  as  Cerisier  Commun.  These 
Amarelles  are  pale  red  fruits,  more  or  less  flattened  at  the  ends.  Despite 
the  derivation  of  the  name  Amarelle,  they  have  less  bitterness  than  the 
other  group  of  varieties  of  the  Sour  Cherry.  They  are  also  less  acid  than 
the  darker  colored  cherries  and  are  therefore  more  suitable  for  eating  out 
of  hand  while  the  dark  colored  cherries  are  almost  exclusively  culinary 
fruits.  The  common  representatives  of  this  group  are  Early  Richmond, 
Montmorency  and  the  various  cherries  to  which  the  word  Amarelle  is 
affixed,  as  the  King  Amarelle  and  the  Spate  Amarelle. 

The  second  group,  varieties  with  reddish  juice  and  usually  with  very 
dark  fruits  which  are  more  spherical  or  cordate  in  shape  than  the 
Amarelles,  comprises  the  Morellos  of  several  languages  or  the  Griottes  of 


J-JILSLS    CEIt.lSVS    (MORELLO    GROUP) 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  27 

the  French.  The  first  of  these  terms  has  reference  to  the  color,  the  word 
Morello  coming  from  the  ItaHan  meaning  blackish  while  Griotte,  from  the 
French,  probably  is  derived  through  agriotte  from  aigre,  meaning  sharp, 
in  reference  to  the  acidity  of  these  cherries.  Weichsel  is  the  German 
group  name  for  these  cherries,  rather  less  commonly  used  than  the  other 
two  terms.  The  trees  of  the  Morello-like  varieties  are  usually  smaller, 
bushier  and  more  compact  than  those  of  the  Amarelles.  The  branches, 
as  a  rule,  are  more  horizontal,  often  drooping,  are  less  regularly  arranged 
and  are  more  slender.  The  leaves,  in  typical  varieties,  are  smaller,  thinner, 
a  darker  green  and  are  pendant  while  those  of  the  Amarelles  are  either 
inclined  to  be  upright  or  horizontal;  the  leaves  are  also  toothed  less 
deeply  and  more  regularly.  These  differences  in  the  leaves  are  well  shown 
in  the  color-plates  of  the  varieties  of  the  two  groups.  There  are  differ- 
ences, also,  in  the  inflorescence  and  the  floral  organs  in  the  extreme  types 
but  these  disappear  in  the  varieties  that  connect  the  two  forms.  The 
typical  varieties  of  this  group  are  English  Morello,  Ostheim,  Olivet, 
Brusseler  Braune,  Vladimir  and  Riga. 

Attempts  to  give  precise  distinctions  between  the  fruits  and  trees 
of  the  two  groups  fail  because  the  varieties  constituting  them  hybridize 
freely  making  it  impossible,  with  the  more  or  less  blended  characters,  to 
classify  acctu-ately.  The  group  name  indicates  but  little  more  than  whether 
the  cherries  have  a  colored  or  a  colorless  juice  —  a  distinction  well  worth 
while  for  the  fruit-grower. 

Ehrhart  called  Soior  Cherries  with  colorless  juice  Priinus  acida  and 
those  with  dark  colored  juice  Primus  austera.  To  some  extent  botanists 
have  followed  Ehrhart's  designations.  Linnaeus  thought  the  two  groups 
sufficiently  distinct  to  be  botanical  varieties  of  the  species  and  denomi- 
nated the  cherry  with  colorless  juice  Primus  cerasus  caproniana  and  the 
one  with  colored  juice  Primus  cerasus  austera. 

A  third  division  of  the  species  is  the  Marasca  cherry  from  which  is 
made  maraschino,  a  distilled  liqueur  much  used  in  Europe  as  a  drink  and 
in  Europe  and  America  in  the  manufacture  of  maraschino  cherries.  The 
Marasca  cherry  is  a  native  of  the  province  of  Dalmatia,  Austria,  where 
the  trees  grow  wild  and  are  now  sparingly  cultivated.  In  1831  Host 
gave  this  form  the  name  Cerasus  marasca  and  a  year  later  Reichenbach 
described  it  as  Primus  marasca.  Botanists  now  very  generally  include  it  in 
the  species  under  discussion  and  Schneider'  makes  it  a  botanical  variety, 

^  Schneider,  C.  K.  Handb.  Laubh.  1:615.     1906. 


28  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Prunus  cerasus  marasca,  a  disposition  which  we  beHeve  to  be  the  best. 
The  Marasca  cherries  differ  from  the  other  cultivated  forms  chiefly  in 
the  greater  vigor  of  the  trees,  relatively  finer  serrations  of  the  leaves,  longer 
stipules  and  a  more  compact  inflorescence.  The  fruits  are  much  smaller 
than  in  the  common  Sour  Cherries,  are  deep  red  or  almost  black  in  color 
and  have  intensely  red  flesh  and  juice.  The  cherries  are  very  acid  with  a 
bitter  taste  that  gives  flavor  to  the  maraschino  made  from  them. 

Besides  these  divisions  of  the  species  cultivated  for  their  fruits 
botanists  describe  several  botanical  forms  which  either  have  no  horti- 
cvdtural  value  or  are  cultivated  exclusively  as  ornamentals.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  discuss  these  in  a  pomological  work.  Of  these  botanical 
derivatives  of  Prunus  cerasus,  Schneider  enumerates  nine  and  three  hybrids 
between  this  and  other  species.' 

PRUNUS  AVIUM  Linnaeus. 
I.  Linnaeus  Fl.  Suec.  ed.  2:165.     1755. 
P.  nigricans.     2.  Ehrhart  Beitr.  7:126.     1792. 
P.  varia.     3.  Ehrhart  /.  c.  127.     1792. 
P.  sylvestris.     4.  Persoon  Syn.  PI.  2:35.     1807. 
P.  dulcis.     5.  Miller  ex  Reichenbach  Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  644.     1832. 
Cerasus  nigra.     6.  Miller  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8:No.  2.     1768. 
C.  Avium.     7.  Moench  Meth.  672.     1794. 
C.  varia.     8.  Borkhausen,  in  Roemer  .4rc/!.  i.,  2:38.     1796. 
C.  Juliana.     9.  De  CandoUe  Fl.  Fran.  4:483.     1805. 
C.  duracina.     10.  De  Candolle  /.  c.  1805. 
C.  rubiamda.     11.  Bechstein  Forstb.  160,  335.     1810. 

C.  intermedia.     12.  Host  Fl.  Austr.  2:7.     1831,  not  Loisel.  in  Duham.     1812. 
C.  decumana.     13.  Delaunay  ex  Seringe,  in  De  Candolle  Pro(ir.  2:536.     1825. 
C.  macrophylla.     14.  S-weet  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  1:485.     1827. 
C.  dulcis.     15.  Borkhausen  ex  Steudel  Norn.  Bot.  ed.  sec.,  1:331.     1840. 
C.  pallida.     16.  Roemer  Syn.  Rosifl.  69.     1847. 
C.  heterophylla.     17.  Hott.  e.^VLoch.  Dendrol.  1: 106.     1869. 
C.  asplenifolia.     18.  Hort.  ex  Koch  /.  c.  1869. 
C.  salicifolia.     19.  Hort.  ex  Koch  /.  c.  1869,  not  Ser.  in  De  Candolle.     1825. 

Tree  reaching  a  height  of  thirty  to  forty  feet,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open- 
topped,  semi-hardy,  usually  with  a  central  leader;  trunk  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter 
roughened;  branches  rather  stocky,  smooth,  dull  ash-gray,  with  few  small  lenticels;  branch- 
lets  thick,  long,  with  long  intemodes,  grayish-brown,  smooth,  with  small,  inconspicuous 
lenticels. 

Leaves  resinous  at  opening,  more  or  less  drooping,  numerous,  four  to  sue  inches  long, 
two  to  three  inches  wide,  strongly  conduplicate,  oblong-ovate,  thin;  upper  surface  dark 
green,  rugose  or  sometimes  smooth;  lower  surface  duU  green,  more  or  less  pubescent;  apex 
acute,  base  more  or  less  abrupt;  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole 


*  Schneider,  C.  K.  Handb.  Laubh.  1:1906;  2:1912. 


PRiyvs  irnm  (YELLOW  SPANISH) 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  29 

one  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  slender,  dull  red,  with  from  one  to  three  small, 
globose,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk;  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  finely  serrate,  early  caducous. 

Buds  rather  small,  of  medium  length,  pointed,  appressed  or  free,  arranged  singly 
or  in  small,  scaly  clusters  at  the  tips  of  branchlets  or  on  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent; 
blooming  with  or  after  the  leaves;  flowers  white,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  across;  in 
clusters  of  two  or  three;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous;  calyx-tube  green  or  with 
a  faint  red  tinge,  brownish-yellow  within,  campanulate;  calyx-lobes  faintly  tinged  with 
red,  long,  acute,  margin  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  oval,  entire 
or  crenate,  tapering  to  a  short,  blunt  claw;  stamens  nearly  one-half  inch  long,  thirty-five 
or  thirty-six;  anthers  yellow;  pistU  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fniit  ripening  in  early  July;  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  cordate;  cavity  deep,  wide, 
abrupt;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish  or  pointed;  color  ranging  from  yellow  through  red 
to  purplish-black;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  tinged  with  red, 
one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  toughish,  adherent  to  the  pulp; 
flesh  yellow,  red,  or  dark  purple  with  colorless  or  colored  juice,  tender  to  firm,  sweet;  stone 
semi-clinging,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  long,  not  as  wide  as  long,  elliptical,  flattened,  blunt, 
with  smooth  surfaces. 

Through  its  ctiltivated  varieties  Prunus  avium  is  everywhere  known  in 
temperate  cHmates  as  the  Sweet  Cherry.  In  the  wild  state  it  is  variously 
called  Mazzard,  Bird,  Wild,  Crab  and  the  Gean  cherry.  It  is  not  as 
hardy  a  species  as  Prunus  cerasus  and  is,  therefore,  less  generally  grown  but 
still  is  a  favorite  orchard,  dooryard  and  roadside  plant  in  all  mid-temperate 
regions.  It  refuses  to  grow,  however,  in  the  warmest  and  coldest  parts 
of  the  temperate  zones.  Wherever  the  species  thrives  as  an  orchard 
plant  it  is  to  be  found  growing  spontaneously  along  fences  and  roadsides 
and  in  open  woods  from  seeds  distributed  by  birds.  The  fruits  of  these 
wild  Sweet  Cherries  are  usually  small  and  the  flesh  thin  and  dry,  often 
unpalatable ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  trees  are  sometimes  found  as  escapes 
from  cultivation  which  rival  in  their  products  the  orchard-grown  cherries. 
It  is  from  reverted  seedlings  that  the  description  of  the  species  herewith 
given  has  been  made.  The  number  of  ctiltivated  varieties  of  Prunus 
avium  listed  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  is  549. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  and  its  history  as  a  cultivated  plant  are 
given  in  the  following  chapter.  A  further  point  of  horticultural  interest 
as  regards  its  habitat  is  that  wherever  found  truly  wild,  as  in  its  original 
home  in  southern  and  central  Europe  and  Asia  Minor,  it  is  to  be  found 
in  moderately  dry,  calcareous  soils  and  seldom  in  the  shade,  preferring 
always  warm,  sunny  sites,  as  gravelly  or  stony  hillsides.  These  predi- 
lections cling  to  the  species  in  its  cultivated  varieties.  Prunus  avium 
differs  from   Prunus  cerasus  in  an  important  horticultural  character  as 


30  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

the  two  species  grow  spontaneously  —  the  former  suckers  from  the  root 
Httle  or  not  at  all,  making  it  a  suitable  plant  for  a  stock  in  orchard  work, 
while  the  latter  suckers  so  much  as  to  make  it  unfit  for  use  as  a  stock. 

Prunus  avium  is  variously  divided  by  botanists  and  pomologists. 
Whatever  distinct  forms  of  the  species  may  exist  in  the  wild  state,  they 
are  now  interminably  confused  by  hybridization  under  cultivation.  It  is 
impossible  to  divide  the  species  into  botanical  varieties  from  the  characters 
of  the  horticultural  varieties,  as  many  botanists  have  attempted  to  do. 
The  species  can  be  roughly  divided  into  two  pomological  groups,  the 
distinguishing  character  being  the  texture  of  the  flesh. 

Sweet  Cherries  with  soft,  tender  flesh  form  one  group  known  by 
pomologists  under  the  French  group  name  Guigne  or  the  English  Gean. 
These  are  also  the  Heart  cherries  of  common  parlance.  These  soft- 
fruited  cherries  may  again  be  divided  into  dark  colored  varieties  with 
reddish  juice  and  light  colored  sorts  with  colorless  juice.  Typical  light 
colored  Geans  are  Coe,  Ida,  Elton  and  Waterloo;  dark  colored  ones  are 
Black  Tartarian,  Early  Purple  and  Eagle.  It  is  to  this  group  of  cherries 
that  Linnaeus  gave  the  varietal  name  Juliana  and  De  CandoUe  the  specific 
name  Cerasus  Juliana. 

The  second  group  is  distinguished  by  the  firm,  breaking  flesh  of  the 
fruits  —  the  Bigarreaus  of  several  languages,  the  name  originally  having 
reference  to  the  diverse  colors  of  the  fruits.  This  group  is  further  divisi- 
ble in  accordance  with  color  of  fruit  and  juice  into  black  Bigarreaus  and 
light  Bigarreaus.  Chief  of  the  black  cherries  falling  into  this  division 
are  Windsor,  Schmidt  and  Mezel;  of  the  light  ones,  which  are  much  more 
numerous.  Yellow  Spanish  and  Napoleon  are  representative  sorts.  Lin- 
naeus called  these  hard-fleshed  cherries  Prunus  avium  duracina;  De  CandoUe 
called  them  Cerasus  duracina;  K.  Koch,  Prunus  avium  decumana;  and 
Roemer,  Cerasus  bigarella. 

Besides  these  two  orchard  forms  of  Prunus  avium  several  other  horti- 
cultural forms,  quite  as  distinct  or  even  more  so,  are  grown  as  ornamentals, 
some  of  which  are  listed  as  distinct  species  or  as  botanical  varieties  of 
Prunus  avium.  To  add  to  the  confusion,  a  number  of  Latinized  garden 
names  are  more  or  less  commonly  applied  to  these  ornamental  Sweet 
Cherries.  Schneider,^  in  revising  the  genus  Prunus,  names  four  botanical 
forms  of  Prunus  avium  and  two  natural  hybrids  with  other  species. 

'  Schneider,  C.  K.  Handb.  Laubh.  1:1906;  2:1912. 


rnVM  S    irilM  (DOUBLE  FLOWERING) 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  3I 

PRUNUS  AVIUM  X  PRUNUS  CERASUS 

The  Duke  cherries,  long  placed  by  most  pomologists  and  botanists 
in  a  botanical  variety  of  Primus  avium,  are  unquestionably  hybrids  between 
the  Sweet  Cherry  and  the  Sour  Cherry.  A  study  of  the  characters  of 
the  varieties  of  the  Diake  cherries  shows  all  gradations  between  Primus 
cerasus  and  Primus  avium,  though,  in  the  main,  they  resemble  the  latter 
more  than  the  former,  differing  from  the  Sweet  Cherries  most  noticeably 
in  having  an  acid  flesh.  Sterility  is  a  common  attribute  of  hybridism. 
In  this  respect  the  Dukes  behave  like  most  hybrids.  In  several  Diike 
cherries  all  of  the  seeds  collected  at  this  Station  are  sterile;  in  others,  most 
of  them  are  sterile  and  in  none  are  the  seeds  as  fertile  as  in  varieties 
known  to  be  pure  bred  as  to  species.  So,  too,  shrunken  pollen  grains 
indicate  hybridity.  A  study  of  the  pollen  of  the  Duke  cherries  shows 
many  grains,  the  greater  proportion,  to  be  abnormal,  a  condition  not 
found  in  the  pollen  of  varieties  true  to  species.  May  Duke,  Reine  Hortense 
and  Late  Duke  are  the  leading  hybrid  varieties. 

There  are  dark  colored  Duke  cherries  with  reddish  juice  and  light 
colored  sorts  with  uncolored  juice,  just  as  in  the  two  parent  species.  May 
Duke  is  a  typical  variety  with  colored  juice  while  Reine  Hortense  is 
probably  the  best-known  cherry  among  these  hybrids  with  uncolored  juice. 
About  65  of  the  cherries  listed  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  are  "Dukes," 
or  hybrids  between  the  Sweet  and  the  Sotir  Cherry. 

The  name  Duke  comes  from  the  variety  May  Duke  which  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  Medoc,  a  district  in  the  department  of  Geronde,  France,  from 
whence  this  variety  came.  The  cherries  of  this  group  are  known  as  Dukes 
only  in  England;  in  France  the  name  Royale  is  similarily  used. 

These  hybrid  cherries  have  been  placed  in  a  distinct  botanical  group 
by  several  botanists.  They  constitute  the  Cerasus  regalis  Poiteau  and 
Ttirpin  {Traite  des  Arb.  Fruit.  123);  the  Cerasus  bigarella  regalis  Roemer 
{Syn.  Monogr.  3:69);  and  the  Prunus  avium  regalis  Bailey  (Cyc.  Am. 
Hort.  1453.     1901). 

PRUNUS  MAHALEB  Linnaeus. 

I.  Linnaeus  Sp.   PL  474.     1753.     2.  Bailey   Cyc.  Am.  Hort.  3:1451.     1901.     3.  Schneider  Handb. 
Laubh.  1:617.     1906. 

Cerasus  mahaleb.     4.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  ed.  8:  No.  4.     1759. 
Padus  mahaleb.     5.  Borkhausen  Han</6.  Fori/ft.  2:1434.     1803. 

Tree  small,  slender,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped;  braijches  roughened, 
ash-gray  over  reddish-brown;  branchlets  numerous,  slender  and  firm-wooded,  with  short 
intemodes,  dull  gray,  glabrous,  with  very  numerous   large,  raised  lenticels. 


32  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Leaves  numerous,  an  inch  in  length,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  wide,  ovate  to  obovate, 
thick,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green, 
slightly  pubescent  along  the  midrid;  apex  and  base  abrupt;  margin  finely  crenate,  with 
reddish-brown  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  slender,  greenish,  with  none  or  with 
from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  greenish  glands  variable  in  position. 

Buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  appressed  or  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in 
clusters  on  small,  slender  spurs;  flowers  appearing  late,  after  the  leaves,  small,  averag- 
ing one-half  inch  across,  white,  fragrant;  borne  in  clusters  of  six  to  eight  scattered  on  a 
main  stem  an  inch  in  length,  with  the  terminal  pedicels  one-quarter  inch  long  and  basal 
pedicels  one-half  inch  long;  pedicels  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  cam- 
panulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  entire,  glabrous,  reflexed;  petals  white,  small, 
separated,  ovate,  tapering  to  short,  narrow  claws;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil 
glabrous,  about  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  about  the  middle  of  July;  very  small,  one-fourth  inch  long,  one-third 
inch  wide,  roundish-ovate;  cavity  shallow  and  abrupt;  suture  shallow  or  a  mere  line;  apex 
roundish  to  slightly  pointed,  with  stigma  usually  adherent;  color  black;  stem  slender, 
length  of  corymb  about  one  and  one-half  inches;  length  of  fruit-stem  about  one-quarter 
inch;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  reddish-black,  with  scant  reddish-black  juice,  tender  and 
soft,  very  astringent,  sour,  not  edible;  stone  free  or  nearly  so,  very  small,  averaging  nine 
thirty-seconds  inch  long  and  seven  thirty-seconds  inch  wide,  ovate,  slightly  flattened, 
with  pointed  apex;  ventral  suture  prominent. 

Primus  mahaleb  is  now  a  wild  inhabitant  of  all  southern  Europe  as 
far  north  as  central  France,  southern  Germany,  Austria-Hungary  and 
eastward  through  Asia  Minor  and  Caucasia  to  and  within  the  borders 
of  Turkestan.  Wherever  it  grows  spontaneously  in  the  Old  World  it  is 
said  to  prefer  rocky,  gravelly,  sunny  slopes  and  the  climate  in  which  the 
grape  thrives  best.  Wild  or  cultivated,  the  Mahaleb  is  a  shallow-rooted 
plant,  a  fact  that  must  be  taken  into  consideration  in  its  use  as  a  stock. 
Prunus  mahaleb  is  a  common  escape  from  cultivation  in  eastern  North 
America  especially  about  the  nursery  centers  of  central  New  York. 

The  Mahaleb,  or  St.  Lucie  cherry,  is  of  no  importance  to  fruit- 
growers for  its  fruit  but  as  a  consort  with  nearly  all  of  the  Sweet  and  Sour 
Cherries  now  being  propagated  in  North  America  it  becomes  of  prime 
importance  and  so  receives  botanical  consideration  here.  According  to 
Schneider,  in  the  reference  cited,  there  are  several  spontaneous  forms  of 
Prunus  mahaleb  and  also  several  horticulttiral  varieties  grown  as  orna- 
mentals. None  of  these,  wild  or  cultivated,  are  of  interest  to  fruit- 
growers, unless,  perchance  some  one  of  them  shotild  prove  to  be  a  better 
stock  upon  which  to  work  orchard  cherries.  Mahaleb  stocks  are  usually 
grown  as  seedlings  but  may  also  be  propagated  from  root  cuttings. 


pnrws  trivM  x  PRr.vr.s  ceu  tsrs  (reine  hortfnsE) 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  33 

The  wood  of  the  Mahaleb  tree  is  of  value  in  cabinet  making,  possess- 
ing among  other  good  qualities  a  pleasant  and  lasting  odor.  The  leaves, 
too,  are  odoriferous  and  are  more  or  less  used  in  France  in  the  manu- 
facture of  perfumes  and  in  cookery  to  give  savor  to  sauces. 

PRUNUS  TOMENTOSA  Thunberg. 

I.  Thunberg  Fl.  Jap.  203.  1784.  2.  Jack  Garden  6"  Forest  5:580,  fig.  99.  1892.  3.  Bailey  Cyc. 
Am.  Hori.  3:1451.  1901.  4.  Schneider  Handb.  Laubh.  1:601.  1906.  5.  Koehne  Plantae  Wilsonianae 
Pt.  2:268.     1912. 

Cerasus  tomcnlosa.     6.  Wallich  Cat.  No.  715.     1829. 

A  dwarfish,  bush-like  plant  attaining  a  height  of  ten  or  twelve  feet,  vigorous,  dense- 
topped,  hardy;  trunk  and  branches  stocky;  branches  smooth,  grayish-brown;  branchlets 
many,  of  medium  thickness  and  length,  thickly  overspread  with  short  pubescence,  with 
short  intemodes,  roughish,  with  a  few  large,  raised  lenticels  near  the  base. 

Leaves  numerous,  two  and  one-eighth  inches  long,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide, 
folded  upward  or  flattened,  broad-oval  to  obovate,  velvety;  upper  surface  dull,  dark  green, 
rugose;  lower  surface  thickly  pubescent,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  veins;  apex  abruptly 
pointed;  margin  serrate;  petiole  three-sixteenths  inch  in  length,  reddish,  pubescent,  of 
medium  thickness,  with  from  twelve  to  fourteen  small,  globose,  yeUow  glands,  usually 
at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  very  small,  short,  pointed,  free,  arranged  as  lateral  buds  and  in  clusters  on 
small,  short  spurs;  leaf-scars  not  prominent;  season  of  bloom  early;  flowers  appear  with 
the  leaves,  white,  thirteenth-sixteenths  inch  across;  borne  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels 
short,  thick,  glabrous;  calyx-tube  reddish,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow, 
acute,  serrate,  slightly  pubescent,  erect;  petals  white,  roundish-ovate,  entire,  with  short 
claws;  anthers  tinged  with  red;  pistil  pubescent  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  stamens, 
often  defective. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-sea.son;  a  half -inch  in  diameter,  roundish,  slightly  compressed; 
cavity  deep,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow;  apex  depressed,  with  adherent  stigma;  color 
currant-red;  dots  niunerous,  small,  grayish,  obscure;  stem  thickish,  one-eighth  to  one- 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  pubescent;  skin  thick,  tender,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp, 
covered  with  light  pubescence;  flesh  light  red,  with  light  red  juice,  stringy,  melting, 
sprightly,  sour;  good  in  quality;  stone  clinging,  one-quarter  of  an  inch  long,  one-eighth 
inch  wide,  oval,  slightly  pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces. 

The  habitat  of  Primus  tomentosa  is  probably  Central  Asia  though 
it  is  now  to  be  found  growing  spontaneously  in  East  Tibet  and  the  Chinese 
provinces  of  Setschuan,  Hupe,  Kansu  and  perhaps  Tochlii. 

This  shrub-like  cherry  is  very  generally  cultivated  in  central,  eastern 
and  northern  China  and  in  Japan  for  its  fruit  and  as  an  ornamental.  It 
has  been  introduced  into  cultivation  in  many  widely  separated  places  in 
3 


34 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


North  America  and  appears  to  be  promising  for  cold  regions,  both  bud 
and  wood  withstanding  perfectly  the  most  rigorous  climates  of  the  United 
States.  As  it  grows  in  America  it  is  a  bush  and  never  a  true  tree.  It  is 
a  twiggy,  close-jointed  plant,  usually  with  many  stems  springing  from 
the  ground  and  these  bearing  branches  quite  to  the  base.  Frequently 
these  low-growing  branches  bend  to  the  ground  and  take  root  forming 
new  plants.  The  bushes  are  thickly  clothed  with  leaves  densely  tomentose 
on  the  underside,  in  this  respect  and  in  shape,  as  well,  very  unlike  the 
foliage  of  common  cultivated  cherries.  The  flowers  appear  in  great  abun- 
dance with  the  leaves,  making  a  handsome  ornamental ;  they  are  white, 
becoming  rose-colored  as  they  fall  away.  The  fruit  ripens  in  mid-season 
for  cherries,  setting  profusely  from  the  many  blossoms.  The  cherries 
are  a  half-inch  in  diameter,  bright  currant-red,  covered  with  inconspicuous 
hairs  and  contain  a  stone  of  medium  size.  They  are  pleasantly  acid, 
very  juicy  and  withal  a  decided  addition  to  cultivated  cherries.  Primus 
tomentosa  seems  a  most  promising  plant  for  domestication  and  of  particular 
merit  for  small  gardens  and  cold  regions. 

Koehne,  in  his  list  of  cherries,  names  ten  botanical  varieties  of 
Prunits  tovientosa.  From  this  the  species  seems  to  be  most  variable  and 
under  cultivation  would  probably  break  up  into  many  forms  some  of  which 
might  prove  superior  to  the  type  species.  Koehne's  botanical  varieties 
are  given  under  the  species  on  page  22. 

PRUNUS  PUMILA  Linnaeus. 

I.  Linnaeus  Mant.  PL  75.     1768.     2.  Bailey  Cor.  Bui.  Ex.  Sta.  38:96.     1892.     Bailey  /.  c.  70:260. 
1894.     3.  BaUey  Cyc.  Am.  Hort.  3:1450.     1901. 

P.  Susquehanae.     4.  Willdenow  Enum.  PI.  519.     1809. 

P.  depressa.     5.  Pursh  Fl.  Am.  1:332.     1814. 

P.  incana.     6.  Schweinitz  Long's  Expedition  by  Keating  2:387.     1824. 

Cerasus  glauca.     7.  Moench  Meth.  672.     1794. 

C.  pumila.     8.  Michaux  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:286.     1803. 

C.  depressa.     9.  Seringe,  in  D3  Candolle  Prod.  2:538.     1825. 

Plant  a  small  shrub,  five  to  eight  feet  in  height,  willow-like  habit,  weak,  upright  when 
young  but  becoming  decumbent,  slow-growing,  hardy;  trunk  slender,  smooth  except  for 
the  raised  lenticels;  branches  slender,  smooth,  twiggy,  very  dark,  dull  reddish-black  with 
a  tinge  of  gray;  lenticels  niamerous,  small,  conspicuous;  branchlets  very  slender,  short, 
twiggy,  with  short  intemodes,  dull  grayish-brown,  glabrous,  with  conspicuous,  very  small, 
raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  hanging  late  in  the  season,  small,  averaging  one  and  three-fourths  inches 
long,  one  inch  wide,  flat,  abruptly  pointed,  narrowly  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  thin;  upper 
surface    dark,  dull    green,  smooth;    lower  surface  light  green,  thinly    pubescent  on  the 


PRVNVS    TOMEXTOSA 


I  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  35 

midrib  and  veins ;  midrib  small,  straight ;  veins  very  minute ;  margin  serrate,  teeth  tipped 
with  very  small  glands;  petiole  short,  one-fourth  inch  in  length,  glandless. 

Flowers  small,  in  two- to  five-flowered  umbels,  white,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  pedi- 
cels slender,  a  half-inch  in  length.  Fruit  nearly  roimd,  pendulous,  variable  in  color  but 
usually  purple-black,  without  bloom,  nearly  a  half -inch  in  diameter;  flesh  thin,  variable 
in  quality  but  often  sour  and  astringent;  season  late  July;  stone  turgid,  nearly  round. 

Prunus  pumila,  the  Sand  Cherry,  or  Dwarf  Cherry,  of  eastern  America, 
is  found  on  sandy  and  rocky,  inland  shores  from  Maine  to  the  District  of 
Coliimbia  and  northwestward  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  in  Canada.  In 
particular  it  is  common  on  the  sand  dunes  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Every- 
where in  the  wild  state  it  grows  in  light  sands  suggesting  its  use  in  arid 
soils  and  especially  on  poor  soils  in  cold  climates. 

As  yet  there  seem  to  be  no  named  varieties  of  this  cherry  known  to 
fruit-growers,  its  nearly  related  species,  Pruniis  besseyi,  offering  greater 
opportunities  to  both  the  fruit-grower  and  the  experimenter.  Both  the 
plants  and  fruits  are  so  variable,  the  size,  color  and  quality  of  the  crop 
on  some  plants  being  quite  attractive,  that  it  is  certain  an  opportunity 
to  domesticate  a  worthy  native  plant  is  being  overlooked.  The  species 
ought  to  have  value,  too,  as  a  stock  on  which  to  work  other  cherries  for 
sandy  soils,  dwarf  trees  and  exacting  climates. 

PRUNUS  CUNEATA  Rafinesque. 

I.  Rafinesque  i4M«.   Nat.  11.     1820.     2.  Bailey  Cor.    Ex.   Sta.   Bui.   38:101.     1892.     3.  Britton  and 
Brown  III.  Flora  2:250.     1897.     4.  Gray  Afan.  Bel.  ed.  7:498.     1908. 
P.  pumila  cuneata.     5.  Bailey  Cyc.  Am.  Hort.  3:1451.     1901. 

Primus  cuneata,  sometimes  called  the  Appalachian  cherry,  is  not 
growing  at  this  Station  but  is  described  in  the  references  given  as  very 
similar  to  the  Sand  Cherry,  differing  in  the  following  respects: 

The  plant  is  dwarf er  but  is  more  erect  never  having  prostrate  branches ; 
the  branches  are  smoother  and  lighter  colored;  the  leaves  are  shorter,  more 
oval,  more  obtuse,  thinner,  less  conspicuously  veined,  teeth  fewer  and 
the  points  more  appressed;  the  flowers  are  larger,  petals  broader  and  are 
borne  on  slightly  curled  stems  in  umbels  of  two  to  four;  the  fruit  and 
stone  in  the  two  species  are  much  the  same,  possibly  averaging  smaller 
in  this  species. 

The  habitat  of  Prunus  cuneata  is  from  Maine  to  North  Carolina  and 
northwest  to  Minnesota,  being  most  commonly  found  in  jvet,  stiff  soils 
near  lakes  and  bogs  but  often  found  on  rocky  hills  if  the  soil  be  not  too  dry. 


36  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

It  is  doubtful  if  this  cherry  is  as  promising  for  cultivation  as  the 
foregoing  species  and  not  nearly  as  worthy  attention  as  the  next  cherry. 

I  PRUNUS  BESSEYI  BaUey. 

I.  Bailey  Cor.  Ex.  Sta.  Bui.  70:261.  1894.  2.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:156.  1895.  3.  Bessey 
Neb.  Hort.  Soc.  26:168.  1895.  Bessey  /.  c.  37:i2i-  1906.  4.  Britton  and  Brown  ///.  Flora  3:251. 
1897. 

P.  pumila  Besseyi.    5.  Waugh    Vt.    Ex.   Sla.   Rpt.    12:239.     1898-99.     6.  BaUey    Cyc.   Am.   Hort. 

3:1451.     1901. 

Plant  a  small  shrub,  spreading  or  diffuse,  one  to  four  feet  in  height,  open-centered, 
slow-growing,  hardy ;  trunk  slender,  smooth ;  branches  slender,  smooth,  very  dark  brownish- 
black,  with  numerous  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  short,  with  short  intemodes,  dull 
grayish-brown  becoming  almost  black,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  conspicuous,  small,  raised 
lenticels. 

Leaves  hanging  late,  numerous,  small,  two  and  three-eighths  inches  long,  one  inch 
wide,  thick,  stiff,  slightly  folded  upward  or  nearly  flat;  apex  with  a  short  taper-point, 
broadly  lanceolate  to  nearly  oval-lanceolate;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth; 
lower  surface  very  light  green,  not  pubescent;  midrib  distinct,  glabrous;  veins  small  but 
distinct;  margin  serrate,  teeth  appressed,  tipped  with  indistinct,  sharp  glands;  petiole 
thick,  three-eighths  inch  in  length,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  two  very  small,  light 
colored,  globose  glands  on  the  petiole  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  stipules  very  prominent, 
almost  leaf -like. 

Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  sessile  umbels,  small,  less  than  a  half-inch  across, 
white;  fruit  more  than  a  half -inch  in  diameter,  globose,  sometimes  oblong-pointed, 
yellowish,  mottled  or  more  often  purple-black;  variable  in  quality  but  always  more  or  less 
astringent;  ripening  in  early  August;  stone  large,  globose,  slightly  flattened. 

The  habitat  of  Primus  besseyi  is  not  yet  definitely  bounded  but  it 
can,  at  least,  be  said  that  this  species  is  to  be  found  on  the  prairies  from 
Manitoba  and  Minnesota  to  southern  Kansas  and  westward  into  Montana, 
Wyoming  and  Utah.  In  its  natural  range  it  undoubtedly  runs  into  that 
of  Primus  pumila  to  the  east,  and  Waugh,  in  the  reference  given,  holds 
that  the  two  species  grade  into  each  other  and  he,  therefore,  makes  this 
a  variety  of  the  eastern  species.  Certainly  Primus  pumila  and  Primus 
besseyi  are  as  distinct  as  are  many  other  of  the  more  or  less  indefinite 
species  of  this  genus  —  few,  indeed,  are  the  species  of  Prunus  that  do  not 
have  outliers  which  overlap  other  types  and,  as  we  shall  see,  there  are 
hybrids  between  this  and  species  of  other  cherries,  plums  and  even  peaches 
and  apricots,  showing  that  the  lines  of  demarcation  between  the  members 
of  this  genus  are  difficult  to  define. 

Although  Primus  besseyi  has  received  attention  from  horticulturists 
less  than  a  quarter-century  it  has  aroused   much  interest,  best  indicated 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  37 

by  the  fact  that  now  a  considerable  number  of  varieties  of  the  species 
are  under  cultivation  and  there  are  more  than  a  score  of  hybrids  dis- 
seminated in  which  it  is  one  of  the  parents.  Indians,  trappers  and 
early  settlers  have  long  used  the  wild  fruit  under  the  name  of  Western 
Sand  Cherry,  Bessey's  Cherry  and  Rocky  Mountain  Cherry.  Among 
pioneers  this  cherry  was  held  in  high  esteem  for  sauces,  pies  and  preserves 
and,  where  there  was  a  dearth  of  cultivated  cherries,  was  eaten  with  relish 
out  of  hand.  The  flesh  is  tender,  juicy  and,  while  astringent  as  commonly 
found,  plants  bearing  aromatic  and  very  palatable  cherries  are  often  found 
growing  wild  while  some  of  the  domesticated  plants  bear  very  well-flavored 
fruits.  All  speak  of  the  Sand  Cherry  as  wonderful  in  productiveness 
and  as  having  remarkable  capacity  to  withstand  the  vicissitudes  of  the 
exacting  climate  in  which  it  grows.  A  valuable  asset  of  Prunus  besseyi 
is  its  great  variability.  Fruit  from  different  plants  varies  in  size,  color 
and  flavor  suggesting  that,  under  cultivation,  amelioration  will  proceed 
rapidly.  The  plants  of  this  species  root  freely  from  layers  or  root-cuttings 
and  are  therefore  easily  propagated  and  multiplied. 

But  it  is  in  its  hybrids  that  this  western  cherry  has  proved  most 
valuable  in  horticulture.  There  are  now  hybrids  under  cultivation 
between  this  species  and  the  Sand  plum  (Prunus  augustifolia  watsoni), 
the  Hortulana  plum  {Prunus  hortulana) ,  the  Simonii  plum  {Prunus  simonii), 
the  Japanese  plum  {Prunus  triflora),  the  American  plum  {Prumis  ameri- 
cana),  the  Cherry  plum  {Primus  cerasijera),  the  Sweet  Cherry  {Primus 
avium),  the  peach  {Prunus  persica),  the  apricots  {Primus  armeniaca  and 
Primus  mume),  and  the  common  plum  {Prunus  domestica).  It  would 
almost  seem  that  this  species  is  the  "  go-between  "  of  the  many  and 
varied  types  of  the  genus  Prunus.  It  is  true  that  few  of  these  hybrids 
yet  shine  as  orchard  plants  but,  given  time,  it  seems  certain  that  some 
will  prove  valuable  in  general  horticiolture  and  that  many  will  be  grown 
in  the  special  horticulture  of  the  northern  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  adjoin- 
ing plains  to  the  west.  Credit  must  be  given  to  Professor  N.  E.  Hansen 
of  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station  for  most  of  our  present  knowl- 
edge of  hybridism  between  this  and  other  species.^ 

In  his  work  with  this  species  Hansen  has  also  found  that  Prunus  besseyi 
makes  a  very  good  stock  for  peaches,  apricots,  Japanese  and  native  plums 
and  that,  while  it  does  not  so  readily  consort  with  the  true  cherries,  yet 

'See  bulletins  87  (1904),  88  (1904),  108  (1908)  and  130  (1911)  from  the  South  Dakota  Experiment 
Station,  Brookings,  S.  D. 


38  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

it  can  be  used  as  a  stock  for  them.  On  the  other  hand  larger  fruits  of 
the  Sand  Cherry  can  be  grown  when  it  is  budded  on  stocks  of  the 
American  plum,  Prunus  americana. 

MINOR   SPECIES 

Besides  these  well-recognized  species  of  cultivated  cherries  there  are 
several  others  that  play  a  much  less  conspicuous  part  in  horticulture. 
Prunus  fruticosa  Pallas,  the  Dwarf  Cherry  of  Europe,  is  much  cultivated, 
more  especially  its  botanical  variety  pendula,  as  an  ornamental  and  some- 
what for  its  fruit.  According  to  Wilson,'  Prunus  invohicrata  Koehne  is 
grown  for  its  fruit  in  the  gardens  of  China;  the  fruits,  he  says,  are  "  small 
and  lacking  in  flavour."  The  fruits  of  Primus  eniarginata  Walpers  are 
eaten  by  the  Indians  on  the  Pacific  Coast  and  the  early  settlers  used  the 
species  as  a  stock  for  orchard  cherries.  Prunus  jacquetnontii  Hooker, 
the  Dwarf  Cherry  of  Afghanistan  and  Tibet,  is  occasionally  in  culture 
for  its  fruit  and  as  a  park  plant;  so  also  is  another  dwarf  cherry  from 
southwestern  Asia,  Prunus  incana  Steven.  Prunus  pseudocerasus  Lindley, 
the  Flowering  Cherry  of  Japan,  is  a  well-known  ornamental  the  world 
over  and  in  Japan  is  used  as  a  stock  for  orchard  cherries  for  which  purpose, 
as  we  have  suggested  in  the  discussion  of  stocks,  it  ought  to  be  tried  in 
America. 


'  Wilson,  E.  H.    A   Naturalist  in  Western  Chitta  2:27.     1913. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  39 

CHAPTER  n 

THE  HISTORY  OF  CULTIVATED  CHERRIES 

THE   ANCIENT    USE   OF    CHERRIES 

History  casts  no  direct  light  upon  the  period  when  the  cherry  first 
came  under  cultivation.  Undoubtedly  primitive  men  in  all  parts  of  the 
North  Temperate  Zone  enlivened  their  scanty  fruit  fare  with  wild  cherries. 
Cultivated  cherries,  we  know,  had  their  origin  in  the  Old  World.  But 
history  tells  us  nothing  of  the  period  when  Europe  and  Asia  were  unbroken 
forests  inhabitated  by  savages  who  eked  out  a  precarious  subsistence  by 
the  pursuit  of  the  chase  and  from  meagre  harvests  of  wild  grains,  fruits 
and  vegetables.  On  these  continents  agriculture  and  rude  civilization 
began  in  ages  immemorial  and  cultivated  plants  diversified,  enriched  and 
adorned  the  landscapes  long  before  the  first  written  records.  Our  knowl- 
edge of  how  wild  cherries  have  been  remodeled  into  the  orchard  and  garden 
varieties  of  to-day  —  of  what  the  methods  and  processes  of  domestication 
have  been  —  is,  therefore,  doubtful  and  limited,  for  the  mind  and  hand 
of  man  had  been  deeply  impressed  upon  the  cherry  long  before  the  faint 
traditions  which  have  been  transmitted  to  our  day  could  possibly  have 
arisen. 

The  history  of  the  cherry,  then,  goes  back  to  primitive  man.  Direct 
proof  of  the  ancient  use  of  cherries  is  fvimished  by  the  finding  of  cherry- 
pits  of  several  species  in  the  deposits  of  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  in  the  mounds 
and  clifT-caves  of  prehistoric  inhabitants  of  America  and  in  the  ancient 
rubbish-heaps  of  Scandinavian  countries.  There  are  but  few  regions  in 
which  cultivated  cherries  are  grown  in  which  the  inhabitants  in  times  of 
stress,  or  by  choice  in  times  of  plenty,  do  not  now  use  as  food  wild 
cherries,  some  species  of  which  grow  in  abundance  and  under  the  most 
varied  conditions,  almost  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  within  a  few  degrees 
of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  in  a  belt  encircling  the  globe.  It  is  probable  that 
all  of  the  wild  species  which  have  furnished  fruit  to  the  aborigines  or  to 
the  modem  inhabitants  of  a  region  have  been  sparingly  cultivated  —  at 
the  very  least  if  they  possessed  any  considerable  food  value  they  have 
been  more  or  less  widely  distributed  by  the  hand  of  man.  But,  curiously 
enough,  out  of  the  score  or  more  of  species  of  which  the  fruit  is  used  as 
food  as  the  plants  grow  wild,  but  two  may  be  said  to  be  truly  domesti- 
cated.    These  are  the  Sour,  or  Pie  Cherry,  Prunus  cerasus,  and  the  Sweet 


40  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Cherry,   Prmias  avium,  with    the   histories  of  which   we   are   now  to  be 
concerned. 

PUny  is  generally  accredited  as  the  first  historian  of  the  cherry. 
Nearly  eighteen  and  a  half  centuries  ago  he  gave  an  account  of  the  cherries 
of  Rome  with  the  statement  that  Luciillus,  the  Roman  soldier  and  gourmet, 
had  brought  them  to  Rome  65  years  before  Christ^  from  the  region  of 
the  Black  Sea.  This  particular  in  the  account  proves  to  be  a  good  illus- 
tration of  the  adage  that  old  errors  strike  root  deeply.  Though  disproved 
beyond  all  question  of  doubt  time  and  time  again  by  botanists  and 
historians,  Pliny's  inadvertence  is  still  everywhere  current  in  text-books, 
pomologies  and  cyclopaedias  —  a  mis-statement  started,  repeated  and 
perpetuated  from  medieval  days  when  to  be  printed  in  Pliny  was  sufficient 
proof.  That  LucuUus  brought  to  Italy  a  cherry  and  one  which  the 
Romans  did  not  know  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt,  but  other  cherries  there 
must  have  been,  not  only  wild  but  cultivated,  of  Primus  cerasus  at  least 
and  probably  of  Primus  avium,  and  in  comparative  abundance  long  before 
Lucullus,  returning  from  the  war  in  Pontus  with  Mithridates,  brought  to 
Rome  a  cherry.  With  this  brief  mention  of  Pliny's  inaccuracy,  we  pass 
to  more  substantial  facts  in  the  history  of  the  cherry. 

The  domestication  of  one  or  the  other  of  the  two  generally  cultivated 
species  of  cherries  followed  step  by  step  the  changes  from  savagery  to 
civilization  in  the  countries  of  Europe  and  of  western  Asia.  For,  as  one 
sorts  the  accumulated  stores  of  botanical  and  historical  evidence,  it  becomes 
quickly  apparent  that  both  the  Sweet  and  the  Sour  Cherry  now  grow  wild 
and  long  have  done  so  in  the  region  named  and  that,  from  the  time 
tillage  of  plants  was  first  practiced  in  the  Old  World,  this  fruit  has  been 
under  cultivation,  feeble,  obscure,  and  interrupted  by  war  and  chase 
though  its  cultivation  may  have  been.  Certainly  the  history  of  the  cherry 
is  as  old  as  that  of  agriculture  in  the  southern  European  countries  and  is 
interwritten  with  it. 

In  beginning  the  history  of  a  cultivated  plant  the  first  step  is  to 
ascertain  where  it  grows  spontaneously  —  where  it  may  be  found  unplanted 
and  unattended  by  man.  This  is  the  task  now  before  us  for  Primus 
cerasus  and  Prunus  avium,  discussing  them  in  the  order  named. 

'  See  quotation  on  page  45. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  4 1 

THE   ORIGIN   OF    CULTIVATED    CHERRIES 

Primus  cerasus,  of  which  the  Montmorency  is  the  commonest  repre- 
sentative in  America,  is  now  to  be  found  wild  wherever  Sour  Cherries  are 
much  grown,  for  it  is  a  favorite  food  of  many  birds  which  quickly  scatter 
its  seeds  from  centers  of  cultivation.  Nearly  all  of  the  botanies  of  tem- 
perate regions  in  which  agriciilture  is  carried  on  name  this  cherry  as  an 
escape  from  cultivation  into  woods  and  hedgerows  and  along  roadsides. 
The  Sour  Cherry,  then,  is  now  to  be  found  truly  wild  in  many  parts  of 
several  continents.  It  is  not  so  easy  to  say  where  the  habitat  and  what 
the  condition  before  the  species  was  cultivated.  But  botany,  archaeology, 
history  and  philology  indicate  that  the  original  habitat  of  the  Sour  Cherry 
is  southeastern  Eiu"ope  and  the  nearby  countries  in  Asia. 

After  saying  that  this  cherry  has  been  found  wild  in  the  forests  of 
Asia  Minor,  the  plains  of  Macedonia,  on  Mount  Olympus  and  in  neigh- 
boring territories,  De  CandoUe,  however,  limits  its  habitat  to  the  region 
"  from  the  Caspian  Sea  to  the  environments  of  Constantinople."'  But 
as  a  wild  plant  this  cherry  must  have  spread  over  a  far  greater  area.  Even 
the  broadest  boundaries  of  the  habitat  of  Prunus  cerasus  as  set  by 
De  Candolle  show  over-caution.  Thus,  the  Marasca  cherry,  a  botanical 
variety  of  Prunus  cerasus,  is  most  certainly  wild  in  the  Province  of  Dalmatia 
on  the  Adriatic  Sea  in  Austria;  so,  too,  it  is  certain  that  this  species  is 
feral  as  far  away  from  De  CandoUe' s  center  of  distribution  as  northern 
Austria  and  southern  Germany  and  has  been  so  for  untold  ages.  It  is  safe 
to  say  that  the  original  source  of  the  Sour  Cherry  was  the  territory  lying 
between  Switzerland  and  the  Adriatic  Sea  on  the  west  and  the  Caspian 
Sea  and  probably  somewhat  farther  north  on  the  east.  That  is,  our 
savage  forefathers  must  have  found  this  cherry  in  the  region  thus  outlined, 
probably  in  a  much  more  extended  territory,  into  which  it  was  brought 
in  more  or  less  remote  times  by  agencies  other  than  hviman  from  De 
CandoUe's  smaller  area  of  origin. 

It  is  easier  to  define  the  geographic  range  of  the  wild  Sweet  Cherry. 
Botanists  very  generally  agree  that  Prunus  avium  as  a  wild  plant  inhabits 
all  of  the  mainland  of  Europe  in  which  the  cultivated  varieties  of  the 
species  can  be  grown  —  that  is,  most  of  the  continent  south  of  Sweden 
and  may  be  found  wild  well  into  southern  Russia.  The  species  is  reported 
sparingly  wild  in  northern  Africa  and  is  a  very  commop  wild  plant  in 


'  De  Candolle,  Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants  207.     1885. 


42  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

southern  Asia  as  far  east  as  northern  India.  It  must  not  be  thought  that 
the  plant  is  everywhere  abundant  in  the  great  area  outUned  as  its  habitat. 
To  the  contrary,  the  Sweet  Cherry  is  an  uncommon  wild  plant  in  Spain, 
Italy  and  other  parts  of  southern  Europe.  All  authorities  agree  that  the 
region  of  greatest  communal  intensity  for  Primus  avium  is  between  the 
Caspian  and  Black  Seas  and  south  of  these  bodies  of  water.  It  might 
suffice  to  say  that  from  about  these  seas  the  Sweet  Cherry  came  —  that 
here  grew  the  trunk  from  which  branches  were  spread  into  other  lands 
by  birds  and  animals  carrying  the  seeds  from  place  to  place.  The  most 
important  fact  to  be  established,  however,  is  that  this  cherry  has  long 
grown  spontaneously  over  a  widely  extended  territory  and  may,  therefore, 
have  been  domesticated  in  several  widely  separated  regions. 

THE  CHERRY  IN  GREECE;  THE  FIRST  RECORD  OF  CULTURE  AND  THE  NAME 

Having  established  the  habitats  of  the  two  cultivated  cherries  we 
may  next  ask  when  and  where  their  cultivation  began.  The  domesti- 
cation of  plants  probably  began  in  China  —  certainly  Chinese  agricultiire 
long  antedates  that  of  any  other  nation  now  in  existence  of  which  we  have 
records.  Agriculture  in  China,  historians  roughly  approximate,  goes  back 
4,000  years.  But  while  the  Chinese  have  many  other  species  of  cherry, 
as  we  have  seen,  some  of  which  may  be  said  to  be  partially  domesticated, 
Prunus  cerasus  and  Primus  avium  are  not  found  wild  in  China  and  were 
only  in  recent  years  introduced  there  as  cultivated  plants.  Neither  does 
the  cherry  of  our  civilization  seem  to  have  been  known  in  the  second 
great  agriciJtural  region  of  the  world  — ■  Egypt  and  the  extreme  south- 
west of  Asia.  At  least  there  are  no  words  for  the  cherry  in  the  languages 
of  the  peoples  of  that  region  and  cherry  pits  have  not  been  found  with 
the  remains  of  other  plants  in  the  tombs  and  ruins  of  Egypt,  Assyria  and 
Babylon.  Nor  does  the  cherry  seem  to  have  been  cultivated  in  India 
until  comparatively  recent  times. 

These  very  brief  and  general  statements  show  that  cherries  were 
not  cultivated  in  the  first  agricultural  civilizations  and  serve  to  fix  the 
time  and  the  place  of  the  domestication  of  the  cherry  a  little  more 
definitely.  Records  of  cherries  as  cultivated  plants  begin,  so  far  as  the 
researches  of  botanical  historians  now  show,  with  Greek  civilization  though 
it  is  probable,  for  several  reasons,  that  some  cultivated  cherries  came  to 
Greece  from  Asia  Minor. 

Theophrastus,  to  whom  Linnaeus  gave  the  title  "  Father  of  Botany," 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  43 

writing  about  300  years  before  the  Christian  era  in  his  History  of  Plants, 
is,  according  to  botanical  historians,  the  first  of  the  Greek  writers  to 
mention  the  che  ry.     His  statement  is  as  follows: — - 

"  The  cherry  is  a  peculiar  tree,  of  large  size,  some  attaining  the  height 
of  twenty-four  cubits,  rather  thick,  so  that  they  may  measure  two  cubits 
in  circumference  at  the  base.  The  leaf  is  like  that  of  the  mespilus,  rather 
firm  and  broader,  the  color  of  the  foliage  such  that  the  tree  may  be 
distinguished  from  others  at  a  good  distance.  The  bark,  by  its  color, 
smoothness  and  thickness,  is  like  that  of  tilia.  The  flower  [meaning,  the 
cluster  of  flowers]  is  white,  resembhng  that  of  the  pear  and  mespilus,  con- 
sisting of  small  [separate]  flowers.  The  fruit  is  red,  similar  to  that  of 
diospyros  [but  what  his  diospyros  was  no  one  knows]  of  the  size  of  a 
faba  [perhaps  nelumbo  seed],  which  is  hard,  but  the  cherry  is  soft.  The 
tree  grows  in  the  same  situations  as  tilia;  by  streams."^ 

From  this  passage  we  gather  that  the  cherry  Theophrastus  knew  was 
the  Sweet  Cherry,  Primus  avium;  the  description  shows  it  to  be  the  same 
large,  tall  treee  now  naturalized  in  open  woods  and  along  roadsides  in 
many  parts  of  the  United  States.  From  the  fact  that  Theophrastus 
describes  the  tree  and  the  bark  in  more  detail  than  the  fruit  we  may 
assume  that  the  cherry  was  more  esteemed  in  ancient  Greece  as  a  timber- 
tree  than  as  a  fruit-tree.  Curiously  enough  the  name  the  Greeks  at  this 
time  used  for  the  Sweet  Cherry  is  now  applied  to  Primus  cerasus,  the  Sour 
Cherry. 

"  Kerasos  "  was  the  Sweet  Cherry  in  ancient  Greece  and  from  kerasos 
came  cerasus,  used  by  many  botanists  as  the  name  of  the  genus.  That 
the  Sweet  Cherry  should  by  the  use  of  avium  be  denominated  the  "  bird 
cherry  "  is  clear  since  birds  show  much  discrimination  between  cherries, 
but  why  the  Sour  Cherry  should  be  given  the  specific  name  cerasus,  first 
applied  to  the  Sweet  Cherry,  is  not  apparent. 

Pages  are  written  in  the  old  pomologies  and  botanical  histories  as 
to  the  origin  of  the  word  cerasus.  Pliny's  statement  that  Lucvillus  called 
the  cherry  cerasus  from  the  town  from  which  he  obtained  it,  Kerasun  in 
Pontus,  on  the  Black  Sea,  is,  in  the  light  of  all  who  have  since  looked  into 
the  matter,  a  misconception.  To  the  contrary,  commentators  now  agree 
that  the  town  received  its  name  from  the  cherry  which  grows  most  abun- 
dantly in  the  forests  in  that  part  of  Asia  IVIinor.  The  name,  according 
to  all  authorities,  is  very  ancient  —  a  linguistic  proof  of  the  antiquity  of 
the  cherry. 


*  Theophrastus,  Book  III,  Chap.  13. 


44  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

To  sum  up,  the  cherry  comes  into  Hterature  first  from  Greece  in  the 
writings  of  Theophrastus.  There  can  be  but  little  doubt,  however,  but 
that  it  had  been  cultivated  for  centuries  before  Theophrastus  wrote. 
Whether  one  or  both  of  the  two  cherries  were  domesticated  by  the 
Greeks,  beginning  with  their  civilization,  or  whether  cultivated  cherries 
came  to  Greece  from  Asia  Minor,  is  not  now  known.  It  is  very  probable 
that  some  of  the  several  varieties  grown  in  Greece  came  imder  cultivation 
through  domestication  of  wild  plants;  others  were  introduced  from  regions 
farther  east. 

THE  SWEET  CHERRY  POSSIBLY  THE  PARENT  OF  THE  SOUR  CHERRY 

A  digression  may  be  permitted  here  to  state  a  hypothesis  suggested 
by  De  CandoUe'  which  should  interest  both  fruit-growers  and  plant- 
breeders.  De  CandoUe,  while  considering  the  two  species  of  cultivated 
cherries  to  be  now  quite  distinct,  suggests  that,  since  they  differ  essentially 
but  little  in  their  characters  and  since  their  original  habitats  were  in  the 
same  region,  it  is  probable  that  one  species  came  from  the  other.  He 
surmises,  since  Prunus  avium  is  the  commoner  in  the  original  home, 
is  generally  the  more  vigorous  of  the  two,  has  spread  much  farther  and 
probably  at  a  much  earlier  date  from  the  primal  habitation  in  Asia  Minor 
than  Prunus  cerasus,  that  the  latter,  the  Sour  Cherry,  is  derived  from 
the  Sweet  Cherry.  In  the  future  breeding  of  cherries  confirmatory  evidence 
of  such  a  relationship  may  be  obtained  though,  should  none  be  found, 
the  negation  should  go  for  naught  and  the  supposition  can  only  remain 
an  interesting  and  plausible  hypothesis. 

THE   CHERRY  IN   ITALY 

Pliny  attempts  to  give  the  first  full  account  of  cultivated  cherries 
and,  even  though  among  his  statements  are  several  inaccuracies,  yet  he 
may  be  said  to  have  made  a  very  good  beginning  of  a  flora  of  cultivated 
cherries  for  he  names  and  describes  ten  varieties.  The  fact  that  there 
were  as  many  as  ten  cherries  in  Italy  at  the  time  Pliny  wrote,  less  than 
a  century  after  the  return  of  LucuUus  from  Pontus,  is  strong  evidence 
that  the  cherry  in  Italy  antedates  Lucullus.  Besides,  it  is  hardly  probable 
that  Pliny  knew  and  described  all  of  the  cherries  to  be  found  in  the  whole 
of  his  country.  But  even  if  these  ten  comprise  the  entire  number,  those 
who   know   how   extremely    difficult    it    is    to    introduce    new   plants    in 

'  De  CandoUe,  Alphonse  Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants  210.     1885. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  45 

a  country  with  the  facilities  we  have  in  our  day,  will  doubt  that  all  of  the 
cherries  in  Pliny's  account  could  have  been  introduced  in  Italy  1900 
years  ago  and  have  come  under  general  cultivation,  as  according  to  Pliny 
they  had,  within  the  short  space  of  a  century.  The  following  quotation, 
then,  must  be  taken  as  an  account  of  the  cherries  grown  in  Italy  in  the 
first  century  after  Christ  with  little  weight  given  to  the  historical  evidence 
presented.^ 

"  The  cherry  did  not  exist  in  Italy  before  the  period  of  the  victory 
gained  over  Mithridates  by  L.  LucuUus,  in  the  year  of  the  City  680.  He 
was  the  first  to  introduce  this  tree  from  Pontus,  and  now,  in  the  course 
of  one  hundred  and  twenty  years,  it  has  travelled  beyond  the  Ocean,  and 
arrived  in  Britannia  even.  The  cherry,  as  we  have  already  stated,  in 
spite  of  every  care,  has  been  found  impossible  to  rear  in  Egypt.  Of 
this  fruit,  that  known  as  the  "  Apronian  "  is  the  reddest  variety,  the 
Lutatian  being  the  blackest,  and  the  Caecilian  perfectly  round.  The 
Junian  cherr>^  has  an  agreeable  flavour,  but  only,  so  to  say,  when  eaten 
beneath  the  tree,  as  they  are  so  remarkably  delicate  that  they  will  not 
bear  carrying.  The  highest  rank,  however,  has  been  awarded  to  the 
Duracinus  variety,  known  in  Campania  as  the  "  Plinian  "  cherry,  and 
in  Belgica  to  the  Lusitanian  cherry,  as  also  to  one  that  grows  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rhenus.  This  last  kind  has  a  third  colour,  being  a  mixture  of 
black,  red,  and  green,  and  has  always  the  appearance  of  being  just  on 
the  turn  to  ripening.  It  is  less  than  five  years  since  the  kind  known  as 
the  "  laurel-cherry  "  was  introduced,  of  a  bitter  but  not  unpleasant  flavoixr, 
the  produce  of  a  graft  upon  the  laurel.  The  Macedonian  cherry  grows 
on  a  tree  that  is  very  small,  and  rarely  exceeds  three  cubits  in  height; 
while  the  chamaecerasus  is  still  smaller,  being  but  a  mere  shrub.  The 
cherry  is  one  of  the  first  trees  to  recompense  the  cultivator  with  its 
yearly  growth;  it  loves  cold  localities  and  a  site  exposed  to  the  north. 
The  fruits  are  sometimes  dried  in  the  sun,  and  preserved,  like  olives,  in 
casks." 

How  are  the  cherries  described  in  the  passage  from  Pliny  related 
to  those  of  modern  culture?  A  score  or  more  of  commentators  have  tried 
to  tell  but  when  the  comments  are  compared  Pliny's  disorder  becomes 
confusion  worse  confounded.  Here,  as  in  his  historical  statements,  Pliny 
seems  to  have  prepared  the  ground  for  a  fine  crop  of  misunderstandings. 
The  spectilations  as  to  what  particular  cherry  each  of  the  descriptions 
fits  quickly  show  the  futility  of  specification.  A  few  generalizations  only 
are  warranted. 

Thus,  if  we  assume,  as  most  commentators  do,  that  Apronian,  the 


'  Bostock  and  Riley  iVa/.  History  of  Pliny  3:322.     1855. 


46  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

first  of  Pliny's  varieties,  was  named  after  Apronius,  a  Roman  praetor  of 
Pliny's  day,  there  is  nothing  to  indicate  the  character  of  the  cherry  except 
the  word  "  reddest  "  which  means  but  little  for  it  is  no  more  possible  to 
distinguish  cherries  by  redness  than  by  its  blackness  to  tell  a  pot  from 
a  kettle. 

It  is  as  impossible  to  distinguish  the  second  variety  as  the  first.  The 
name  given  is  Lutatian,  the  variety  having  been  dedicated,  as  all  com- 
mentators agree,  to  Lutatius  Catulus,  a  contemporary  of  LucuUus,  revered 
by  Romans  for  having  rebuilt  the  capitol  after  it  had  been  destroyed  by 
fire.  It  is  described  as  "  being  the  blackest  "  but  whether  Primus  avium 
or  Prunus  cerasus,  sweet  or  sovu*,  who  can  tell  ? 

The  third  variety  is  called  the  CaecUian  cherry,  which  we  are  told 
is  "  perfectly  round  "  —  a  character  possessed  in  like  degree  by  many 
cherries.  The  name,  on  the  authority  of  Latin  scholars,  commemorates 
the  Caecilius  family,  rich  and  powerful  Romans,  friends  of  Lucullus  at 
the  time  he  was  promoting  cherry  culture. 

We  may  be  a  little  more  certain  of  the  identity  of  the  fourth  cherry, 
called  the  Junian,  and  said  to  have  been  possessed  of  "an  agreeable  flavor 
but  only,  so  to  say,  when  eaten  beneath  the  tree,  as  they  are  so  remark- 
ably delicate  that  they  will  not  bear  carrying."  Whether  the  name  was 
given  in  honor  of  the  Roman  Republican,  Junius  Brvitus,  who  died  42 
A.  D.  or  from  Junius,  the  month  of  their  ripening,  cannot  be  said.  The 
description,  as  practically  all  agree,  fits  very  well  the  French  Guigne  or 
English  Gean  group  of  cherries.  It  is  probable  that  "  Guigne  "  is  a  per- 
version of  "  Junian." 

There  can  be  little  question  as  to  the  cherry  Pliny  next  describes, 
"the  Duracinus  variety"  which  he  says  has  been  awarded  "highest 
rank"  and  to  which  he  paid  the  compliment  of  giving  it  his  own  name, 
for  he  tells  us  that  it  is  "known  in  Campania  as  the  Plinian  cherry." 
This  hard-fleshed  cherry  of  delectable  quality  can  be  no  other  than 
a  Bigarreau  ^  some  protean  Napoleon,  Yellow  Spanish,  Windsor  or  the 
older  Oxheart  and  Elkhorn. 

The  sixth  cherry  is  the  Lusitanian,  which,  if  the  translations  read 
aright,  the  Belgians  rank  highest.  Ancient  Lusitania  is  modern  Portugal 
and  the  Lusitanian  cherry  may  be  the  Griotte  of  Portugal  grown  from 
time  immemorial  in  that  country.  The  identity  of  the  variety  is  not 
so  important  in  this  passage  as  is  the  connection  that  Pliny  establishes 
in  cherry  culture  at  this  early  time  between  Portugal,  Italy  and  Belgium. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  47 

By  such  tokens  does  our  author  cast  doubt  upon  his  statement  that 
Lucullus  had  but  yesterday,  as  it  were,  brought  the  cherry  from  Pontus. 

The  seventh  cherry  is  one  "  that  grows  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhenus  " 
(Rhine),  further  described  as  "  being  a  mixture  of  black,  red  and  green," 
and  of  having  "  always  the  appearance  of  being  just  on  the  turn  to  ripen- 
ing." It  is  useless  to  add  another  guess  to  those  of  the  many  commentators 
as  to  what  this  tri-colored  cherry  from  the  banks  of  the  Rhine  may  be. 

The  eighth  description,  that  of  the  "laxorel-cherry,"  applies  to  a  graft 
and  not  to  a  variety.  Of  it,  Pliny  says,  "It  is  less  than  five  years  since 
the  kind  known  as  the  laurel-cherry  was  introduced,  of  a  bitter,  but  not 
unpleasant  flavor,  the  produce  of  a  graft  upon  the  laiirel."  It  is  barely 
possible  that  a  cherry  could  be  made  to  grow  on  a  laurel  five  years  but  it  is 
extremely  doubtful,  as  all  modern  horticulturists  who  have  tried  it  say,  and 
it  is  impossible  to  have  such  a  graft  bear  fruit.     Pliny  was  misinformed. 

The  ninth  and  tenth  of  Pliny's  cherries,  the  Macedonian  and  the 
Chamaecerasus,  are  probably  one  and  the  same,  since  but  one  cherry 
that  covdd  possibly  answer  to  the  descriptions  given  could  have  been  in 
Italy  at  the  time  Pliny  wrote.  The  cherry  described,  then,  was  almost 
beyond  doubt  Prunus  fruticosa  PaUas,  a  synonym  of  which  is  Primus 
ckamaecerasus  Jacquin,  perpetuating  the  name  used  by  PUny.  This  is 
the  European  Dwarf  Cherry,  or  Ground  Cherry,  which  is  now  and  was 
probably  then  a  wild  plant  in  parts  of  Italy  and  which  is  very  well 
described  by  "  a  tree  that  is  very  small,  and  rarely  exceeds  three  cubits 
in  height." 

We  have  accredited  PHny  with  having  first  described  cherries  in  Italy 
and  discredited  his  account  of  their  introduction  in  his  own  country,  but 
chiefly  on  inferential  evidence.  Just  a  few  words  of  direct  proof  that 
the  cherry  was  long  in  ciiltivation  by  the  Romans  before  Lucullus  and 
we  have  done  with  the  introduction  of  the  cherry  into  Italy  and  have 
filled  another  gap  between  Theophrastus  and  our  own  times.  Marcus 
Terentius  Varro  (B.  C.  117-27),  one  of  the  illustrious  scholars  of  ancient 
Rome,  sometimes  called  the  father  of  Roman  learning,  in  his  eightieth 
year,  as  he  tells  us  in  his  first  chapter,  wrote  a  book  on  farming  —  one, 
which,  by  the  way,  may  be  read  with  profit  by  modem  farmers.'  In  book 
I,  chapter  XXXIX,  he  tells  when  to  graft  cherries,  discussing  the  process 
not  as  if  it  or  the  cherry  were  new  or  little  known  but  as  if  the  cherry  were 

'  A  very   good    translation  of  Varro  on  farming  is  one  by  Lloyd    Starr-Best,    published  by  G.  Bell 
&  Sons,  London.     1912. 


48  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

as  commonplace  as  the  other  agricultural  crops  of  the  times.  Varro 
effectually  disproves  Pliny  to  whose  mis-statement  we  have  given  so  much 
space  only  because  for  nearly  2000  years  it  has  been  generally  accepted  as 
the  truth. 

The  gaps  in  the  history  of  the  cherry  are  long.  Athenaeus,'  Ter- 
tuUian,^  Ammianus,^  and  St.  Jerome/  Roman  writers  of  the  Third  and 
Foiirth  Centuries,  mention  cherries  but  chiefly  to  repeat  and  perpetuate 
Pliny's  errors.  It  was  not  until  the  Sixteenth  Century  —  a  lapse  of 
1400  years  —  that  an  attempt  was  again  made  to  describe  in  full  cultivated 
cherries.  Sometime  in  this  century,  Matthiolus  (1487-1577),  a  Tuscan  and 
one  of  the  eminent  naturalists  not  only  of  Italy  but  of  the  world  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  in  translating  and  annotating  the  medical  works  of  the  Greek 
writer  Dioscorides,  made  a  list  of  the  fruit-trees  then  grown  in  Italy.  As 
the  second  descriptive  list  of  cherries  this  contribution  of  Matthiolus 
might  be  worth  reprinting  were  it  not,  as  in  Pliny,  that  but  few  of  his 
varieties  can  be  certainly  made  out.  He  does,  however,  make  a  number 
of  additions  to  Pliny's  list  but  space  does  not  permit  a  consideration  of 
these;  especially  since  Gerarde,  writing  less  than  a  century  later  in  English, 
so  well  amplifies  Matthiolus  that  we  shall  print  his  account. 

CHERRIES    IN   THE    SIXTEENTH    CENTURY 

Pliny  mentions  the  cherry  as  growing  in  several  countries  and,  by 
reading  between  lines,  we  may  assume  that  cultivated  cherries  were  dis- 
tributed throughout  all  parts  of  Europe  where  agriculture  was  practiced, 
by  Christ's  time  or  shortly  thereafter.  Pliny  speaks  of  the  cherry  in 
some  connection  with  England,  Germany,  Belgium  and  Portugal.  Surely 
we  may  assume  that  the  cherry  was  being  grown  at  the  same  time  in  at 
least  the  countries  in  Europe  which  are  between  or  border  on  those  named. 
But  from  Pliny  to  the  Sixteenth  Century  the  current  of  progress  in  cherry 
culture  was  immeasurably  slow.  In  the  intervening  1600  years  not  a  score 
of  new  cherries  were  brought  under  cultivation.  Attention  was  probably 
given  during  these  dark  ages  to  this  and  to  all  fruits  as  species  and  as 
divisions  of  species  which  came  nearly  or  quite  true  to  seed.  It  was  only 
in  the  refinements  of  horticulture  and  botany  brought  about  by  the  her- 
balists that  true  horticultural  varieties  came  into  common  cultivation. 


'  Athenaeus  Dipnosophistce  Book  II,  Chap.  XXXIV-V. 

*  Tertullian  Apologeticum  Chap.  XI. 

'Ammianus  History  0}  the  Roman  Emperors  Book  22,  Chap.  XVI. 

«  St.  Jerome  Epislulae  Book  I,  Letter  XXXV. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  49 

Thus,  the  first  of  the  German  herbals,  the  Herbarius,  printed  at 
Mainz  in  1491,  does  not  describe  or  even  name  varieties  of  cherries  but 
groups  them  in  the  two  species  as  Sweets  and  Sours,  the  statement  run- 
ning:^ "The  cherries  are  some  sweet,  some  sour,  like  the  wild  apple; 
the  soiirs  bring  to  the  stomach  gas  and  make  the  mouth  fresh  (frisch), 
those  too  sweet  or  too  sour  are  of  little  use."  A  wood-cut  in  this  old  herbal 
illustrates  a  Sour  Cherry. 

According  to  Miiller,-  not  until  1569  did  the  Germans  attempt  to 
give  names  to  varieties,  when,  in  a  medical  herbal,  the  Gart  der  Gesimdheit, 
cherries  were  roughly  divided  into  four  groups:  (i)  The  AmareUen,  sour, 
dark  red  cherries  with  long  stems.  (2)  The  Weichselkirschen,  red  cherries 
with  white  juice  and  short  stems.  (3)  The  Siisskirschen,  red  or  black 
Sweet  Cherries  with  long  stems.  (4)  "  Beside  these  yet  more  "  distinguished 
by  their  shape  and  the  province  in  which  they  are  grown.  Not  until  well 
into  the  Eighteenth  Century  do  the  Germans  seem  to  have  given  names 
to  more  than  a  few  of  the  most  distinct  varieties  of  cherries.  Yet  the 
cherry  was  more  largely  cultivated  in  Germany,  one,  two,  or  three  centimes 
ago,  as  it  is  now,  than  in  any  other  Eiu"opean  country.  This,  one  readily 
gleans  from  what  has  been  written  on  cherries  in  different  countries  and 
from  the  acknowledgments  of  foreign  pomologists  to  those  of  Germany 
for  most  of  what  has  been  printed  regarding  cherries.  Not  only  has  the 
cherry  been  a  favorite  orchard  plant  in  Germany  but  since  the  Sixteenth 
Century  it  has  been  largely  planted  along  the  public  roads. 

Of  cherries  on  the  continent,  for  this  brief  history,  nothing  more 
need  be  said.  Most  of  the  varieties  that  have  been  imported  from  Europe 
to  America  have  come  from  England  and  we  must,  therefore,  devote  rather 
more  attention  to  the  history  of  the  cherry  in  England  than  in  other 
European  countries. 

CHERRIES    IN    ENGLAND 

Cultivated  cherries  came  to  England  with  the  Romans.  Prunus 
avium  is  indigenous  in  Great  Britain  but  probably  no  care  worthy  the 
name  cultivation  was  given  these  wild  trees  by  the  ancient  Britons.  Pliny 
states  that  the  cherry  was  carried  from  Rome  to  Britain  before  the  middle 
of  the  First  Century  —  meaning  probably  some  improved  variety.  In  no 
part  of  the  world  does  the  cherry  take  more  kindly  to  the  soil  than  in 


'  Quoted  from  Muller,  Hugo  M.  Obstzuchter  8:3.     1910. 

2  Ibid. 

4 


50  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

England  and  no  doubt  this  fruit  became  firmly  established  in  Kent,  where 
the  Romans  settled,  before  the  downfall  of  the  southern  invaders.  With 
the  expulsion  of  the  Romans  and  the  subsequent  influx  of  barbarians, 
agriculture,  especially  gardening  and  fruit-growing,  became  almost  a  lost 
art  but  still  it  is  not  probable  that  the  cherry  was  wholly  lost  to  cultivation 
during  the  Teutonic  invasions  of  Britain. 

Fruit-growing  coiild  not  have  greatly  prospered,  however,  in  the 
centiiries  of  strife  with  the  barbarians  which  succeeded  Roman  rule  in 
England;  and  a  revival  of  cherry  culture  did  not  take  place  until  the  rein- 
troduction  of  Christianity  and  the  establishment  of  monasteries  where, 
undisturbed  by  wars,  the  monks  became  notable  horticulturists.  They 
not  only  had  opportunity  in  the  comparative  peace  in  which  their  lives 
were  cast  to  grow  fruit  but  many  of  them  were  men  of  superior  intelligence 
and  skill  and  from  intercourse  with  the  continental  countries  learned  what 
plants  were  worth  growing  and  how  to  grow  them  —  the  monasteries 
were  the  experiment  stations  of  the  times.  Undoubtedly  the  monks  in 
bringing  to  England  treasures  from  the  continent  did  not  forget  fruits 
and  among  them  cherries. 

Passing  by  a  considerable  number  of  references  which  could  be  cited 
to  show  that  cherries  of  one  kind  and  another  were  cultivated  in  Britain 
from  at  least  as  early  a  date  as  the  Ninth  Century,  we  come  to  the  dis- 
cussion of  this  fruit  by  the  herbalists  of  the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth 
Centiiries.  Of  the  three  great  English  herbalists,  Turner  published  his 
work  in  1538;  Gerarde's,  printed  in  1596,  was  revised  and  greatly  improved 
by  Johnson  in  1633;  Parkinson's  Paradisi  in  Sole  Paradisus  Terrestris,  or 
Park-in-Suns  Earthly  Paradise  —  the  author  evidently  a  punster  —  was 
published  in  1629.  All  of  these  contain  as  full  botanical  and  pomological 
discussions  of  cherries  as  knowledge  then  permitted. 

It  must  not  be  thought,  by  those  unacquainted  with  the  plant-lore 
of  the  times,  that  the  cherry  received  consideration  only  from  the  pens 
of  Turner,  Gerarde,  and  Parkinson.  During  the  time  covered  by  the 
lives  of  these  three  men  a  score  or  more  of  books  were  written  in  English 
on  botany  and  pomology  in  which  accounts  were  given  of  the  cherry,  all 
showing  the  esteem  in  which  this  fruit  was  held  in  England  during  and 
before  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Space  permits  comments  on  the 
account  of  the  cherry  given  by  but  one  of  these  Elizabethan  herbalists, 
and  of  the  several  Gerarde's  seems  best  suited  to  our  purpose. 

We  have  chosen  Gerarde  because  he  treats  the  cherry  more  fully 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  5 1 

than  do  the  other  writers  of  the  period  and  because  he  was  a  compiler 
and  a  translator,  having,  as  he  quaintly  says,  "  perused  divers  Herbals 
set  foiuth  in  other  languages;"  thus  from  Gerarde  we  obtain  a  conception 
of  cherries  growing  on  the  continent  as  well  as  those  growing  in  England. 
Students  of  the  English  herbals  say  that  Gerarde  translated,  copied  and 
adapted  from  Matthiolus,  whose  book  we  have  noted,  but  more  particularly 
from  Dodoens  who  in  1554  published  in  Antwerp  A  History  of  Plants. 
These  two  worthies,  in  turn,  had  borrowed  very  freely  from  still  more 
ancient  writers  —  Theophrastus,  Dioscorides,  Columella  and  others.  As 
might  be  suspected,  errors  centuries  old  were  passed  down,  yet  each  new 
translation  or  compilation  contains  much  added  information  and  is  far 
freer  from  error.  In  particular,  Gerarde  seems  to  have  been  a  wise  com- 
piler and  adapter  and  to  have  combined  a  large  measure  of  first-hand 
practical  knowledge  with  his  borrowings  from  others.  This  is  especially 
true  of  what  he  writes  concerning  cherries,  a  fruit  with  which  he  seems 
to  have  been  very  familiar. 

The  following  is  Gerarde's  account,  with  interpolations  by  the 
author: 

"  The  ancient  Herbalists  have  set  down  four  kinds  of  Cherry  trees; 
the  first  is  great  and  wild,  the  second  tame  or  of  the  garden,  the  third 
hath  sour  fruit,  the  fourth  is  that  which  is  called  in  Latin  Chamaecerasus, 
or  the  dwarfe  Cherry  tree.  The  later  writers  have  foimd  divers  sorts 
more,  some  bringing  forth  great  fruit,  others  lesser;  some  with  white  fruit, 
some  with  blacke,  others  of  the  colour  of  black  bloud,  varying  infinitely 
according  to  the  clymat  and  country  where  they  grow." 

The  fovir  cherries  which  Gerarde  says  the  "  ancient  herbalists  have 
set  down  "  are,  it  is  easy  to  see:  first,  the  wild  Primus  avium;  second, 
cultivated  sweet  varieties  of  Prunus  avium;  third,  the  sour  Prunus  cerasus; 
fourth,  the  Dwarf  Cherry,  Prunus  fruticosa. 

"  The  English  Cherry  tree  groweth  to  a  high  and  great  tree,  the 
body  whereof  is  of  a  mean  bignesse,  which  is  parted  above  into  very  many 
boughes,  with  a  barke  somewhat  smooth,  of  a  brown  crimson  colour,  tough 
and  pliable;  the  substance  or  timber  is  also  brown  in  the  middle,  and  the 
outer  part  is  somewhat  white:  the  leaves  be  great,  broad,  long,  set  with 
veins  or  nerves,  and  sleigh tly  nicked  about  the  edges:  the  floures  are  white, 
of  a  mean  bigness,  consisting  of  five  leaves,  and  having  certain  threds 
in  the  middle  of  the  like  colovir.  The  Cherries  be  round,  hanging  upon 
long  stems  or  footstalks,  with  a  stone  in  the  middest  which  is  covered 
with  a  pulp  or  soft  meat;  the  kemell  thereof  is  not  unpleasant  to  the 
taste,  though  somewhat  bitter." 


52  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

This  is  Prunus  avium,  which  is  very  generally  wild  in  Britain  —  the 
Gean  of  the  English. 

"  The  Flanders  Cherry  tree  differeth  not  from  our  English  Cherry 
tree  in  Statiire  or  form  of  leaves  or  floiires,  the  only  difference  is,  that 
this  tree  brings  forth  his  fruit  sooner  and  greater  than  the  other,  where- 
fore it  may  be  called  in  Latine,  Cerasus  praecox,  sive  Belgica." 

A  cherry  which  "  brings  forth  his  fruit  sooner  and  greater  than 
the  other  "  can  be  no  other  than  one  of  the  early  varieties  of  the  Sweet 
Cherry. 

"  The  Spanish  Cherry  tree  groweth  up  to  the  height  of  our  common 
Cherry  tree,  the  wood  or  timber  is  soft  and  loose,  covered  with  a  whitish 
scaly  barke,  the  branches  are  knotty,  greater  and  fuller  of  substance  than 
any  other  Cherry  tree;  the  leaves  are  likewise  greater  and  longer  than 
any  of  the  rest,  in  shape  like  those  of  the  Chestnut  tree:  the  floures  are 
like  the  others  in  form,  but  whiter  of  colour;  the  fruit  is  greater  and  longer 
than  any,  white  for  the  most  part  all  over,  except  those  that  stand  in 
the  hottest  place  where  the  sun  hath  some  reflexion  against  a  wall:  they 
are  also  white  within,  and  of  a  pleasant  taste." 

We  have  in  this  description  a  very  good  pen  picture  of  YeUow 
Spanish,  one  of  the  Bigarreaus,  of  which  there  must  have  been  several  in 
common  cultivation  in  Gerarde's  time. 

"  The  Gascoin  Cherry  tree  groweth  very  like  to  the  Spanish  Cherry 
tree  in  stature,  flours  and  leaves:  it  differeth  in  that  it  bringeth  forth  very 
great  Cherries,  long,  sharp  pointed,  with  a  certain  hoUownesse  upon  one 
side,  and  spotted  here  and  there  with  certain  prickles  of  purple  color  as 
smal  as  sand.      The    taste  is  most    pleasant,  and    excelleth  in  beauty." 

Gascoin,  sometimes  "Gaskin"  in  England,  is  a  corruption  of  Gas- 
coigne,  a  name  applied  by  the  French  to  cherries  produced  in  Gascony 
and  said  to  have  been  brought  to  England  by  Joan  of  Kent  when  her  hus- 
band, the  Black  Prince,  was  commanding  in  Guienne  and  Gascony.  The 
variety  is  a  very  good  Sweet  Cherry,  no  doubt  the  one  described  in  this 
text  under  the  name  Bleeding  Heart. 

"  The  late  ripe  Cherry  tree  groweth  up  like  unto  our  wild  English 
Cherry  tree,  with  the  like  leaves,  branches  and  floures,  saving  that  they 
are  sometimes  once  doubled;  the  fruit  is  small,  round,  and  of  a  darke  bloudy 
colour  when  they  be  ripe,  which  the  French-men  gather  with  their  stalkes, 
and  hang  them  up  in  their  houses  in  bunches  or  handfuUs  against  Winter, 
which  the  Physitions  do  give  unto  their  patients  in  hot  and  burning  fevers, 
being  first  steeped  in  a  little  warme  water,  that  causeth  them  to  swell  and 
plumpe  as  full  and  fresh  as  when  they  did  grow  upon  the  tree. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  53 

' '  The  Cluster  Cherry  tree  differeth  not  from  the  last  described  either 
in  leaves,  branches,  or  statiire:  the  floiires  are  also  like,  but  never  commeth 
any  one  of  them  to  be  double.  The  fruit  is  round,  red  when  they  be  ripe, 
and  many  growing  upon  one  stem  or  foot-stalke  in  clusters,  like  as  the 
Grapes  do.     The  taste  is  not  unpleasant  although  somewhat  soure." 

These  two  cherries,  one  sees  at  once,  are  varieties  of  Prunus  cerasus. 
The  first,  Gerarde  identifies  for  us  on  a  succeeding  page  as  the  Morello. 
He  says  of  it:  "The  late  ripe  cherries  which  the  Frenchmen  keepe  dried 
against  the  winter,  and  are  by  them  called  MoreUe,  and  wee  after  the 
same  name  call  them  Morell  Cherries. 

"  This  Cherrie-tree  with  double  floures  growes  up  unto  a  small  tree, 
not  unlike  to  the  common  Cherrie-tree  in  each  respect,  saving  that  the 
floures  are  somewhat  double,  that  is  to  say,  three  or  foure  times  double; 
after  which  commeth  fruit  (though  in  small  quantitie)  like  the  other  com- 
mon Cherry. 

"  The  double  floured  Cherry-tree  growes  up  like  unto  an  hedge  bush, 
but  not  so  great  nor  high  as  any  of  the  others,  the  leaves  and  branches 
differ  not  from  the  rest  of  the  Cherry-tree.  The  floixres  hereof  are  exceed- 
ing double,  as  are  the  flours  of  Marigolds,  but  of  a  white  colour,  and 
smelling  somewhat  like  the  Hawthorne  floures;  after  which  come  seldome 
or  never  any  fruit,  although  some  Authors  have  said  that  it  beareth  some- 
times fruit,  which  my  selfe  have  not  at  any  time  seen;  notwithstanding 
the  tree  hath  growne  in  my  Garden  many  yeeres,  and  that  in  an  excellent 
good  place  by  a  bricke  wall,  where  it  hath  the  reflection  of  the  South  Sunne, 
fit  for  a  tree  that  is  not  willing  to  beare  fruit  in  our  cold  climat." 

These  two  are  double-flowered  cherries,  several  of  which  seem  to 
have  been  grown  as  ornamentals.  Both  belong  to  Prunus  cerasus  and 
as  we  gather  rather  better  elsewhere  than  here,  both  are  of  the  Amarelle 
type  of  tree. 

"  The  Birds  Cherry-tree,  or  the  blacke  Cherry-tree,  that  bringeth 
forth  very  much  fruit  upon  one  branch  (which  better  may  be  understood 
by  sight  of  the  figttre,  than  by  words)  springeth  up  like  an  Hedge  tree 
of  small  stature,  it  groweth  in  the  wilde  woods  of  Kent,  and  are  there  used 
for  stockes  to  graft  other  Cherries  upon,  of  better  tast,  and  more  profit, 
as  especially  those  called  the  Flanders  Cherries:  this  wUde  tree  growes 
very  plentifully  in  the  North  of  England,  especially  at  a  place  called 
Heggdale,  neere  unto  Rosgill  in  Westmerland,  and  in  divers  other  places 
about  Crosbie  Ravenswaith,  and  there  called  Hegberrie-tree :  it  groweth 
likewise  in  Martome  Parke,  foure  miles  from  Blackebume,  -and  in  Harward 
neere  thereunto;  in  Lancashire  almost  in  every  hedge;  the  leaves  and 
branches  differ  not  from  those  of  the  wilde  Cherry-tree:  the  floures  grow 


54  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

alongst  the  small  branches,  consisting  of  five  small  white  leaves,  with  some 
greenish  and  yellow  thrums  in  the  middle:  after  which  come  the  fruit, 
greene  at  the  first,  blacke  when  they  be  ripe,  and  of  the  bignesse  of  Sloes; 
of  an  harsh  and  unpleasant  taste. 

"  The  other  birds  Cherry-tree  differeth  not  from  the  former  in  any 
respect,  but  in  the  colour  of  the  berries;  for  as  they  are  blacke;  so  on  the 
contrary,  these  are  red  when  they  be  ripe,  wherein  they  differ." 

The  cherries  described  in  these  two  paragraphs,  one  black  and  one 
red,  "that  bringeth  forth  very  much  fruit  upon  one  branch"  and 
"  groweth  in  the  wilde  woods  "  and  "of  an  harsh  and  unpleasant  taste  " 
are  of  course  the  Prunus  padus  of  Britain  and  most  of  Europe  —  not 
a  true  cherry  but  the  racemose  Bird  Cherry,  or  Choke  Cherry. 

"  The  common  blacke  Cherry-tree  growes  up  in  some  places  to  great 
stature:  there  is  no  difference  between  it  and  our  common  Cherry-tree, 
saving  that  the  fruit  hereof  is  very  little  in  respect  of  other  Cherries,  and 
of  a  blacke  colour." 

This  must  be  some  wild  Gean  or  Mazzard. 

"  The  dwarf e  Cherry-tree  groweth  very  seldome  to  the  height  of 
three  cubits:  the  trunke  or  body  small,  covered  with  a  darke  coloured 
blacke:  whereupon  do  grow  very  limber  and  pliant  twiggie  branches:  the 
leaves  are  very  small,  not  much  unlike  to  those  of  the  Privite  bush:  the 
floures  are  small  and  white:  after  which  come  Cherries  of  a  deepe  red 
colour  when  they  be  ripe,  of  taste  somewhat  sharpe,  but  not  greatly 
unpleasant:  the  branches  laid  downe  in  the  earth,  quickely  take  root, 
whereby  it  is  greatly  increased." 

Here  we  have  Prunus  fruticosa  very  well  described. 

"  My  selfe  with  divers  others  have  sundry  other  sorts  in  our  gardens, 
one  called  the  Hart  Cherry,  the  greater  and  the  lesser;  one  of  the  great 
bignesse,  and  most  pleasant  in  taste,  which  we  call  Luke  Wardes  Cherry, 
because  he  was  the  first  that  brought  the  same  out  of  Italy;  another  we 
have  called  the  Naples  Cherry,  because  it  was  first  brought  into  these 
parts  from  Naples:  the  fruit  is  very  great,  sharpe  pointed,  somewhat  like 
a  man's  heart  in  shape,  of  a  pleasant  taste,  and  of  a  deepe  blackish  colour 
when  it  is  ripe,  as  it  were  of  the  colour  of  dried  bloud." 

Gerarde's  Hart  is  probably  one  of  the  Heart  cherries,  while  "  Luke 
Wardes  Cherry  "  is  one  of  the  oldest  named  Sweet  Cherries  known  in 
England,  having  been  mentioned  by  Parkinson  and  other  of  the  herbalists 
as  well  as  in  this  list. 

"  We  have  another  that  bringeth  forth  Cherries  also  very  great, 
bigger  than  any  Flanders  Cherrie,  of  the  colour  of  Jet,  or  burnished  home. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  55 

and  of  a  most  pleasant  taste,  as  witnesseth  Mr.  Bull,  the  Queenes  Majesties 
Clockmaker,  who  did  taste  of  the  fruit  (the  tree  bearing  onely  one  cherry, 
which  he  did  eat;  but  my  selfe  never  tasted  of  it)  at  the  impression  hereof. 
We  have  also  another,  called  the  Agriot  Cherry,  of  a  reasonable  good 
taste.  Another  we  have  with  fruit  of  a  dun  colour,  tending  to  a  watchet. 
We  have  one  of  the  Dwarfe  Cherries,  that  bringeth  forth  fruit  as  great 
as  most  of  our  Flanders  Cherries,  whereas  the  common  sort  hath  very 
small  Cherries,  and  those  of  an  harsh  taste.  These  and  many  sorts  more 
we  have  in  our  London  gardens,  whereof  to  write  particularly  would  greatly 
enlarge  our  volume,  and  to  small  purpose:  therefore,  what  hath  beene 
said  shall  suffice.  I  must  here  (as  I  have  formerly  done,  in  Peares,  Apples, 
and  other  such  fruites)  refer  you  to  my  two  friends,  Mr.  John  Parkinson, 
and  Mr.  John  Millen,  the  one  to  furnish  you  with  the  history,  and  the 
other  with  the  things  themselves,  if  you  desire  them." 

One  can  only  roughly  surmise  as  to  what  the  cherries  mentioned  in 
this  paragraph  are  with  the  exception  of  the  Agriot  which  is,  if  the 
synonymy  of  several  European  pomologists  be  correct,  the  Griotte  Com- 
mune, a  sort  supposed  to  have  been  brought  from  Syria  by  the  crusaders 
and  to  have  been  recorded  under  the  last  name  in  France  as  early  as 
1485. 

The  end  of  the  Seventeenth  Century  saw  a  great  revival  of  agriculture 
in  all  of  its  branches  on  the  continent;  in  England  the  revival  began  with 
the  fall  of  the  commonwealth.  From  this  time  the  progress  of  cherry 
culttu-e  has  been  so  rapid  and  so  great  that  it  would  be  an  endless  task 
to  give  even  a  cursory  view  of  it  —  a  task  unnecessary,  too,  for  succeeding 
the  herbalists  a  great  number  of  botanies,  pomologies  and  works  on  agri- 
culture were  published  to  many  of  which  reference  is  still  easy.  Moreover, 
the  histories  of  varieties  in  this  text  carry  us  back  quite  to  the  beginning 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century. 

There  now  remains  for  the  history  of  the  cherry  but  to  sketch  its 
introduction  and  culture  in  North  America,  an  undertaking  that  can  be 
done  briefly  and  to  the  point,  for  the  data  are  abundant,  recent  and  reliable. 
Here,  too,  accounts  of  the  origin  of  varieties  and  the  development  of  the 
cherry  may  be  looked  for  in  the  chapters  which  comprise  the  main  part 
of  the  book. 

CHERRIES   IN   AMERICA 

The  cherry  was  one  of  the  first  fruits  planted  in  the  fields  cleared 
and  enriched  by  our  hardy  American  ancestry.  From  Canada  to  Florida 
the  colonists,  though  of  several  nationalities  and  those  from  one  nation 


56  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

often  representing  several  quite  distinct  classes,  were  forced  alike  to  turn 
at  once  to  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  as  a  means  of  subsistence.  And  while 
in  all  of  the  colonies  the  early  settlers  must  have  been  busily  engaged  in 
the  cultivation  of  cereals  for  the  staff  of  life,  in  the  South  in  growing 
cotton  and  tobacco  for  money  and  for  purposes  of  barter,  in  the  North 
in  harvesting  forest  and  fish  products  for  bartering;  yet  the  historians 
of  the  colonies  notice  so  often  and  describe  so  fiolly  and  with  such  warmth 
of  feeling  the  vegetables,  flowers  and  fruits  in  the  orchards  and  gardens 
of  the  New  World  that  it  is  certain  that  the  ground  was  tilled  not  only 
as  a  means  of  subsistence  but  because  the  tillers  loved  the  luxuries  of  the 
land. 

What  fruit  better  adapted  to  the  uses  of  colonists  than  the  cherry? 
It  possesses  in  a  high  degree,  especially  the  Sour  Cherry,  the  power  of 
adaptation  to  new  environment  and  thrives  under  a  greater  variety  of 
conditions  than  any  other  of  oiir  fruits  unless  it  be  the  apple,  which  it 
at  least  equals  in  this  respect.  The  cherry  is  easily  propagated;  it  comes 
in  bearing  early  and  bears  regularly ;  of  all  fruits  it  requires  least  care  — 
gives  the  greatest  returns  under  neglect;  and  the  product  is  delectable 
and  adapted  to  many  purposes.  We  shall  expect,  then,  in  examining  the 
early  records  of  fruit-growing  in  America  to  find  the  cherry  one  of  the 
first  planted  and  one  of  the  most  widely  disseminated  of  fruits. 

CHERRIES    PLANTED    BY   THE   FRENCH    IN   AMERICA 

While  written  records  are  lacking,  the  plantations  of  old  trees  and 
the  development  of  cherry  culture  indicate  that  the  French  early  planted 
cherries  in  Nova  Scotia,  Cape  Breton,  Prince  Edward  Island  and  in  the 
early  settlements  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  The  cherry  is  a  favorite 
fruit  of  the  French  and  the  venerable  trees  that  survived  on  the  sites  of 
their  settlements  when  the  English  came  into  possession  of  Canada  are 
proof  sufficient  that  the  emigres  from  Provence  or  Normandy,  fruit  dis- 
tricts of  France  from  which  many  French  settlers  came,  brought  with 
them  seeds  of  the  cherry  with  those  of  other  fruits.  Peter  Kalm  in  his 
Travels  into  North  America  in  1771,'  records  the  very  general  culture  of 
all  the  hardy  fruits  in  Canada  and  leaves  the  impression  that  such  had 
been  the  case  from  the  first  settlements. 


'KaJm,  Peter   Travels  into  North  America     177 1. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  57 

CHERRIES  IN  NEW  ENGLAND 

The  cherry  came  to  New  England  with  the  first  settlers.  This  we 
are  told  in  all  the  records  of  early  New  England  in  which  the  conditions 
of  the  country  are  described  and  of  it  we  have  confirmatory  proof  in  many 
enormous  cherry  trees,  Sweet  and  Sovir,  both  about  ancient  habitations 
and  as  escapes  from  cultivation  in  woods,  fields  and  fence  rows,  all  pointing 
to  the  early  cultivation  of  this  fruit.  The  early  records  are  very  specific. 
Thus,  to  quote  a  few  out  of  an  embarrassment  of  references:  Francis 
Higginson  writing  in  1629,  after  naming  the  several  other  fruits  then  under 
cultivation  in  Massachusetts,  notes  that  the  Red  Kentish  is  the  only  cherry 
cultivated.'  In  the  same  year,  the  i6th  of  March,  1629,  a  memorandum 
of  the  Massachusetts  Company  shows  that  "  Stones  of  all  sorts  of  fruites, 
as  peaches,  plums,  filberts,  cherries,  pear,  aple,  quince  kemeUs  "  were 
to  be  sent  to  New  England.^ 

These  seeds,  provided  by  the  home  company  with  forethought  of 
the  need  of  orchards  in  the  colony,  evidently  produced  fruit  trees  suffi- 
cient to  supply  both  hunger  and  thirst;  for  John  Josselyn,  who  made 
voyages  to  New  England  in  1638,  1639  and  1663,  writing  of  "  New  Eng- 
land's Rarities  Discovered,"  says:^  "Our  fruit  Trees  prosper  abundantly. 
Apple-trees,  Pear-trees,  Quince-trees,  Cherry-trees,  Plum-trees,  Barberry- 
trees.  I  have  observed  with  admiration,  that  the  Kernels  sown  or  the 
Succors  planted  produce  as  fair  and  good  fruit,  without  grafting,  as  the 
tree  from  whence  they  were  taken:  the  Countrey  is  replenished  with  fair 
and  large  Orchards.  It  was  affirmed  by  one  Mr.  Woolcut  (a  magistrate 
in  Connecticut  Colony)  at  the  Captains  Messe  (of  which  I  was)  aboard 
the  Ship  I  came  home  in,  that  he  made  Five  himdred  Hogsheads  of  Syder 
out  of  his  own  Orchard  in  one  year.  Syder  is  very  plentiful  in  the  Countrey, 
ordinarily  sold  for  ten  shillings  a  Hogshead. 

"  The  Quinces,  Cherries,  Damsons,  set  the  Dames  a  work,  Marmalad 
and  preserved  Damsons  are  to  be  met  with  in  every  house.  It  was  not 
long  before  I  left  the  Countrey  that  I  made  Cherry  wine,  and  so  may 
others,  for  there  are  good  store  of  them  both  red  and  black.  Their  fruit 
trees  are  subject  to  two  diseases,  the  Meazels,  which  is  when  they  are 
burned  and  scorched  with  the  Sun,  and  lowsiness,  when  the  woodpeckers 
jab  holes  in  their  bark:  the  way  to  cure  them  when  they  are  lowsie  is  to 
bore  a  hole  in  the  main  root  with  an  Augiir,  and  pour  in  a  quantity  of 
Brandie  or  Rhum,  and  then  stop  it  up  with  a  pin  made  of  the  same  Tree." 


'  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  Collections  ist  Ser.  I:ii8. 

'^  Mass.  Records  1:24. 

'  Mass.  Hist.  Collections  3d  Ser.  23:337. 


58  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

As  early  as  1641,  a  nursery  had  been  started  in  Massachusetts  and 
was  selUng  among  other  trees  those  of  the  cherry.  Troublesome  pests 
had  made  their  appearance,  too,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  following  letter, 
probably  from  the  first  American  nurseryman.  The  letter  is  written 
by  George  Fenwith  of  Saybrook,  Connecticut,  under  date  of  May  6,  1641,^ 
to  Governor  John  Winthrop,  Jr. 

"  I  haue  receaued  the  trees  yow  sent  me,  for  which  I  hartily  thanke 
yow.  If  I  had  any  thing  heare  that  could  pleasure  yow,  yow  should  frely 
command  it.  I  am  prettie  well  storred  with  chirrie  &  peach  trees,  &  did 
hope  I  had  had  a  good  nurserie  of  aples,  of  the  aples  yow  sent  me  last 
yeare,  but  the  wormes  have  in  a  manner  distroyed  them  all  as  they  came 
vp.  I  pray  informe  me  if  yow  know  any  way  to  preuent  the  like  mis- 
chief e  for  the  futtire." 

These  early  plantations  of  cherries  in  New  England  were  undoubtedly 
grown  from  seed;  for  buds,  cions  and  trees  could  not  have  been  imported 
unless  the  latter  were  brought  over  potted  out  as  was  not  commonly  done 
until  a  century  and  a  half  later  — •  at  least,  the  records  make  mention 
of  seeds  and  not  of  trees  as  was  the  case  just  before  and  after  the 
Revolutionary  War.  A  statement  left  by  one  of  the  Chief  Justices  of 
Massachusetts,  Paul  Dudley,  living  at  Roxbiiry,  at  as  late  a  date  as  1726, 
indicates  that  varieties  were  few.  In  a  paper  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions^ on  agriciiltural  conditions  in  Massachusetts,  among  many  other 
interesting  things.  Justice  Dudley  says: 

"  Our  apples  are  without  doubt  as  good  as  those  of  England,  and 
much  fairer  to  look  to,  and  so  are  the  pears,  but  we  have  not  got  all  the 
sorts.  Our  peaches  do  rather  excel  those  of  England,  and  then  we  have 
not  the  trouble  or  expence  of  walls  for  them;  for  our  peach  trees  are  all 
standards,  and  I  have  had  in  my  own  garden  seven  or  eight  hundred  fine 
peaches  of  the  Rare-ripes,  growing  at  a  time  on  one  tree.  Our  people, 
of  late  years,  have  run  so  much  upon  orchards,  that  in  a  village  near  Boston, 
consisting  of  about  forty  families,  they  made  near  three  thousand  barrels 
of  cyder.  This  was  in  the  year  1721 .  And  in  another  town  of  two  hundred 
families,  in  the  same  year  I  am  credibly  informed  they  made  near  ten 
thousand  barrels.  Our  peach  trees  are  large  and  fruitful,  and  bear  com- 
monly in  three  years  from  the  stone.  Our  common  cherries  are  not  so 
good  as  the  Kentish  cherries  of  England,  and  we  have  no  Dukes  or  Heart 
cherries,  unless  in  two  or  three  gardens." 

^  Mass.  Hist.  Collections  4th  Ser.  VI:499. 

^Abridgment  6:pt.  11:341,  in  Hist.  Mass.  Hart.  Soc.  14-15.     1829-1878. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  59 

CHERRIES  IN  NEW  YORK 

Though  settled  at  about  the  same  time  and  having  a  more  congenial 
climate,  New  York  made  progress  in  fruit-growing  more  slowly  than 
Massachusetts.  The  early  Dutch  settlers  in  New  York  were  transient 
traders  and  not  home  makers.  Actual  settlement  with  homes  in  view 
did  not  begin  until  after  the  historical  bargain  in  which  thrifty  Peter 
Minuit  had  acquired  Manhattan  Island  for  $24.00  and  the  country  became 
New  Amsterdam.  But  troublesome  times  followed  under  the  rule  of 
Minuit,  Wouter  Van  Twiller  and  Kieft,  quarrels  and  actual  war,  or  the 
fear  of  it,  with  colonists  to  the  north  and  south  as  well  as  with  the  savages, 
preventing  the  planting  of  orchards  and  farms  until  in  1647  when  the 
reins  of  government  were  taken  in  hand  by  Peter  Stuyvesant. 

Governor  Stuyvesant  was  a  farmer  as  well  as  a  soldier  and  there  is 
something  in  history  and  much  in  tradition  of  the  Bowery  Farm,  which 
flourished  on  the  site  of  the  present  Bowery  in  New  York.  This  farm  was 
planted  and  tended  by  "  Peter,  the  Headstrong  "  when  he  was  not  dis- 
puting with  his  burgomasters,  watching  the  Yankees  and  fighting  Swedes 
and  Indians.  The  orchards  and  gardens,  according  to  all  accounts,  were 
remarkably  fine  and  were  kept  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  Stuyvesant 
founded  the  farm  during  the  stormy  times  of  his  governorship  but  did 
not  live  on  it  until  the  English  took  possession  of  New  Amsterdam  in 
1 664  when  he  retired  to  the  land  and  devoted  the  eighteen  remaining  years 
of  his  life  to  agriculture.  From  the  neighboring  colonies  and  from  abroad 
he  brought  many  fruits,  flowers,  farm  and  truck  crops.  Fruits  came  to 
him  also  from  Holland  and  were  disseminated  from  his  orchard  up  the 
Hudson. 

The  cherry  was  one  of  the  fruits  much  grown  by  the  Dutch.  It  would 
be  wearisome  and  would  serve  little  purpose  even  to  attempt  a  cursory 
review  of  the  literature  of  colonial  days  in  New  York  showing  the  spread 
and  the  extent  of  fruit  culture  by  the  Dutch.  Travel  up  the  Hudson 
and  its  branches  was  easy  and  within  a  century  after  the  settlement  of 
New  York  by  the  Dutch,  cherries  were  not  only  cultivated  by  the  whites, 
according  to  the  records  of  travelers,  naturalists  and  missionaries,  but 
were  rudely  tilled  by  the  Indians. 

For  a  long  time  after  its  introduction  in  New  York,  the  cherry,  in 
common  with  other  fruits,  was  grown  as  a  species  —  varieties  and  budded 
or  grafted  trees  were  probably  not  known.  Fruit-growing  as  an  industry 
began  in  New  York  and  in  America,  with  the  establishment  of  a  nursery 


6o  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  in  1730,  by  Robert  Prince,  founder  of  the  nursery 
which  afterwards  became  the  famous  Linnaean  Botanic  Garden.  At  what 
date  this  nursery  began  to  offer  named  cherries  for  sale  cannot  be  said 
but  advertisements  appearing  in  1767,  1774  and  1794  show  that  budded 
or  grafted  named  cherries  were  being  offered  for  sale  by  the  Princes.  In 
1804,  William  Prince,  third  proprietor  of  the  famous  Flushing  nursery, 
prepared  a  list  of  the  named  cherries  then  under  cultivation  in  America 
for  Willich's  Domestic  Encyclopaedia,  an  English  work  which  was  being 
edited  and  made  "  applicable  to  the  present  situation  of  the  United  States  " 
by  Dr.  James  Mease.     The  following  is  Prince's  list:^ 

"May  Diike,  ripe  in  May  and  June:  long  stem,  round  and  red,  an 
excellent  cherry,  and  bears  well. 

"Black  Heart,  ripe  in  June:  a  fine  cherry. 

"White  Heart  (or  Sugar  Cherry)  ripe  in  June:  white  and  red. 

"  Bleeding  Heart,  ripe  in  June;  a  very  large  cherry  of  a  long  form  and 
dark  colour;  it  has  a  pleasant  taste. 

"Ox  Heart,  ripe  in  June:  a  large,  firm,  fine  cherry. 

"  Spanish  Heart,  ripe  in  June. 

"  Carnation,  ripe  in  July,  it  takes  its  name  from  its  coloiu:,  being  red 
and  white,  a  large  round  cherry,  but  not  very  sweet. 

"Amber,  ripe  in  July. 

"  Red  Heart,         do. 

"  Late  Duke,         do. 

"Cluster,  planted  more  for  ornament,  or  curiosity  than  any  other 
purpose. 

"  Double  Blossoms,  ripe  in  July. 

"Honey  Cherry,  do.  small  sweet  cherry. 

"Kentish  cherry,  ripe  in  July. 

"  Mazarine,  do. 

"Morello,  do.  and  August;  a  red,  acid  cherry,  the  best  for  preserving, 
and  for  making  cherry-brandy. 

"Early  Richmond  Cherry.  This  fruit  originated  near  Richmond  in 
Virginia,  and  is  the  earliest  cherry  in  America,  and  valuable  on  that 
account;  it  is  the  size  of  a  May  Duke,  and  resembles  it  in  form. 

"Red  Bigereau,  a  very  fine  cherry,  ripe  in  July,  of  a  heart  shape. 

"White  Bigereau,  ripe  in  July  and  August:  remarkably  firm,  heart 
shaped. 

"Large  Double  Flowering  Cherry.  This  tree  produces  no  fruit  but 
makes  a  handsome  appearance  in  the  spring,  when  it  is  covered  with 
clusters  of  double  flowers  as  large  as  the  cinnamon  rose;  it  differs  from 


'  Willich  Domestic  Encyclopaedia  105.     1804. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  6l 

the  common  double  flowering  cherry  which  never  forms  a  large  tree,  and 
has  small  pointed  leaves. 

"The  three  last  were  imported  from  Bordeaux  in  1798. 

"Small  Morello  Cherry,  called  also  Salem  Cherry,  because  it  came 
originally  from  Salem  County,  N.  J.,  is  cultivated  by  Mr.  Cooper  of  that 
state,  who  values  it  highly.  The  fruit  has  a  lively  acid  taste.  The  tree 
produces  abundantly,  and  is  the  least  subject  to  worms  of  any  cherry 
trees. 

"Mr.  C.  says  that  the  Bleeding  Heart  suits  a  sandy  soil,  but  that  the 
May-duke  will  not  flourish  in  it." 

CHERRIES   IN    THE    SOUTH 

It  wovild  be  interesting  but  hardly  of  sufficient  profit  to  trace  further 
the  history  of  cultivated  cherries  in  the  states  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 
References  to  the  cherry  abound  in  the  colonial  records  of  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey  and  Delaware  but  they  bring  out  no  facts  differing  materially 
from  those  abstracted  from  the  records  of  the  northern  colonies.  The 
Quakers  and  the  Swedes  in  the  states  watered  by  the  Delaware  and  the 
English  in  Maryland,  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  all  early  grew  cherries 
as  one  of  the  easiest  fruits  to  propagate  and  cultivate. 

Space  can  be  spared  for  but  two  brief  quotations  to  show  the  con- 
dition of  cherry  culture  in  the  South  in  Colonial  days.  The  first  is  from 
Bruce's  Economic  History  of  Virginia.' 

"  In  the  closing  years  of  the  seventeenth  century,  there  were  few 
plantations  in  Virginia  which  did  not  possess  orchards  of  apple  and  peach 
trees,  pear,  plum,  apricot  and  quince.^  The  number  of  trees  was  often 
very  large.  The  orchard  of  Robert  Hide  of  York''  contained  three  hundred 
peach  and  three  hundred  apple  trees.  There  were  twenty-five  hundred 
apple  trees  in  the  orchard  of  Colonel  Fitzhugh.^  Each  species  of  fruit 
was  represented  by  many  varieties;  thus,  of  the  apple,  there  were  mains, 
pippins,  russentens,  costards,  marigolds,  kings,  magitens  and  bachelors;  of 
the  pear,  bergamy  and  warden.  The  quince  was  greater  in  size,  but  less 
acidulated  than  the  English  quince;  on  the  other  hand,  the  apricot  and 
plum  were  inferior  in  quality  to  the  English,  not  ripening  in  the  same 
perfection.^  Cherries  grew  in  notable  abundance.  So  great  was  the 
productive  capacity  of  the  peach  that  some  of  the  landowners  planted 


'  Bruce  Economic  History  of  Virginia     1:468.     1895. 

*  Glover  Philo.  Trans.  Royal  Soc.  1676-1678,  vols.  XI-XII,  p.  628. 

*  Records  of  York  County  vol.  1694-1697,  p.  71,  Va.  State  Library. 

*  Letters  of  William  Fitzkugh  April  22,  1686. 

5  Glover  Philo.  Trans.  Royal  Soc.  1676-1678,  vols.  XI-XII,  p.  628. 


62  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

orchards  of  the  tree  for  the  mere  purpose  of  using  the  fruit  to  fatten  their 
hogs-/  on  some  plantations,  as  many  as  forty  bushels  are  said  to  have 
been  knocked  down  to  the  swine  in  the  cotirse  of  a  single  season."^ 
The  second  quotation  is  from  Lawson's  History  of  Carolina.^ 
"  We  have  the  common,  red  and  black  cherry,  which  bear  well. 
I  never  saw  any  grafted  in  this  country,  the  common  excepted,  which 
was  grafted  on  an  Indian  plum  stock,  and  bore  well.  This  is  a  good  way, 
because  our  common  cherry  trees  are  very  apt  to  put  scions  all  around 
the  tree  for  a  great  distance,  which  must  needs  be  prejudicial  to  the  tree 
and  fruit.  Not  only  our  cherries  are  apt  to  do  so,  but  our  apples  and 
most  other  fruit  trees,  which  may  chiefly  be  imputed  to  the  negligence 
and  unskillfulness  of  the  gardner.  Our  cherries  are  ripe  a  month  sooner 
than  in  Virginia." 

CHERRIES    IN   THE   MIDDLE    WEST 

At  a  surprisingly  early  date  the  cherry,  with  the  apple,  peach,  pear 
and  plum,  was  being  grown  far  inland  in  the  New  World.  Southeastern 
Michigan  was  settled  in  1701  at  Detroit  and  within  a  half-century  settle- 
ments had  been  made  at  Vincennes,  Indiana;  Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia, 
Illinois;  and  at  Saint  Louis  and  several  other  points  in  Missouri.  The 
orchards  and  gardens  of  the  early  French  settlers  in  these  states  live  in 
the  traditions  of  all  the  settlements;  but  much  more  substantial  evidence 
was  to  be  found  a  century  ago,  and  in  the  case  of  the  apple  and  pear  may 
still  be  found,  in  the  venerable  trees  of  all  the  tree-fruit  in  and  about 
these  old  French  posts.  "  The  homes  of  these  pioneers,"  so  good  an 
authority  as  Parkman  tells  us,  "  were  generally  placed  in  gardens  sur- 
rounded by  fruit  trees  of  apples,  pears,  cherries  and  peaches."  Were 
proof  lacking  of  these  early  plantations,  it  might  be  assumed  that  people 
so  fond  of  horticulture  as  the  French  would  not  long  be  unmindful  of  the 
value  to  themselves  and  their  posterity  of  plantations  of  fruit  trees. 

CHERRIES   ON    THE    PACIFIC    COAST 

The  history  of  the  cherry  in  America  is  not  complete  without  some 
mention  of  its  introduction,  culture  and  the  development  of  new  varieties 
on  the  Pacific  coast.  Indeed,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  at  no  time 
nor  at  any  place  in  its  whole  history  has  the  cherry  made  greater  advance- 
ment than  during  the  last  half-century  in  Oregon,  California  and  Wash- 
ington —  naming  the  states  in  order  of  their  contribution  to  cherry  culture. 

'  Beverley  History  of  Virginia  p.  260. 

'  Glover  Philo.  Trans.  Royal  Sac.  1676-1678,  vols.  XI-XII,  p.  628. 

'  Lawson  History  of  Carolina  183.     1714.     (Reprint  of  i860.) 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  63 

At  about  the  time  the  colonies  were  beginning  their  struggle  with  the 
mother  country  for  independence,  Franciscan  monks  were  establishing 
missions  in  California.  To  these  they  brought  seeds  of  fruits,  grains, 
flowers  and  vegetables,  as  several  historians  of  the  missions  tell  us,  and 
as  the  trees  found  by  Americans  a  few  decades  later  make  certain  as  regards 
fruits.  It  is  probable  that  by  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war  all  sub- 
tropical and  temperate  fruits  of  Europe  were  to  be  found  cultivated  in 
the  missions  of  California.  Among  these,  in  an  enumeration  of  the  products 
of  the  missions,  the  cherry  is  listed  by  E.  S.  Capson.'  From  its  introduc- 
tion at  approximately  the  close  of  the  Eighteenth  Centiuy,  the  cherry  con- 
tinued to  be  cultivated,  at  times  more  or  less  sparsely  to  be  sure,  until, 
by  conquest  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  California  passed  into  the  possession 
of  the  United  States.  A  new  era  in  horticulture  began  in  California  soon 
after  the  influx  of  gold-seekers  in  1849,  some  of  whom,  noting  the  oppor- 
tunities of  fruit-growing,  at  once  began  the  importation  of  seeds  and  plants. 

Modem  fruit-growing  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  however,  began  in  Oregon. 
The  California  Argonauts  of  '49  were  much  too  busily  engaged  in  digging 
gold  to  think  of  getting  it  indirectly  by  tilling  the  soil,  whereas  the  men 
who  were  then  crossing  the  plains  from  Missouri  or  sailing  around  the 
Horn  from  New  England  to  Oregon  were  home-makers  and  true  tillers 
of  the  soil.  These  early  Oregonians  were  the  forerunners  in  the  zeal  and 
enterprise  which  have  made  horticulture  on  this  coast  the  marvel  of  modern 
agricvdture.  But  one  of  the  several  early  horticulturists  of  Oregon  can 
be  mentioned  here,  he  deserving  special  mention  by  virtue  of  his  work 
with  cherries. 

Until  1847  the  few  cultivated  fruits  to  be  found  in  Oregon  were  seed- 
lings mostly  grown  by  employees  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Company.  In 
that  year  there  was  a  notable  importation  of  cultivated  fruits  across  the 
plains  —  a  venture  which  qmckly  proved  pregnant  with  results  in  fruit 
harvests  which  have  not  ceased  and  give  promise  long  to  continue. 
Henderson  Lewelling  crossed  the  plains  from  Henry  County,  Iowa,  and 
brought  with  him  a  choice  selection  of  grafted  fruits.  These  he  transported 
in  boxes  of  soil  which  he  hauled  in  a  wagon  drawn  by  oxen.  Arriving 
in  Oregon  late  in  the  fall  of  1847  he  found  that  he  had  300  trees  alive  which 
he  planted  at  what  is  now  Milwaukee,  a  few  miles  south  of  Portland  on 
the   east  side    of  the   Willamette   River.     Later,  seeds  were  brought  for 

•  History  of  California  ill.     1854, 


64  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Stocks,  though  for  the  cherry  the  wild  species,  Primus  emarginata  and 
Pninus  virginiana,  were  used  and  very  successftilly,  until  Mazzard  and 
Mahaleb  seeds  could  be  obtained.  In  this  travelling  nursery,  Lewelling 
brought  to  Oregon  cherries  of  the  Bigarreau,  the  English  Morello  and 
probably  of  several  other  types.  The  label  of  one  of  the  cherries  was  lost 
and  this  unknown  was  renamed  Royal  Ann.  Unfortiinately,  it  was  one  of 
the  best  known  of  all  cherries  that  for  the  time  being  lost  its  identity  — 
the  Napoleon,  which  probably  has  been  cultivated  for  three  centuries  and 
since  1820  has  borne  the  name  of  the  great  General.  With  dogged 
perseverance  the  West  Coast  fniit-growers  continue  the  name  "  Royal 
Ann  "  to  the  great  confusion  of  systematic  pomology. 

But  of  chief  import  to  cherry  culture  were  the  subsequent  operations  in 
the  Lewelling  nursery  at  Milwavikee.  Lacking  proper  stocks,  Seth  Lewell- 
ing, who  had  succeeded  Henderson  in  the  nursery  business,  grew  a  great 
many  cherries  from  seeds.  From  these  he  afterward  selected  and  dis- 
seminated varieties  that  have  made  Oregon  famous  not  only  for  what 
are  probably  the  finest  sweet  cherries  in  the  world  but  for  a  long  list  of 
new  and  desirable  varieties  —  as  Republican,  Lincoln,  Willamette  Seedling 
and  Bing.  We  call  to  mind  no  greater  success  in  bringing  into  being  new 
fruits  from  a  few  lots  of  seedlings  than  in  the  case  of  Lewelling  and  his 
cherries.  Lewelling' s  work  stimulated  others  to  breed  cherries  and  among 
many  seedlings  that  have  since  been  named  in  the  Northwest  the  Lambert 
and  Oregon  are  well  worthy  of  mention. 

The  facts  of  time  and  place  in  the  beginning  of  cherry  culture  which 
we  have  tried  to  set  forth  in  this  chapter  have,  we  think,  some  historical 
and  narrative  interest.  Yet,  the  main  value  of  the  facts  are  not  in  history 
and  story.  Rather,  at  least  so  we  hope  they  will  be  interpreted,  these 
brief  records  show  what  the  crude  material  was  out  of  which  our  present 
cultivated  cherry  flora  has  been  developed;  what  the  steps  were  in  the 
domestication  and  development  of  the  cherry;  what  economic  purposes 
they  have  served;  and  who  the  peoples  are  and  what  the  methods  were 
in  bringing  the  cherry  to  its  present  state  of  development.  In  a  word, 
I  the  chapter  will  not  have  served  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  mainly  intended 
if  it  does  not  fvunish  facts  and  inspirations  toward  the  further  evolution 
of  the  cherry. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  65 

CHAPTER  m 
CHERRY  CULTURE 

The  magnitude  of  the  cherry  industry  in  the  United  States  is  not 
generally  appreciated.  This  is  because  cherries  are  very  largely  grown 
in  small  home  plantations  and  the  product  is  either  consumed  at  home 
and  in  local  markets,  or  is  sent  to  canning  factories  and  is  therefore  disposed 
of  without  the  display  attending  the  production  and  marketing  of  fruits  sold 
in  the  general  market.  The  following  figures  from  the  last  census  show  the 
importance  of  the  industry.  There  were  in  1909,  according  to  the  census 
taken  in  1910,  11,822,044  bearing  cherry  trees  in  the  United  States  and 
5,621,660  trees  not  of  bearing  age.  The  bearing  trees  bore  4,126,099 
bushels  of  fruit  valued  at  $7,231,160.  When  this,  the  thirteenth  census, 
was  taken  the  cherry  ranked  fifth  in  commercial  value  among  orchard  fruits, 
being  surpassed  in  the  order  named  by  the  apple,  peach,  pliim  and  pear. 

The  yield  of  fruit  was  43.6  per  centum  greater  in  1909  than  in  1899. 
This  high  percentage  of  increase  has  been  brought  about  in  several  ways. 
The  recent  development  of  rapid  transportation,  refrigerator  service  and 
of  marketing  facilities  has  greatly  stimulated  the  culture  of  this  as  of  all 
other  fruits  in  the  United  States.  An  increased  demand  for  canned  and 
preserved  cherries  has  sprung  up  so  that  cherries  are  much  more  used 
now  than  formerly,  the  trade  in  preserved  cherries  for  confections  and 
various  drinks  in  particular  having  greatly  increased.  Lastly,  better  care 
of  orchards  and  better  means  of  combating  insects  and  fungi  have  increased 
the  yields  during  the  last  decade. 

Cherries  are  grown  in  greater  or  less  quantities  in  every  state  in  the 
L^nion  but  commercially  the  industry  is  confined  to  a  few  states  having 
especial  advantages  in  climate,  soil  and  markets.  In  but  six  states,  accord- 
ing to  the  last  census,  was  the  value  of  the  cherry  crop  more  than  a  half- 
million  dollars,  the  states  being:  California  $951,654,  Pennsylvania  $909,975, 
Ohio  $657,406,  Michigan  $590,829,  New  York  $544,508,  Indiana  $508,516. 
In  New  York  in  particiilar,  recent  plantings  of  this  fruit  have  been  so 
great  that  at  this  writing,  July,  19 14,  the  figures  given  for  this  State  could 
be  increased  by  a  quarter  at  the  very  least,  and  no  doubt  they  could  be 
largely  increased  also  for  California  and  Michigan.  The  great  growth 
of  the  canning  industry  is  most  largely  responsible  for  the' large  plantings 
of  cherries  in  recent  years  in  regions  especially  suited  to  this  fruit. 
5 


66  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

In  the  several  states  named,  the  cherry  industry  is  further  localized. 
Thus,  in  the  6i  counties  in  New  York,  the  cherry  is  grown  largely  in  but 
12,  the  number  of  trees  in  each  of  these  being:  Columbia  78,526,  Niagara 
61,786,  Monroe  49,831,  Ontario  36,394-  Wayne  35.385-  Erie  29,483,  Onon- 
daga 25,932,  Seneca  27,063,  Chautauqua  24,483,  Steuben  15,412,  Orleans 
14,682  and  Cayuga  14,319.  If  the  figures  just  given,  the  total  number 
being  413,296,  are  compared  with  the  number  of  trees  in  the  State,  674,000, 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  industry  is  quite  localized,  two-thirds  of  the  cherries 
being  grown  in  12  of  the  61  counties,  though  the  fact  is  brought  out  in  the 
census  that  cherries  are  grown  on  59,408  farms  in  New  York,  showing 
that  this  fruit  is  much  grown  for  home  use.  Further  figures  of  interest 
as  regards  New  York  are  that  the  cherry  crop  in  1909  amounted  to  271,597 
bushels  which  sold  for  $544,508.  The  plantings  in  the  State  cover  in 
the  neighborhood  of  9,500  acres. 

A  canvass  of  the  leading  cherry -growers  and  nurserymen  in  the  United 
States  shows  that,  in  all  parts  of  the  country  excepting  California,  Oregon 
and  Washington,  Sour  Cherries  are  much  more  commonly  grown  than 
Sweet  Cherries.  In  New  York  at  least  90  per  cent  of  the  cherry  trees  are  of 
sour  varieties  and  this  proportion  will  hold  for  the  region  east  of  the  Rockies. 
The  leading  commercial  varieties  of  Sour  Cherries,  in  order  named,  are 
Montmorency,  Early  Richmond  and  English  Morello.  No  other  variety 
is  nearly  as  commonly  grown  as  is  even  the  least  well  known  of  these  three. 
No  one  of  the  Diike  cherries  is  mentioned  as  of  commercial  importance, 
but  May  Duke,  Late  Duke  and  Reine  Hortense  are  frequently  grown  in 
home  plantations. 

Growers  of  Sweet  Cherries  are  not  nearly  as  closely  in  accord  as  to 
the  best  varieties  as  are  those  who  grow  sour  sorts.  The  most  popular 
Sweet  Cherries  in  the  East  seem  to  be  Windsor,  Black  Tartarian,  Napoleon 
and  Wood  with  a  very  insistent  statement  of  the  few  who  have  tried  it 
that  Schmidt  is  better  than  any  of  these  for  the  market.  On  the  Pacific 
Coast  honors  go  to  Napoleon,  which  the  Westerners  continue  to  call  Royal 
Ann  despite  the  fact  that  it  has  been  cultivated  for  three  centuries  and 
had  been  called  Napoleon  for  nearly  a  half-centiu^y  before  Lewelling  took 
it  to  Oregon  in  1847.  Other  popular  sorts  on  the  Pacific  seaboard  are 
Bing,  Lambert  and  Republican  —  all  western  productions. 

Rather  more  important  than  the  information  obtained  from  growers 
of  cherry  trees  as  to  varieties  was  that  as  to  the  stocks  on  which  cherries 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  67 

are  grown  in  America.     This  brings  us  to  a  discussion  of  the  whole  subject 
of  stocks  for  cherries. 

STOCKS   FOR    CHERRIES 

Cherries  have  been  grown  in  America  for  over  200  years  and  for  50 
years  the  crop  has  been  important  commercially.  Yet  despite  the  extent 
and  the  importance  of  the  industry  and  the  years  it  has  been  in  existence, 
curiously  enough  so  fundamental  a  question  as  the  best  stock  upon  which 
to  grow  cherries  has  not  yet  been  settled;  indeed,  though  cherries  behave 
markedly  different  on  the  several  stocks,  interest  as  to  which  is  the  best 
seems  but  recently  to  have  been  aroused.  Now  there  is  a  rather  warm 
controversy  as  to  which  is  the  better  of  the  two  leading  stocks,  the  Maz- 
zard  or  the  Mahaleb. 

Fruit-growers  on  one  side  hold  that  the  Mazzard  is  the  best  stock 
for  all  orchard  varieties  of  this  fruit  while  niirserymen  controvert  this 
view  and  say  that  the  Mahaleb  is  at  least  a  fit  stock  for  sweet  sorts  and 
is  the  best  one  for  Sour  Cherries,  and,  moreover,  that  it  is  now  impossible 
to  grow  cherries  on  Mazzard  roots  at  prices  that  fruit-growers  are  willing 
to  pay.  Since  no  systematic  attempts  seem  to  have  been  made  to  deter- 
mine the  peculiarities  and  values  of  these  two  and  other  cherry  stocks 
both  sides  dispute  without  many  facts.  Meanwhile,  a  fine  crop  of  mis- 
understandings has  grown  up  about  the  whole  matter  of  cherry  stocks. 
It  is  worth  while  to  attempt  to  clear  up  some  of  the  misunderstandings. 
The  first  step  toward  this  end  is  to  describe  and  give  the  botanical  and 
horticultural  relationships  of  the  Mazzard  and  Mahaleb  cherries  to  orchard 
cherries. 

The  Mazzard,  as  we  have  seen,  is  a  common  name,  of  uncertain  origin, 
of  the  wild  Sweet  Cherry,  Pniniis  avium,  from  which  has  come  all  culti- 
vated Sweet  Cherries.  It  is  important  to  recall  that  the  trees  of  the 
Mazzard  reach  a  height  of  thirty  or  forty  feet  and  the  trunk  often  attains 
a  diameter  of  eighteen  or  twenty  inches.  Other  characters  to  be  kept 
in  mind  are  that  the  Mazzard  lacks  hardiness  to  cold  but  grows  vigorously 
and  is  usually  healthy,  though  susceptible  to  several  fungi,  one  of  which, 
the  shot-hole  fungus,  Cylindrosporiiim  padi,  makes  it  a  most  difficult  plant 
to  grow  in  the  nursery.  Trees  and  fruit  coming  from  the  Mazzard  used  as 
a  stock  are  very  uniform,  a  fact  easy  to  ascertain  in  New  York  where  this 
stock  has  been  largely  used  for  nearly  a  century.  The  Mazzard  is  almost 
always  grown  from  seed  for  stocks  though  suckers  are  occasionally  used  — 
a  poor  practice. 


68  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

The  Mazzard,  or  at  least  the  Sweet  Cherry,  has  probably  been  more 
or  less  used  as  a  stock  since  the  earliest  cultivation  of  this  fruit.  The 
Greeks  and  Romans  practiced  budding  and  grafting  centuries  before  Christ's 
time  and  when  the  cherry  came  to  them  as  a  domesticated  fruit,  at  least 
three  or  four  centuries  before  Christ,  they  undoubtedly  made  use  of  bud- 
ding and  grafting'  to  maintain  varieties  and  in  the  case  of  the  Sour  Cherry, 
if  they  had  it,  and  they  probably  did,  to  avoid  the  suckers  that  spring 
from  the  roots  of  the  trees.  The  literatiu-e  of  fruit-growing  is  scant  and 
fragmentary  during  the  Middle  Ages  but  beginning  with  the  herbals  in 
the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries  there  are  many  treatises  on  fruits 
and  botany  and  in  several  of  these  the  use  of  the  wild  Sweet  Cherry,  the 
Mazzard,  is  mentioned.- 

In  America  the  Mazzard  as  a  stock  probably  came  into  use  soon  after 
the  establishment  of  Prince's  nvirsery  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  about  1 730, 
budding  and  grafting  seeming  to  have  been  little  practiced  in  the  New 
World  before  the  founding  of  this  nursery.'  The  use  of  the  Mazzard 
as  a  stock  is  mentioned  probably  for  the  first  in  Coxe's  Fniit  Trees^  the 


'  Varro  (B.  C.  117-27),  as  we  have  seen  on  page  47,  tells  when  to  graft  cherries  and  discusses  the 
process  as  if  grafting  cherries  were  a  common  operation. 

^  In  The  Country-Man' s  New  Art  of  Planting  and  Grafting,  written  by  Leonard  Mascall,  1652,  the 
writer  says,  "  Sower  Cherries  .  .  .  will  grow  of  stones,  but  better  it  shall  be  to  take  of  the  small  Cions 
which  do  come  from  the  roots;  then  plant  them. 

"  Ye  must  have  respect  unto  the  Healme  Cherry,  [a  sweet  cherry  of  the  time]  which  is  graft  on  the 
wild  Gomire  [Mazzard]  which  is  another  kind  of  great  Cherry,  and  whether  you  do  prune  them  or  not, 
it  is  not  materiaU;  for  they  dure  a  long  time." 

R.  A.  Austen,  in  his  Treatise  of  Fruit  Trees,  1653,  writes,  "  Concerning  Stocks  fit  for  Cherry-trees, 
I  account  the  black  Cherry  stock  (Mazzard)  the  best  to  graft  any  kind  of  Cherry  upon.  Yet  some  say 
the  red  Cherry  stock  is  best  for  May-Cherries.  But  the  black  Cherry  stocks  are  goodly  straight  Plants 
full  of  sap  and  become  greater  trees  than  the  red  Cherry  trees." 

John  Reid,  The  Scots  Gard'ner,  1683,  writes,  "  Dwarfe  Cherries  on  the  Morella,  or  on  the  common 
Red  Cherrie.     Or  on  that  Red  geen  which  is  more  Dwarffish  than  the  black." 

John  Lawrence,  The  Clergyman's  Recreation,  1714,  declared  that,  "  Black  Cherries  (Mazzard)  are 
the  only  Stocks,  whereon  to  raise  all,  the  several  sorts  of  Cherries." 

'  "  The  practice  of  grafting  and  inoculating  in  America  is  but  of  modern  date.  It  was  introduced 
by  Mr.  Prince,  a  native  of  New  York,  who  erected  a  Nursery  in  its  neighborhood  about  forty  years  ago. 
But  since  the  late  American  revolution,  others  have  been  instituted  in  this  and  some  other  parts  of  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Livingston  has  lately  established  one,  not  far  from  the  city  of  New  York,  which  can 
vie  with  some  of  the  most  celebrated  ones  in  Europe.  May  he,  and  others,  who  have  undertaken  in  that 
useful  branch  of  business,  meet  with  encouragement  and  success.  Nothing  in  the  extensive  field  of  Horti- 
culture can  afford  more  agreeable  amusement  or  yield  more  solid  satisfaction  and  advantage."  Forsyth 
on  Fruit  Trees,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1803:278. 

*  "  The  cherry  is  propagated  by  budding  and  ingrafting  —  from  its  disposition  to  throw  out  gum 
from  wounds  in  the  vessels  of  the  bark,  the  former  mode  is  most  generally  adopted.  The  heart  cherries 
do  not  succeed  well  on  any  but  the  black  Mazard  stocks,  but  round  or  duke  cherries  do  as  well  on  Morello 


i4'f^'^ 


PRIXVS  AVIUM   (MAZZARD) 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  69 

second  American  treatise  on  fruits,  published  in  1817,  and  again  in 
Thacher's  American  Orchardist,  published  in  1822.'  Both  authors,  as 
the  footnotes  show,  speak  of  the  use  of  this  stock  as  if  it  were  in  common 
use  in  American  nurseries.     Neither  mentions  the  Mahaleb. 

The  Mahaleb,  Primus  mahaleb,  it  will  be  remembered  from  the 
description  previously  given,  is  a  bush  or  bush-like  cherry,  sometimes 
but  not  often  attaining  the  height  and  port  of  a  tree.  The  top  is  thick, 
with  rather  slender  ramifying  branches  bearing  small,  green,  smooth, 
glossy  leaves,  which  resemble  those  of  the  apricot  more  than  they  do  the 
leaves  of  either  species  of  orchard  cherries.  The  fruits  are  at  first  green, 
then  yellowish,  turning  to  red  and  at  full  maturity  are  shining,  black  and 
so  hard,  bitter  and  astringent  as  to  be  scarcely  edible.  This  brief 
description  of  Primus  mahaleb  shows  that  it  is  quite  distinct  from  either  our 
commonly  cultivated  Sweet  Cherry,  Primus  avium,  or  the  Sour  Cherry, 
Prunus  cerasus,  differing  from  either  much  more  than  the  two  edible  species 
differ  from  each  other.  It  is  quite  as  far  removed  from  the  Sweet  or  the 
Sour  Cherry  botanically  as  the  apple  is  from  the  pear,  the  quince,  or  the 
thorn  and  if  anything  more  distantly  related  than  orchard  cherries  are 
to  plums.  One  wovdd  expect  the  wood  structure  of  the  Mahaleb  to  differ 
from  that  of  Sweet  or  Sour  Cherries  very  materially  and  that  even  if  the 
union  proved  in  budding  or  grafting  wholly  normal  that  there  would 
be  some  difficulty  in  the  proper  passage  of  nutritive  solutions  between 
stock  and  cion.  This  cherry,  as  we  have  seen,  is  propagated  almost  entirely 
from  seed  though  it  may  easily  be  grown  from  layers,  cuttings  and  suckers. 
The  American  supply  of  Mahaleb  stock  comes  from  France. 

The  Mahaleb  seems  to  have  come  into  use  as  a  stock  for  other  cherries 


stocks,  which  are  often  preferred  from  their  being  less  liable  to  the  cracks  in  the  bark,  from  frost  and  sun 
on  the  south-west  side;  this  injurj'  may  be  almost  effectually  prevented  by  planting  on  the  east  side  of 
board  fences  or  buildings,  or  by  fixing  an  upright  board  on  the  south-west  side  of  each  tree  in  open 
situations. 

"  The  best  stocks  are  raised  from  stones  planted  in  the  nursery.  Stocks  raised  from  suckers  of 
old  trees,  will  always  generate  suckers,  which  are  injurious  and  very  troublesome  in  gardens:  diseases  of 
old  or  worn  out  varieties,  are  likewise  perpetuated  by  the  use  of  suckers  for  stocks."  Coxe  Fruit 
Trees  1817:253. 

'  "  The  cultivated  cherry,  when  reared  from  the  seed,  is  much  disposed  to  deviate  from  the  variety 
of  the  original  fruit,  and,  of  course,  they  are  propagated  by  budding  or  grafting  on  cherry  stocks:  budding 
is  most  generally  preferred,  as  the  tree  is  less  apt  to  suffer  from  oozing  of  the  gum  than  when  grafted.  The 
stocks  are  obtained  by  planting  the  seeds  in  a  nursery,  and  the  seedlings  are  afterwards  transplanted. 
Those  kinds  which  are  called  heart  cherries  are  said  to  succeed  best  on  the  black  r^azard  stock;  but  for 
the  round  kind,  the  Morello  stocks  are  preferred,  on  account  of  their  being  the  least  subject  to  worms, 
or  to  cracks  in  the  bark,  from  frost  and  heat  of  the  sun."     Thacher  American  Orchardist  1822:212. 


-JO  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

in  France  having  been  first  mentioned  for  this  purpose  by  Diihamel  du 
Monceau  in  his  Traite  des  Arbres  Fruitiers  in  1768.^ 

Miller  in  his  Gardener's  Dictionary,  1 754,  describes  the  Mahaleb  cherry 
and  says  it  was  "  Cultivated  in  17 14  by  the  Duchess  of  Beaufort."  This 
seems  to  be  the  first  mention  of  its  culture  in  England  though  Gerarde 
in  The  Herball  or  Generall  Historic  of  Plantes  describes  it.  Neither  mentions 
its  use  as  a  stock.  In  fact,  it  seems  not  to  have  been  mentioned  as  a  stock 
in  England  until  1824  when  Loudon  in  the  Encyclopedia  of  Gardening 
speaks  of  it  as  "  the  most  effectual  dwarfing  stock."  ^ 

It  was  not  until  after  the  middle  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  that 
the  Mahaleb  came  into  use  in  America,  none  of  the  horticultioral  writers 
in  the  first  half  of  the  last  century,  as  Cobbett,  1803;  McMahon,  1806; 
Coxe,  181 7;  Thacher,  1822;  Prince,  1828;  Kenrick,  1833;  Manning,  1838; 
Thomas,  1846;  Floy,  1846,  nor  Cole,  1849,  having  mentioned  the  Mahaleb 
though  nearly  all  speak  of  the  Mazzard  as  the  stock  upon  which  cherries 
are  budded.  Downing,  in  1845,  makes  first  mention  of  the  Mahaleb  as 
a  stock  in  the  New  World;'  Thomas  in  his  second  edition,  1851,  recom- 
mends it  as  a  stock  to  dwarf  cherries;*  Barry,  1852,  says  that  Mahaleb 
stock  is  imported  from  Europe;'  while  Elliott,  in  1854,  also  speaks  of  it  as 


'  "  So  the  good  species  and  their  varieties  are  perpetuated  and  multiplied  by  grafting  upon  the 
Merisier,  upon  the  Cerisier  with  round  fruit,  and  upon  the  Cerisier  de  Sainte-Lucie  [Mahaleb].  All  the 
Cerisiers  succeed  well  upon  the  Merisier  and  it  is  the  only  subject  which  is  suited  to  the  high-headed  trees. 
It  has  the  advantage  of  not  sending  forth  any  or  very  few  suckers.  The  Cerisier  de  Sainte-Lucie  has  the 
same  advantage.  It  receives  very  well  the  graft  of  all  species  of  cherries  and  adapts  itself  to  the  worst 
soils."     Duhamel  Traite  des  Arbres  Fruitiers  1:197.     1768. 

^  "  Varieties  of  the  cherrj'  are  continued  by  grafting  or  budding  on  stocks  of  the  black  or  wild  red 
cherries,  which  are  strong  shooters,  and  of  a  longer  duration  than  any  of  the  garden  kinds.  Some  graft 
on  the  Morello  for  the  purpose  of  dwarfing  the  tree,  and  rendering  it  more  prolific;  but  the  most  effectual 
dwarfing  stock  is  the  mahaleb,  which,  however,  will  not  succeed  in  the  generality  of  soils  in  Britain. 
Dubreuil  of  Rouen  recommends  the  wild  cherry  for  clayey  and  light  soils,  and  the  mahaleb  for  soils  of 
a  light,  sandy  or  chalky  nature.  The  stones  of  the  cultivated  cherry  are  commonly,  but  improperly, 
substituted  for  those  of  the  wild  sort,  as  being  more  easily  procured."      Loudon  Enc.  of  Card.  1824:924. 

'  "  When  dwarf  trees  are  required,  the  Morello  seedlings  are  used  as  stocks;  or  when  very  dwarf  trees 
are  wished  the  Perfumed  Cherry,  (Cerasus  Mahaleb)  is  employed;  but  as  standards  are  almost  universally 
preferred,  these  are  seldom  seen  here.  Dwarfs  in  the  nursery  must  be  headed  back  the  second  year,  in 
order  to  form  lateral  shoots  near  the  ground."     Downing  Fruit  Trees  of  America  1845: 164. 

*  "  The  stocks  used  for  this  purpose  (to  dwarf  cherries)  are  the  "  Perfumed  Cherry  "  or  Primus 
Mahaleb,  which  also  possesses  the  advantage  of  flourishing  on  heavy  clay  ground.  The  grafts  will  usually 
grow  quite  vigorously  for  two  or  three  seasons,  but  they  soon  form  dwarf,  prolific  bushes."  Thomas 
Am.  Fruit  Cult.  1849:351. 

"  The  principal  stocks  used  for  the  cherry  are  the  mazzard  for  standard  orchard  trees,  and  the  mahaleb 
for  garden  pyramids  and  dwarfs. 

"  The  Mahaleb  (Cerasus  mahaleb)  is  a  small  tree  with  glossy,  deep  green  foliage.     The  fruit  is  black, 


r7?r.vr.';  m  iiiat.bb 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  7I 

a  dwarfing  stock.'  From  this  date  on  the  Mahaleb  is  mentioned  in  all 
American  works  on  porno  ogy  in  which  stocks  for  cherries  are  discussed. 

Pains  have  been  taken  to  show  the  exact  date  the  Mahaleb  began 
to  be  used  as  a  stock  in  America.  The  quotations  show  that  this  was 
about  1850.  They  show,  too,  that  at  first  and  for  a  long  time  its  only 
use  was  as  a  dwarfing  stock.  But  now  the  Mahaleb  has  almost  wholly 
superseded  the  Mazzard  as  a  stock  for  all  Sweet  and  Sour  Cherries.  Not 
many  cherries  were  propagated  on  the  new  stock  until  after  i860  when 
its  use,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  accounts  of  fruit-growing,  began  to  be 
general  and  it  grew  so  rapidly  in  favor  that  by  1880  it  was  more  popular 
than  the  Mazzard  and  in  another  decade  had  almost  wholly  taken  the 
place  of  the  latter.  Probably  95  per  centum  of  the  cherries  grown  in 
this  country  are  budded  on  the  Mahaleb.  Why  has  the  Mahaleb  sup- 
planted the  Mazzard  ?  This  is  the  question  that  immediately  comes  to 
mind  and  to  the  discussion  of  which  we  proceed. 

There  is  no  question  but  that  it  is  much  easier  to  grow  cherry  trees 
on  Mahaleb  stock  in  the  nursery  than  on  Mazzard  and  that  usually  a  better 
looking  tree  can  be  delivered  to  the  fruit-grower  on  the  first-named  stock. 
Seedlings  of  both  stocks  are  imported  from  Europe  and  those  of  the 
Mahaleb  are  usually  cheaper.  These  reasons  are  sufficient  for  the 
exclusive  use  of  Mahaleb  by  nurserymen,  and,  were  it  certain  that  the 
Mahaleb  is  the  best  stock  for  the  frtiit-grower,  all  hands  might  forthwith 
renounce  the  Mazzard.  In  what  respects  is  it  easier  to  grow  cherries  on 
the  Mahaleb  in  the  nursery  than  on  the  Mazzard  ? 

All  know  that  the  Sweet  Cherry  is  a  little  difficult  to  grow  —  is  capri- 
cious as  to  soils,  climates,  cultivation  and  pruning,  and  as  to  diseases 
and  insects.  The  Mazzard  now  used  for  stocks  has  the  faults  of  the  species 
to  which  it  belongs.  The  Mahaleb,  on  the  other  hand,  is  adapted  to 
a  greater  diversity  of  soils;  is  hardier  to  either  heat  or  cold;  less  particular 
about  cultivation;  will  stand  more  cutting  in  the  nvu-sery  if  pruning  be 
necessary;  is  less  susceptible  to  aphids  which  in  many  parts  of  the  United 


about  the  size  of  a  marrow-fat  pea,  and  quite  bitter.  It  blossoms  and  bears  fruit  when  about  three  years 
old.  It  is  considerably  cultivated  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  as  an  ornamental  lawn  tree.  There  are  very 
few  bearing  trees  in  this  country  yet;  consequently  nearly  all  the  stocks  used  are  imported,  or  grown  from 
imported  seeds."     Barry  The  Fruit  Garden  1851:115,  117. 

'  "  Dwarf  Trees. —  Are  produced  by  propagating  the  Sweet  or  Duke  varieties  on  the  Mahaleb,  or 
Morello  roots.  They  should  in  all  cases  be  worked  just  at  the  crown  of  the  root,  as  it  is  there  a  union 
is  best  formed;  and  also,  by  means  of  pruning,  (see  page  30)  they  should  be  made  to  form  heads  branchmg 
immediately  from  the  ground."     Elliott  Fr.  Book  1854:185. 


72  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

States  trouble  cherries  in  the  nursery  row;  and,  more  to  the  point  than  all 
else,  in  New  York  at  least,  is  not  nearly  as  badly  infested  with  the  shot- 
hole  fungus,  Cylindrosporium  padi,  which  often  ruins  plantations  of  Maz- 
zard  stock.  Mahaleb  stock,  too,  is  more  easily  "  worked  "  than  the 
Mazzard  both  in  the  actual  work  of  budding  and  in  having  a  longer  season 
for  this  nursery  operation.  Cherries  on  Mahaleb  ripen  their  wood  earlier 
than  those  on  Mazzard  and  may  thus  be  dug  earlier  in  the  fall. 

Nurserymen  and  fruit-growers  alike  agree  to  this  statement  of  the 
superior  merits  of  the  Mahaleb  as  a  niorsery  plant.  The  facts  set  forth 
are  matters  of  common  observation  —  so  well  known  that  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  verify  them  experimentally.  A  half-century  of  experience  in  America 
on  many  soils,  in  many  climates  and  imder  widely  varied  conditions  has 
demonstrated  that  it  is  easier  to  grow  cherries  in  the  nursery  on  the  Maha- 
leb than  on  the  Mazzard  stock. 

From  experience  in  the  orchard,  fruit-growers  have  established  several 
facts  as  to  the  relative  value  of  Mazzard  and  Mahaleb  stocks  from  their 
standpoint.     These  are: 

1.  Cherries  on  Mahaleb  are  hardier  to  cold  than  those  on  Mazzard 
stocks.  This  hardiness  is  due,  in  part  at  least,  to  the  fact  that  cherry 
wood  on  Mahaleb  ripens  sooner  than  on  Mazzard.  This  superior  hardi- 
ness of  the  Mahaleb  is  evident  in  the  nvirsery-row  as  well  as  in  the 
orchard  and  is  a  matter  of  great  importance  in  northern  nursery  regions. 
In  this  connection  it  should  be  said  that  the  Mahaleb  is  not  as  hardy  as 
might  be  wished  and  that  there  are,  as  we  shall  later  show,  still  hardier 
stocks. 

2.  There  is  no  question  but  that  the  Mahaleb  is  a  dwarfing  stock. 
It  came  into  use  and  in  Europe  continues  to  serve  almost  the  sole  purpose 
of  dwarfing  varieties  worked  upon  it.  This  retarding  effect  is  not  fully 
realized  by  American  cherry-growers  because  for  the  first  few  years  the 
diminution  in  size  is  not  apparent  and  even  at  the  close  of  a  decade  the 
difference  in  size  is  not  as  marked  as  it  would  be  between  standard  and 
dwarf  apples  or  pears  of  the  same  age. 

3.  Cherry-growers  who  have  tried  both  stocks  agree  that  most  varie- 
ties come  in  bearing  earlier  on  Mahaleb  than  on  Mazzard  stocks.  From 
the  known  effects  of  dwarfing  on  other  fniit  trees  this  would  be  expected. 

4.  The  size  of  the  cherries  is  the  same  on  trees  grown  on  the  two 
stocks.  The  claim  is  made  that  apples  and  pears  are  a  little  larger  on 
dwarf  trees  and  that  when  peaches  and  plums  are  dwarfed  the  fruit  is 


PRVWs  .ir/nr  (mazzaRD) 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  73 

smaller.     No  one  seems  to  have  seen  or  to  have  thought  that  there  are 
differences  in  the  size  of  cherries  grown  on  Mazzard  or  Mahaleb  stock. 

5.  Better  imions  are  made  with  Mazzard  than  with  the  Mahaleb. 
This  would  be  expected  because  of  the  close  relationship  of  the  Mazzard 
to  orchard  cherries. 

6.  The  Mahaleb  is  probably  the  more  cosmopolitan  stock  —  will  thrive 
on  a  greater  diversity  of  soils  than  the  Mazzard  stock.  In  particular  it 
is  somewhat  better  adapted  to  sandy,  light,  stony,  and  arid  soils  that  are 
not  weU  adapted  to  growing  cherries.  Its  root  system  is  much  nearer 
the  surface  of  the  ground  and  it  is,  therefore,  better  adapted  to  shallow 
soils  than  the  Mazzard. 

7.  Though  the  evidence  is  somewhat  conflicting  on  this  point  it  is 
probable  that  cherries  on  Mazzard  live  longer  than  on  Mahaleb.  It  may 
be  that  the  frequent  statements  to  this  effect  arise  from  the  knowledge 
that  dwarf  fniit-trees  are  generally  shorter  lived  than  standard  trees  since 
there  seem  to  be  no  records  of  actual  comparisons. 

8.  Lastly,  in  climates  where  the  cherry  can  be  grown  with  reasonable 
certainty  and  in  soils  to  which  this  fruit  is  adapted,  varieties  on  Mazzard 
are  more  productive  and  profitable  than  on  the  Mahaleb  stock.  This 
seems  to  be  the  concensus  of  opinion  among  growers  in  the  great  cherry 
regions  of  California,  Oregon,  Washington,  Michigan  and  New  York. 

Several  other  stocks  have  been  more  or  less  successfully  used  for 
cherries  and  a  great  number  have  never  been  tried  that  might  make  good 
stocks.  In  a  country  as  diversified  as  ours  and  in  a  state  as  variable  in 
soil  and  climate  as  New  York  and  with  the  manifold  varieties  of  Sweet 
and  Sour  Cherries,  it  is  almost  certain  that  under  some  conditions  there 
are  stocks  more  desirable  than  either  Mazzard  or  Mahaleb.  The  resources 
of  the  cherry-grower  in  this  direction  are  so  great  that  in  this  accotmt 
we  can  but  briefly  outline  them,  describing  but  a  few  of  the  many  stocks 
that  might  be  used. 

In  the  colder  parts  of  New  York  and  of  the  United  States,  tmdoubtedly 
seedlings  of  Russian  cherries  wovild  make  hardy  and  in  most  other  respects 
very  desirable  stocks.  These  Russian  cherries,  too,  as  a  rule,  come  nearly 
or  quite  true  to  seed,  making  very  good  orchard  plants  on  their  own  roots. 
Some  of  them,  if  not  most  of  them,  sprout  rather  badly  —  not  so  serious 
a  fault  as  one  might  think,  especially  in  a  cultivated  orchard.  For  budding 
over  to  othfer  varieties  only  sour  sorts  should  be  used,  taking  for  trial  such 
varieties  as  Bessarabian,  Brusseler  Braune,  Double  Natte,  George  Glass, 


74  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Lutovka,  Early  Morello,  Ostheim  and  Vladimir.  Probably  most  of  these 
would  dwarf  standard  varieties  more  or  less  but  in  no  case  is  it  to  be  sup- 
posed that  they  would  have  the  dwarfing  effect  of  Mahaleb.  In  the  North 
Mississippi  Valley  some  of  these,  especially  of  the  Ostheim  or  Morello 
type,  have  been  very  successfully  used  as  stocks. 

The  small,  wild,  red  cherry  locally  known  as  the  Bird,  Pin  and  as 
the  Pigeon  Cherry,  Prunus  pennsylvanica,  found  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  on  the  Pacific  in  northern  United 
States  and  southern  Canada,  is  often  used  as  a  hardy  stock.  The  writer 
has  seen  it  so  used  in  northern  Michigan  but  from  his  observation  can 
recommend  it  only  for  cold  regions  and  as  a  makeshift  since  it  dwarfs 
standard  varieties  and  usually  suckers  badly.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Ottawa, 
Canada,  Dominion  Horticulturist,  states  that  this  stock  is  commonly 
used  in  the  colder  parts  of  Canada  and  with  good  results.  This  cherry 
is  not  as  distantly  related  to  orchard  varieties  as  the  Mahaleb  and  unites 
with  Soiir  Cherries  at  least  as  readily  as  does  the  Mahaleb. 

In  the  West  and  Northwest  the  Sand  Cherry,  Primus  piimila,  is  used 
very  successfully  in  cold,  dry  regions  as  a  stock  for  Sour  Cherries.  The 
following  is  a  very  good  account  of  its  behavior  from  the  pen  of  the  late 
Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  a  pioneer  cherry  grower  in  the  Middle  West.' 

"  Those  who  have  seen  acres  of  the  Sandy  Cherry  in  the  northwest 
loaded  with  fruit  have  not  been  ready  to  believe  it  a  good  stock  for  the 
cherry  on  account  of  its  sprawling  bushy  habits  of  growth.  But  those 
who  have  watched  its  growth  when  young  under  culture  on  rich  soil  can 
comprehend  the  fact  that  it  is  as  easy  to  work  as  the  Mahaleb.  As  with 
the  Mahaleb  the  seedlings  grown  in  seed  bed  will  be  large  enough  to  set 
in  nursery  row  the  next  spring,  and  of  good  size  for  August  budding.  To 
illustrate  its  rapidity  and  uprightness  of  growth  I  will  state  that  we  rooted 
a  few  cuttings  in  plant  house  last  winter.  When  set  in  nursery  they  had 
made  a  show  of  growth  of  from  two  to  four  inches,  yet  at  budding  time, 
the  middle  of  August,  they  were  fully  as  large,  stocky  and  upright  as  the 
Mahalebs,  and  in  all  respects  in  as  perfect  condition  for  budding. 

"  This  hardiest  of  all  cherries  is  very  closely  related  to  our  garden 
cherries,  so  nearly  indeed  that  otir  botanists  long  ago  decided  that  valu- 
able crosses  on  it  might  be  made. 

"As  yet  its  use  for  stocks  is  somewhat  experimental,  but  we  can  say 
positively  that  it  united  well  with  our  hardy  sorts  in  budding,  and  it  does 
not  dwarf  the  sorts  worked  upon  it  to  a  greater  extent  during  the  first 
five  years  of  growth  than  does  the  Mahaleb." 

^  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  10:425.     1890. 


PBUyUS  MAHALEB 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  75 

There  are  records  of  the  Choke  Cherry,  Pmniis  virginiana,^  and  of  the 
Rum,  or  wild  Black  Cherry,  Prunus  serotina,  having  been  used  as  stocks 
but  these  long-bunch,  or  racemose,  cherries  are  so  distantly  related  to  the 
short -bunch,  or  fascicled,  orchard  cherries  that  it  would  seem  that  their  use 
would  be  desirable  only  under  great  stress. 

In  Japan  a  horticultural  variety  of  Prunus  pseudacerasus  is  used 
as  a  stock.  Of  this  cherry  for  this  purpose,  Professor  Yugo  Hoshino  of 
the  Tohoku  Imperial  University  at   Sapporo,   Japan,   writes  as  follows: 

"  You  wish  to  know  about  the  cherry  stocks  used  in  this  country. 
It  is  very  rare  to  use  our  common  wild  cherry  as  a  stock  for  European 
cherries.  In  Hokkaido  (Yozo  Island),  we  commonly  use  the  seedlings  of 
European  Sweet  and  Sour  Cherries  as  stocks.  But  in  the  northern  part 
of  Japan  proper  (Main  Island),  it  is  a  common  practice  to  graft  European 
cherries  on  a  special  kind  of  our  cherry.  This  cherry  has  particular  char- 
acters which  fit  it  for  propagation;  namely,  it  roots  very  easily  either  from 
cuttings  or  by  layering  (mound).  Its  botanical  position  is  not  certain, 
but  it  is  probable  that  it  is  a  cultural  variety  of  Pseudocerasus,  especially 
bred  for  stock  purposes.  It  is  grown  by  nurserymen  only  and  called  Dai- 
Sakura.  {Dai  means  stock:  Sakura  means  cherry.)  It  has  a  somewhat 
dwarfing  influence  on  cions  and  hastens  their  fruiting  age." 

This  stock  ought  to  be  tried  in  America  if,  indeed,  it  is  not  already 
tmder  cvdtivation  from  introductions  made  by  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture. 

These  are  but  a  few  of  many  cherries  that  have  been  or  might  be 
tried  as  stocks  for  orchard  varieties.  There  are  many  species  of  cherries 
more  closely  related  to  the  cultivated  edible  sorts  than  the  Mahaleb. 
Many  of  the  cherries  from  Asia,  not  now  known  to  growers,  will  eventually 
find  their  way  to  America;  a  few  have  already  been  introduced  by  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture;  some  of  them  can  undoubtedly 
be  used  as  stocks  and  from  them  we  may  hope  to  find  a  better  stock  than 
either  the  Mazzard  or  Mahaleb. 

Cherries  are  now  grown  almost  wholly  as  budded  trees  but  they  can 
be  more  or  less  readily  root-grafted,  depending  upon  the  variety.  Under 
some  circumstances  it  might  be  profitable  to  propagate  them  by  grafting. 
Usually  it  is  necessary  to  use  a  whole  root  and  to  graft  at  the  crown  of 
the  stock.     Budd  recommends  this  practice  for  Iowa,  using  Mazzard  stock 

•  Prunus  virginiana  was  used  as  a  stock  in  Oregon  in  1850  as  there  were  no  other  stocks  available. 
The  union  was  very  good  but  the  stock  was  condemned  because  of  suckering.  Seth  Lewelling  N.  W. 
Horticulturist  Nov.  1887. 


76  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

but  with  the  expectation  that  the  cion  will  take  root  and  eventually  the 
tree  will  stand  on  its  own  roots.*  We  cannot  believe,  however,  that  graft- 
ing can  ever  take  the  place  of  budding  as  a  nursery  practice  or  that  it  can 
be  profitably  used  except  in  very  exceptional  cases. 

Buds  in  propagating  are  usually  taken  from  nursery  stock,  a  practice 
of  decades,  and  there  is  no  wearing  out  of  varieties.  Old  varieties  have 
lost  none  of  the  characters  accredited  to  them  a  century,  or  several 
centuries,  ago  by  pomological  writers.  Nor  does  it  seem  to  matter,  in 
respect  to  trueness  to  type,  whether  the  buds  be  taken  from  a  vigorous, 
young  stripling,  a  mature  tree  in  the  hey-day  of  life  or  some  struggling, 
lichen-covered  ancient  —  all  alike  reproduce  the  variety.  The  hypothesis 
that  fruit-trees  degenerate  or,  on  the  other  hand,  that  they  may  be  improved 
by  bud-selection,  finds  no  substantiation  in  this  fruit.  There  seems  to 
be  no  limit  to  the  number  of  times  its  varieties  can  be  propagated  true 
to  type  from  buds. 

CHERRY    CLIMATES   AND    CHERRY    SOILS 

Climate  and  soil  have  been  the  chief  determinants  of  location  for 
cherry-growing  in  New  York.  Both  Sweet  Cherries  and  Sour  Cherries 
are  profoundly  influenced  by  the  natural  environment  in  which  they  are 
grown  —  Sweet  Cherries  rather  more  so  than  any  other  fruit,  either  climate 
or  soil  dictating  whether  they  may  or  may  not  be  grown. 

The  Sour  Cherry  is  at  home  in  a  great  variety  of  climates,  the  vagaries 
of  weather  affecting  it  but  little.  It  is  probably  the  hardiest  to  cold, 
in  some  of  its  varieties  at  least,  of  all  our  tree  fruits,  thriving  almost  to 
the  Arctic  Circle  and  from  there  southward,  in  some  of  its  forms,  quite 
to  the  limits  of  the  Temperate  Zone.  The  blossoming  season  is  relatively 
late  so  that  fruit-setting  is  seldom  prevented  by  spring  frosts.  Yet,  even 
with  this  hardy  fruit,  it  is  necessary  to  take  thought  of  heat  and  cold  in 
growing   commercial   crops;   for   spring  frosts  may   wither   the   bloom  or 


'  "  I  wiJI  here  say  that  one  year  with  another  we  succeed  as  well  in  grafting  on  Mazzard  roots  as  we 
do  with  pear  on  pear  roots,  and  nearly  as  well  as  with  apple  on  apple  roots.  In  some  cases  since  the 
appearance  of  the  graft-box  fungus  our  success  has  been  more  complete  with  the  cherry  than  with  the 
apple.  This  success  is  due  to  careful  compliance  with  two  main  guiding  rules,  founded  on  the  nature 
of  cherry  wood:  (l)  Keep  the  scions  dry  until  used.  If  given  an  opportunity  they  will  absorb  water 
enough  to  start  the  buds  and  form  a  callus  at  the  base.  In  this  condition  they  will  fail  to  unite  with  the 
root.  (2)  After  grafting,  pack  in  boxes  with  sand  or  moss  and  store  in  a  root  cave,  kept  uniformly  cool 
by  opening  at  night  and  keeping  closed  during  the  day.  If  the  buds  start  prior  to  the  time  of  planting 
in  nursery  they  will  usually  fail  to  grow.  It  may  prove  useful  to  add,  that  the  sprouts  from  deeply  set 
trees  on  Mazzard  root  will  always  be  true  to  the  varieties  planted,  and  the  surface  roots  can  be  utilized 
for  root  cuttings,  as  noted  on  a  future  page."     la.  Sta.  Bui.  10:424.     1890. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  77 

summer  heat  and  wind  blast  the  crop  if  the  orchard  site  be  not  well  selected 
as  regards  local  weather. 

The  Sweet  Cherry,  on  the  other  hand,  must  be  coddled  in  every  turn 
of  the  season,  in  climatic  requirements  being  particularly  sensitive  to 
heat  and  cold.  This  cherry  stands  with  the  peach  in  not  being  able  to 
survive  temperatures  much  below  zero  and  in  suffering  greatly  from  spring 
frosts  because  of  early  blooming.  It  is  even  more  susceptible  to  heat  than 
the  peach,  and  especially  cannot  endure  long-continued  heat,  both  fruit  and 
foliage  suffering.  The  Sweet  Cherrj^  is  at  its  best  in  a  warm,  sunny,  genial, 
equable  climate.  The  Duke  cherries,  hybrids  between  the  Sweet  and  the 
Sour  species,  in  the  matter  of  hardiness  are  midway  between  the  hardy  Sours 
and  the  tender  Sweets  though  this  is  but  a  very  general  statement  applying 
to  the  group  as  a  whole  and  not  to  individual  varieties.  Some  of  these 
withstand  cold  and  heat  well  while  others  are  tender  in  either  extreme. 

Cherries  are  more  at  the  mercy  of  moisture  than  of  temperatiire  con- 
ditions. Continued  rain  at  blossoming  time  will  almost  surely  prevent 
a  proper  setting  of  fruit;  and  the  cherries  crack,  and  brown-rot  becomes 
exceedingly  aggressive  if  there  is  wet  weather  in  harvest  time.  Late 
stmimer  rainfall  to  supply  moisture  to  the  trees  is  a  matter  of  small  concern  to 
the  cherry-grower,  for  growth  begins  early  and  the  crop  is  off  the  trees  before 
summer  droughts  usually  begin.  Where  irrigation  is  practiced  water  for 
the  cherry  is  safely  supplied  at  most  seasons  of  the  year  except  when  har- 
vest is  in  swing  at  which  time  the  cherries  will  swell  and  crack  if  there  be 
too  much  water. 

As  with  all  fruits  the  direction,  temperature  and  humidity  of  winds 
are  factors  which  decree  whether  or  not  cherries  can  be  grown  profitably 
either  in  a  locality  or  a  region.  A  pocket  in  the  hills  filled  with  dead  air 
or  a  wind-swept  highland  would  be  tmsatisfactory  extremes;  for,  in  the 
first  case,  fungi,  especially  the  dreaded  brown-rot,  would  take  too  great 
toll,  and,  in  the  second,  blossoms  wotild  be  blasted  or  foliage  frazzled  and 
the  fruit  whipped.  The  harsh,  drying  winds  of  winter,  too,  would  be 
disastrous  to  Sweet  Cherry  culture  and  if  extreme,  as  on  the  Great  Plains, 
wood  and  buds  of  Sour  Cherries  would  suffer.  Artificial  wind-breaks  have 
not  been  found  profitable  in  the  hilly  and  wooded  East,  entailing  too  many 
disadvantages,  but  if  cherries  be  planted  at  all  in  the  prairies  of  the  Middle 
West,  some  protection  from  the  winds  must  usually  be  provided. 

The  two  species  from  which  cialtivated  cherries  come  grow  with  proper 
vigor  in  quite  different  soils.     The  Sour  Cherry  and  most  of  its  hybrid 


78  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

offspring,  the  Dukes,  may  be  made  to  grow  in  almost  any  arable  soil,  but 
the  Sweet  Cherry  is  fastidious  —  to  be  pleased  only  by  particular  soils. 

Sour  Cherry  orchards  in  New  York  most  excel  on  strong,  even-tem- 
pered, loamy  soils,  naturally  or  artificially  well  drained  yet  retentive  of 
moisture.  There  is  possibly  a  shade  of  difference  in  favor  of  clay  loams 
and  some  thriving  plantations  may  be  found  on  stiff  clays  having  good 
depth  and  good  drainage.  Wet,  sticky  clays  underlaid  with  a  cold,  clammy 
subsoil  —  a  combination  all  too  common  in  Central  New  York  —  furnish 
conditions  which  defy  the  best  of  care  and  culttire. 

Sweet  Cherry  orchards  are  found  excelling  on  lighter,  and  less  fertile 
soils  than  those  we  have  described  for  the  grosser  feeding  Sours.  Growers 
of  Sweet  Cherries  conceive  a  perfect  soil  for  this  fruit  to  be  a  naturally 
dry,  warm,  deep,  free-working,  gravelly  or  sandy  loam.  If  the  soil  is  not 
naturally  dry,  it  must  be  made  so  by  artificial  drainage,  for  this  fruit  is 
most  impatient  of  too  much  moistiire  or  a  root-run  restricted  by  water. 
In  Sweet  Cherry  soils,  as  will  be  surmised,  it  is  difficult  to  supply  humus 
yet  this  must  be  done  either  by  cover  crops  or  by  manure  to  make  the 
soil  sufficiently  retentive  of  moisture.  Sweet  Cherries  can  be  grown  on 
other  soils  than  those  under  discussion  but,  for  a  large,  firm,  finely  finished 
product  for  the  markets,  only  the  soils  described  are  suitable. 

The  conditions  of  soil  and  climate,  as  we  have  briefly  defined  them,  that 
favor  cherry  culture  are  to  be  found  in  several  parts  of  New  York.  Briefly 
we  may  name  and  describe  the  cherry  regions  of  the  State  as  follows : 

The  vmdiolating,  maritime  plains  of  Long  Island,  covered  with  a  thick 
deposit  of  sand,  are  very  well  adapted  to  cherries  where  the  soil  is  rich 
enough  to  come  under  the  plow.  The  genial  climate,  with  its  rather  heavy 
rainfall,  is  precisely  that  in  which  the  cherry  thrives,  the  region  falling 
short  in  the  poorness  of  the  soil  —  a  fault  easily  remedied,  where  there 
is  good  bottom,  by  manuring.  Despite  the  fact  that  occasional  trees  and 
plantations  show  that  this  fruit  thrives  on  Long  Island  the  cherry  is  not 
much  grown  here,  the  industry  needing  some  leader  to  show  the  way. 

The  valley  of  the  Hudson  from  where  the  river  leaves  the  mountains 
on  the  north  to  its  entrance  into  the  highlands  of  its  lower  stretch  is 
admirably  adapted  to  cherry-growing,  both  climate  and  soil  meeting  the 
requirements  of  this  frtdt.  In  parts  of  the  valley  the  industry  has  been 
developed,  Columbia  County  taking  first  place  among  the  counties  of  the 
State,  with  its  78,526  trees  in  1909.  The  product  of  this  region  goes 
chiefly  to  the  great  city  market  near  at  hand.     Unfortunately  the  standard 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  79 

of  cultivation  is  low  in  the  Hudson  Valley  and  the  handling  and  marketing 
of  the  crop  is  also  on  a  lower  level  than  westward  in  the  State.  The  cherry 
harvest  is  earlier  here  than  elsewhere  in  New  York,  if  we  except  the  small 
crop  of  Long  Island,  an  advantage,  for  prices  usually  fall  rather  than 
stiffen  as  the  season  advances. 

The  great  basin  in  which  lie  the  Central  Lakes  of  New  York  is  far 
famed  for  its  Sour  Cherry  industry,  the  product  going  largely  to  canneries. 
Some  Sweet  Cherries  are  grown  —  more  and  more  are  being  planted  — 
about  these  lakes;  but  the  rich,  heavy  soils  which  mostly  prevail  here- 
abouts are  more  fit  for  varieties  of  the  Sour  Cherry ;  though  the  equable 
climate  makes  almost  certain  the  Sweet  Cherry  crop  on  soils  suited  to 
its  cultixre.  Here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  State,  the  acreage  at  this  writing 
is  greatly  on  the  increase  though  it  is  doubtful  if  the  advance  will  much 
longer  weather  the  present  depression  in  prices.  AU  through  this  region, 
as  in  that  to  the  north,  the  Sweet  Cherry  grows  wild,  thriving  like  the 
Biblical  bay  —  seemingly  a  sheer  gift  of  the  soil  and,  like  other  gifts, 
generally  neglected. 

The  high  plain  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  from  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  to  the  Niagara  River,  extending  from  the  lake  on  the  north  from 
ten  to  fifteen  miles  inland,  is  the  region  of  greatest  possibilities  for  the 
cherry  in  New  York.  The  climate  of  this  great  stretch  of  territory  is 
nearly  perfect  for  this  fruit  and  the  soils  are  sufficiently  diversified  to  furnish 
a  suitable  habitat  for  any  of  the  many  varieties  of  either  Sweet  or  Sour 
cherries.  In  the  past  there  have  been  so  many  ups  and  downs  in  the 
cherry  industry  that  fruit-growers  in  this  favored  belt  have  given  more 
attention  to  other  fruits  but  for  the  last  decade,  until  the  recent  down- 
ward turn  in  the  cherry  market,  the  plantings  have  been  greatly  increased, 
both  Sweet  and  Sour  cherries  finding  favor. 

Not  unlike  the  Ontario  shore  in  climate,  but  quite  unlike  it  in  its 
soils,  is  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  the  most  westward  topographical  division 
of  New  York  in  which  cherries  are  grown.  The  mainstay  of  this  region 
is  the  grape,  but,  in  seeking  for  a  more  diversified  agriculture.  Sour  Cherry 
culture  was  introduced  some  twenty  years  ago  and  has  become  a  thriving 
industry  with  prospects  of  continued  growth.  Here,  as  is  so  often  the 
case  in  agriculttire,  credit  must  be  given  to  some  one  leader  for  the  develop- 
ment of  a  crop  and  the  cherry  orchards  that  dot  the  landscape  for  miles 
about  the  home  of  the  late  John  Spencer  speak  eloquently  of  his  leader- 
ship in  this  region. 


8o 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


A  necessary  accompaniment  to  a  discussion  of  climate  is  a  statement 
of  the  dates  of  blooming  of  the  various  sorts  of  cherries;  for  often,  through 
selection  with  reference  to  this  life  event  of  the  plant,  injurious  climatal 
influences  may  be  escaped  at  blooming-time.  In  the  accompanying  table 
averages  of  the  blooming  dates  of  varieties  of  cherries  for  the  years  just 
past,  1912  to  1914,  are  given. 

In  making  use  of  these  dates,  consideration  must  be  given  to  the 
environment  of  the  orchards  at  Geneva.  The  latitude  of  the  Smith 
Astronomical  Observatory,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  Station  orchards, 
is  42°  52'  46.2";  the  altitude  of  the  orchards  is  from  five  hundred  to  five 
hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  above  the  sea  level.  The  soil  is  a  stiflf  and 
rather  cold  clay;  the  orchards  lie  about  a  mile  west  of  Seneca  Lake,  a  body 
of  water  forty  miles  in  length  and  from  one  to  three  and  one-half  miles 
in  width  and  more  than  six  hundred  feet  deep.  The  lake  has  frozen  over 
but  a  few  times  since  the  region  was  settled,  over  a  hundred  years  ago, 
and  has  a  very  beneficial  influence  on  the  adjacent  country  in  lessening 
the  cold  of  winter  and  the  heat  of  simimer  and  in  preventing  early  blooming. 

The  dates  are  those  of  full  bloom.  They  were  taken  from  trees  grown 
under  normal  conditions  as  to  pruning,  distance  apart,  and  as  to  all  other 
factors  which  might  influence  the  blooming  period.  An  inspection  of 
the  table  shows  that  there  is  a  variation  of  several  days  between  the  time 
of  full  bloom  of  the  different  varieties  of  the  same  species.  These  differ- 
ences can  be  utilized  in  selecting  sorts  to  avoid  injury  from  frost. 


Table  Showing  Blooming  Dates  and  Season  of  Ripening 


Blooming  date 

Season  of  ripening 

May 

Mid- 
season 

4     5     6     7     8     9     10     II      12     13     14     15     16     17     18 

Early 

Late 

P.  avium 
Bing 

* 

• 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

• 
• 

* 
♦ 

* 
* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 
* 

Black  Tartarian 

California  Advance. . 

* 

Cleveland . . 

Coe 

Dikeman 

* 

Downer 

Eagle 

Early  Purple 

Elkhom 

Elton 

Florence 

THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  8 1 

Table  Showing  Blooming  Dates  and  Season  of  Ripening  —  Concluded 


Blooming  date 


May 


4  5  6  7  8  9  lo  II  12  13  14  15  16  17  iS 


Season  of  ripening 


Early 


Mid- 
season 


Late 


P.  avium 

Ida 

Kirtland 

Knight 

Lamaurie 

Lambert 

Lyons 

Mercer 

Mezel 

Napoleon 

Republican 

Rockport 

Schmidt 

Sparhawk 

Stuart 

Windsor 

Wood 

Yellow  Spanish 

P.  cerasus 

Bourgueil 

Brusseler  Braune. .  .  . 

Carnation 

Dyehouse 

Early  Morello 

Early  Richmond 

EngUsh  Morello 

George  Glass 

Heart-Shaped  Welch 

sel 

King  Amarelle 

Large  Montmorency 

Louis  Philippe 

Magnifique 

Montmorency 

Olivet 

Ostheim 

Sklanka 

Spate  Amarelle 

Suda 

Timme 

Vladimir 

P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus 
Abbesse  d'Oignies.  .  . 

Double  Natte 

Empress  Eugenie. . . . 

Late  Duke 

May  Duke 

Nouvelle  Royale.  .  .  . 

Reine  Hortense 

Royal  Duke 

6 


82  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

THE    POLLINATION    OF    CHERRIES 

We  cannot  complain  in  New  York  of  much  uncertainty  in  the  setting 
of  the  cherry  crop.  Late  spring  frosts  occasionally  catch  the  blossoms 
of  Sweet  varieties  but  seldom  those  of  the  Sour  sorts.  Cold  weather, 
especially  if  accompanied  by  wet  weather,  not  unfrequently  cuts 
short  the  cherry  crop  by  preventing  proper  setting.  There  is,  however, 
no  general  complaint  of  poor  crops  through  self-sterility.  In  fact  from 
the  behavior  of  perfectly  isolated  trees  in  all  parts  of  the  State  it  would 
be  premised  that  the  cherry  is  most  nearly  self-fertile  of  all  tree-fruits. 

Yet  there  may  be  orchards  or  seasons  in  which  cross-pollination  cuts 
a  figure,  for  Gardner  \  of  the  Oregon  Station,  found  in  experiments  carried 
on  by  him  in  various  parts  of  Oregon  that  many  varieties  of  Sweet  Cherries 
in  the  Pacific  Coast  environment  are  self-sterile.  The  work  seems  to 
have  been  very  carefully  done  and  the  conclusions  are  worth  reprinting 
in  full,  bearing  in  mind  that  they  would  be  much  modified  under  New 
York  conditions.     Gardener  foimd: 

"  I.  All  the  varieties  of  the  Sweet  Cherry  tested  are  self-sterile.  This 
self-sterility  is  in  no  case  due  to  a  lack  of  germinability  of  the  pollen  pro- 
duced. On  the  other  hand,  the  pollen  of  each  of  the  varieties  studied 
is  capable  of  producing  a  set  of  fruit  on  the  variety  or  varieties  with  which 
it  is  inter-fertile.  The  list  includes  Bing,  Black  Republican,  Black  Tar- 
tarian, Coe,  Early  Purple,  Elton,  Knight,  Lambert,  Major  Francis,  May 
Dtike,  Napoleon,  Rockport,  Waterhouse,  Willamette,  Windsor,  Wood. 

"2.  Certain  of  these  varieties — -Bing,  Lambert,  and  Napoleon  are 
mentioned  especially  —  are  inter-sterile.  Mixed  plantings  of  these  three 
varieties  cannot  be  expected  to  set  fruit  unless  the  trees  are  within  the 
range  of  influence  of  some  other  variety  or  varieties  that  are  inter-fertile 
with  them. 

"  3.  Among  those  studied.  Black  Republican,  Black  Tartarian,  and 
Waterhouse  seem  to  be  the  most  efficient  poUenizers  for  this  group  of 
varieties. 

"  4.  Other  good  poUenizers  that  may  be  mentioned  are:  Elton,  Wood, 
Coe,  Major  Francis,  Early  Pvtrple.  These,  however,  proved  somewhat 
variable  in  their  poUenizing  abilities. 

"  5.  Some  of  the  seedling  trees  found  in  and  about  cherry  orchards 
are  efficient  poUenizers  for  the  three  varieties  —  Bing,  Lambert,  Napoleon. 
Probably  many  of  these  seedling  trees  are  efficient  poUenizers,  though 
the  value  of  any  particular  seedling  can  be  determined  only  by  experiment 
or  very  careful  observation. 


'Gardner,  V.  R.     Pollination  of  the  Sweet  Cherry,  Ore.  5to.  Bui.  116:36.     1913 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  83 

"6.  At  least  some  members  of  the  Duke  group  of  cherries  are  capable 
of  pollinating  some  of  the  Bigarreaus. 

"7.  At  least  some  of  the  varieties  of  the  Sour  Cherry  (P.  cerasus)  are 
capable  of  pollinating  some  of  the  Bigarreaus. 

"  8.  Inter-sterility  of  Sweet  Cherry  varieties  is  apparently  not  corre- 
lated with  their  closeness  of  relationship. 

"  9.  The  ability  of  a  variety  of  cherry  to  set  fruit  is  not  entirely 
dependent  tipon  the  kind  of  pollen  available.  Environmental  factors  are 
important." 

It  is  doubtftil  if  New  York  cherry-growers  will  need  to  pay  much  atten- 
tion to  cross-pollination  but,  in  case  cherry  trees  are  not  setting  full  crops, 
and  for  no  other  apparent  reason,  the  fertility  of  the  blossoms  may  well 
receive  attention.  Should  varieties  be  found  self-sterile,  sorts  must  be 
chosen  which  come  into  blossom  at  the  same  time,  in  which  case  the  pre- 
ceding table  shows  the  sorts  which  bloom  together  or  nearly  enough  so  to 
make  cross-pollination  possible. 

CHERRY  ORCHARDS  AND  THEIR  CARE 

It  is  patent  to  the  eye  of  every  passer-by  that  cherry  trees  are  com- 
monly set  too  thickly  in  most  of  the  orchards  in  New  York.  While  close 
planting  is  a  universal  favdt,  the  amovmt  of  room  differs  greatly  in 
different  cherry  centers,  depending  mostly  upon  the  custom  in  the  com- 
munity, though,  as  all  confess,  it  should  depend  upon  the  variety  and 
the  soil.  The  very  erroneous  notion  seems  to  have  prevailed  in  set- 
ting the  plantations  now  reaching  maturity  that  a  large  rettim  could 
be  skimmed  from  a  small  area  by  close  setting.  Sour  Cherries  often  being 
put  only  twelve  feet  apart  each  way  and  Sweet  Cherries,  considering  their 
great  size,  even  closer,  at  sixteen  feet.  Experienced  growers  now  put  such 
dwarf  kinds  as  the  Morellos  at  from  sixteen  to  eighteen,  the  Montmorencies 
and  their  kind  at  eighteen  to  twenty -two;  and  the  large  growing  Sweet 
Cherries  at  from  twenty-four  to  thirty  feet. 

Cherries  are  usually  planted  two  years  from  the  bud.  Spring  is  the 
season  for  setting,  though  the  hardy  Sour  sorts  might  often  be  set 
advantageously  in  late  autumn.  The  losses  at  setting  time  are  greater 
with  the  cherry  than  with  any  other  fruit,  old  hands  in  fruit-growing  losing 
trees  as  well  as  beginners.  An  experiment  at  the  Station  shows  that  these 
losses  are  greatly  mitigated  by  a  change  in  the  usual  method  of  trans- 
planting. The  custom  is  to  shorten-in  all  branches  of  transplanted  fruit- 
trees  but  this,   with   the   cherry  in  particular,   removes  the  largest  and 


84  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

presumably  the  best  nourished  buds  —  certainly  those  from  which  would 
soonest  develop  the  leaves  so  necessary  to  sustain  the  breath  of  life  in 
the  young  plant  and  to  give  it  a  start.  In  the  experiment  at  this  Station 
it  was  found  that,  if  the  top  of  the  young  tree  was  reduced  by  thinning 
the  branches  instead  of  cutting  all  back,  a  much  larger  proportion  of  the 
trees  would  strike  root  and  live  through  our  parching  summers. 

Cherry  trees  in  the  past  have  been  headed  three  or  four  feet  above 
the  ground  but  in  new  plantations  they  are  now  usually  started  lower  — 
at  half  of  the  above  distances.  Two  forms  of  top  are  in  vogue,  the  spire- 
shape  and  the  vase-shape.  Sour  Cherries  are  almost  universally  grown 
with  closed  centers  but  some  growers  prefer  the  form  of  the  vase  for  Sweet 
varieties,  though  the  majority  hold  to  trees  with  central  trunks  and  many 
subsidiary  branches.  Little  pruning  is  done  in  cherry  orchards  after  the 
first  two  or  three  years,  by  which  time  the  sapling  has  been  shaped.  Sub- 
sequent pruning  consists  in  removing  dead,  injured  or  crowded  branches 
and  an  occasional  superfluous  one.  Heading-in  finds  little  favor  with 
experienced  growers.  These  few  statements  indicate  that  the  cherry,  as 
now  grown,  is  pruned  but  little,  and  that  that  little  must  be  done  very  care- 
fully, the  pruning  knife  in  the  hands  of  a  careless  man  being,  with  this 
fruit,  "  a  sword  in  the  hands  of  a  child." 

The  general  tuning-up  in  the  cultivation  of  fruits  during  the  past 
quarter-centiiry  has  had  its  influence  on  cherry  culture.  Commercial 
orchards  are  no  longer  kept  in  sod  and  the  clean,  purposeful  cultivation 
that  has  taken  the  place  of  grass  has  doubled  the  output  of  cherries,  tree 
for  tree,  throughout  the  State,  the  difference  in  yield  being  especially 
noticeable  in  seasons  when  drought  lies  heavy  on  the  land.  Cultivation, 
as  practiced  by  the  best  growers,  consists  of  plowing  the  land  in  the  spring 
and  then  frequently  stirring  the  soil  until  the  first  of  August,  at  which 
time  a  cover- crop  is  sown.  If  the  soil  is  light,  and  therefore  hungry  and 
thirsty,  the  plowing  should  be  done  early  and  the  cultivator  kept  con- 
stantly at  work  until  cherry-picking.  Cherry  orchards  often,  without 
apparent  cause,  have  an  indefinable  air  of  malaise  —  look  dingy  and 
unhappy  —  such  require  almost  week-to-week  cultivation  to  tide  them  over 
their  period  of  indisposition. 

Grain,  as  well  as  grass,  is  discountenanced  in  cherry  orchards,  but 
cultivated  truck  and  farm  crops  in  young  plantations,  or,  under  some  con- 
ditions, small  fruits,  are  looked  upon  as  permissible  and  often  pay  for 
the   keep    of   the   young   trees   until   they   come   into  profitable  bearing. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  85 

Cover-crops  are  in  common  vogue  in  cherry  orchards  m  New  York  and, 
since  with  this  fruit  they  can  be  sown  earHer  in  the  season,  are  used  to 
better  advantage  than  in  other  orchards  to  furnish  a  full  supply  of  humus 
and  to  provide  nitrogen.  Brown-rot,  an  annual  scourge  in  most  cherrj^ 
orchards,  takes  less  toll  from  trees  cultivated  and  cover-cropped,  these 
operations  covering  the  mummied  fruits  and  keeping  the  spores  they  carry 
from  coming  to  light  and  life. 

Cherry  growers  as  a  rule  are  not  now  using  fertihzers  for  their  crops. 
It  would  seem  that  this  is  not  doing  duty  by  the  land;  but  it  must  be 
remembered  that  the  cherry  grows  vigorously  and  that  over-feeding  may 
stimulate  the  growth  too  much,  laying  the  orchard  open  not  only  to  vmfruit- 
f Illness  but  to  winter  injury  of  bud  and  tree.  Among  those  who  use 
fertilizers  there  is  little  accord  as  to  what  fertilizing  compounds  are  best 
or  as  to  what  the  results  have  been.  There  is  common  agreement,  how- 
ever, that  Sour  Cherries  respond  more  generally  to  fertilizers  than  the 
Sweet  sorts.  Until  there  are  carefully  carried  out  fertilizer  experiments 
with  this  fruit  the  vexatious  problems  of  fertilization  cannot  be  solved. 
Nitrate  of  soda  seems  to  be  a  great  rejuvenator  in  orchards  laid  down  to 
grass.  Whatever  the  cause,  when  leaves  lack  color  and  hang  limp,  this 
fertilizer  is  a  sovereign  tonic.  Heavy  dressings  of  stable  manure  are  much 
used  in  grassed-over  orchards,  as  they  are,  also,  in  such  as  have  had  none 
or  but  scant  crops. 

THE    COMMERCIAL    STATUS   OF    CHERRY-GROWING   IN   NEW   YORK 

Cherry  growing  is  a  specialist's  business  in  which,  tmder  the  best 
of  conditions,  there  are  more  ups  and  downs  than  with  other  fruits. 
Because  of  the  great  profits  that  have  come  to  a  few  in  the  years  just  past 
many  growers  have  been  drawn  into  the  business  in  a  small  way  or  have 
planted  an  acreage  beyond  their  means  to  manage.  The  inevitable  depres- 
sion that  follows  over-planting  is,  at  this  writing,  at  hand  and  spells  ruin 
to  some  and  disgust  and  discouragement  in  the  industry  to  others. 
Perhaps  no  fruit  can  better  be  left  to  men  of  reserve  capital  than  the 
cherry,  and  even  with  men  of  substance  cherry-growing  should  largely 
be  incidental  to  the  culture  of  other  fruits  —  an  industry  to  fit  in  to  keep 
land,  labor  and  machinery  employed. 

Cherry  trees  begin  to  bear  in  the  climate  of  New  York  when  set  from 
three  to  five  years.  The  varieties  of  Primus  cerastes  first  produce  profit- 
able crops  but,  at  from  six  to  eight  years  from  setting,  both  Sweet  and 


86  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Sour  sorts  are  in  fixll  swing  as  money-making  crops.  The  limits  of  profit- 
able age  are  not  set  by  the  life  of  the  tree  but,  rather,  by  its  size.  Thus, 
cherry  trees  of  either  of  the  species  commonly  cultivated  are  not  infre- 
quently centenarians  but  the  profitable  age  of  an  orchard  is  not  often 
more  than  from  thirty  to  forty  years.  After  this  time  the  trees  become 
large  and  the  expense  of  caring  for  them  and  of  picking  the  fruit  becomes 
so  great  as  to  prevent  profits.  Moreover,  disease,  injuries  and  inevitable 
accidents  will  have  thinned  the  ranks  of  trees  until  the  orchard  is  below 
profit-making. 

Cherry-picking  begins  in  New  York  about  the  first  of  July,  following 
the  rush  in  harvesting  strawberries,  and  lasts,  if  the  orchard  contains  both 
Sweet  and  Sour  varieties,  from  four  to  six  weeks.  Workers  may  in  this 
way  fill  in  a  gap  between  small-fruits  and  other  tree-fruits  and  the  crop 
becomes  one  in  which  the  grower  may  often  take  small  profits  to  keep 
his  help  employed;  though,  in  the  long  run,  if  the  more  or  less  frequent 
depressions  can  be  weathered,  the  cherry  may  prove  as  profitable  as  other 
fruits. 

The  problem  of  labor  is  a  most  vexatious  one  under  present  conditions, 
it  being  impossible  to  obtain  casual  men  laborers  for  cherry-picking  and 
women  and  children  are  unsatisfactory,  since  the  fruit  must  be  carefully 
picked  or  both  cherries  and  trees  suffer.  The  problem  is  solved,  unsatis- 
factorily in  most  cases,  in  various  ways  by  different  growers.  Most  of 
the  crop  is  now  picked  by  children  in  the  teens  xtnder  the  eyes  of  men 
or  women  supervisors.  In  picking  for  the  market  the  stem  is  left  on 
and  only  the  stem  is  touched  by  the  fingers.  Cherries  for  canning 
factories  are  less  laboriously  picked.  The  picking  package  is  usually  an 
eight-pound  basket.  The  rate  paid  is  one  cent  per  pound.  Pickers  earn 
$1.50  to  $2.00  per  day  in  good  seasons.  Close  watch  is  kept  on  pickers 
to  prevent  the  breaking  off  of  fruit-spurs,  thereby  destroying  the  succeeding 
year's  crop,  varieties  fruiting  in  clusters  suffering  especially  from  careless- 
ness in  this  respect.     Cherries  are  picked  a  few  days  before  full  ripeness. 

Cherries  are  sent  to  canneries  in  various  packages  but  chiefly  in 
half-bushel  baskets  or  paper-lined  bushel  crates,  the  container  being  often 
supplied  by  the  cannery.  The  six-  and  eight-poimd  baskets  are  the  favored 
receptacles  for  Sour  Cherries  in  city  markets  but  the  Sweet  sorts  are  rather 
oftener  sent  in  four-pound  baskets  and  still  more  frequently  in  quart  boxes. 
In  the  larger  packages  not  much  effort  is  made  to  make  the  fruit  attractive 
but  in  the  smaller  ones,  stemless  and  bruised  cherries  are  thrown  out  and 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  87 

the  package  filled,  stem  down,  with  the  best  fruits.  In  fancy  grades  all 
of  the  fruit  in  the  box  is  layered.  The  demands  of  the  m.arket,  of  course, 
determine  the  package  and  the  manner  of  packing.  Cherries  are  seldom 
stored  longer  than  a  few  days  at  most  in  common  storage  and  a  week  or 
two  weeks  in  cold  storage. 

There  is  a  marked  difference  in  the  shipping  and  keeping  qualities 
of  varieties  of  cherries,  the  sorts  that  keep  longest  and  ship  best,  quite 
at  the  expense  of  quality,  having  the  call  of  the  markets.  Undoubtedly 
this  must  remain  so,  though  it  is  to  be  desired  that  local  markets,  at  least, 
be  supplied  with  the  best,  irrespective  of  handling  qualities.  A  further 
factor  that  prevents  the  placing  of  choicely  good  cherries  in  distant 
markets  at  all  times  is  brown-rot,  to  be  discussed  later,  which  more  often 
attacks  the  juicy  and  usually  the  best-flavored  varieties,  oftentimes  ruining 
the  pack  on  the  way  to  market  —  one  of  the  most  discoiaraging  events 
incidental  to  cherry-growing. 

Marketing  machinery  for  cherries  is  at  present  very  costly,  inadequate 
and  frequently  sadly  out  of  gear.  The  fruit  passes  first  from  the  grower 
to  a  local  buyer  who  ships  to  a  center  of  consumption,  transportation 
companies  taking  heavy  toll  on  the  way.  Jobbers  or  commission  com- 
panies, who  in  some  cases  receive  the  fruit  direct  from  the  grower,  then 
distribute  the  crop  to  retailers  in  the  consuming  centers.  Lastly,  the 
retailer  parcels  out  the  quantities  and  the  qualities  demanded  by  the 
housewife.  The  whole  business  of  selling  the  crop  is  speculative  and  the 
grower  is  fortunate  to  receive  half  of  what  the  consumer  pays  and  not 
infrequently  has  all  of  his  pains  for  nothing  or  may  even  be  forced  to 
dip  into  his  pocket  for  transportation.  The  perishableness  of  the  product 
and  the  present  defects  of  distribution  go  far  to  make  the  crop  the  hazard- 
ous one  it  is  but  all  look  forward  to  better  times  coming  under  an  unproved 
system  of  marketing. 

Up  to  the  present,  it  must  be  said,  but  little  effort  has  been  made 
in  New  York  to  ship  far  and  to  develop  a  trade  in  cherries  other  than  at 
the  canneries.  The  canners  have  until  the  last  year  or  two  taken  the 
cream  of  the  crop  but  with  recent  greatly  increased  plantings  are  now 
over- supplied.  The  average  grower,  possessing  a  mixture  of  mental  inertia 
and  business  caution,  has  not  sought  other  soixrces  for  the  surplus  fruit. 
Bolder  and  more  energetic  spirits  are  now  developing  new  markets  and 
opening  up  those  to  which  other  tree-fruits  more  generally  go  so  that  the 
present  over-production  may  prove  a  blessing  in  disguise.     The  greatly 


88  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

increased  demand,  for  Sour  Cherries  in  particular,  brought  about  by  the 
development  of  markets  in  19 13-14,  are  most  hopeful  signs  for  the  future 
of  the  cherry  industry. 

CHERRY   DISEASES 

Cherries,  without  preventive  or  remedial  intervention,  are  at  the  mercy 
of  two  or  three  fungus  diseases  and  sometimes  several  others  are  virulent, 
depending  upon  locality,  season,  weather  and  variety.  One  of  these 
diseases,  brown-rot,  in  spite  of  the  great  advances  in  plant  pathology  of 
recent  years,  is  almost  beyond  the  control  of  preventive  or  remedial 
measvires.     Happily,  all  the  others  yield  better  to  treatment. 

Brown-rot'  {Sclerotinia  friictigena  (Persoon)  Schroeter),  sometimes 
known  as  fruit-mold  or  ripe-rot,  very  frequently  attacks  flowers  and  shoots 
but  is  most  conspicuous  on  the  ripe  or  ripening  cherries  where  its  presence 
is  quickly  detected  by  a  dark  discoloration  of  the  skin  which  is  afterwards 
partly  or  wholly  covered  with  pustule-ltke  aggregations  of  gray  spores. 
The  decayed  fruits  usually  fall  to  the  ground  but  sometimes  hang  to  the 
tree,  becoming  shriveled  mummies,  each  mummy  being  a  storehouse  of 
fungus  threads  and  spores  from  which  infestation  spreads  to  the  next 
crop.  The  disease,  in  some  seasons,  like  a  withering  blight,  attacks  twigs, 
flowers  and  leaves  early  in  the  spring  doing  great  damage  to  the  young 
growth  and  often  wholly  preventing  the  setting  of  fruit.  The  rot  spreads 
with  surprising  rapidity  on  the  fruits  in  warm,  damp  weather  either  before 
the  fruit  is  picked  or  in  baskets  while  being  shipped  or  stored.  Preventive 
remedies  have  so  far  met  with  but  indifferent  success;  probably  the  best 
method  of  control  is  to  destroy  the  mtmimy-like  fruits  and  all  other  sources 
of  infection  either  by  picking  them  from  the  trees,  or  much  better  by 
plowing  them  under  deeply.  Varieties  of  cherries  show  various  degrees 
of  susceptibility  to  brown-rot.  All  Sweet  Cherries  are  more  subject  to 
the  disease  than  the  Sour  sorts.  But  with  either  of  the  two  species  there 
are  great  variations  in  the  susceptibility  of  the  varietal  hosts  —  a  matter 
specially  noted  in  a  later  chapter  in  the  discussion  of  varieties. 

Another  serious  disease  of  the  cherry,  and  probably  the  most  striking 
one  in  appearance,  is  the  black -knot-  (Plowrightia  morbosa  (Schweinitz) 
Saccardo),  characterized  by  wart-like  excrescences  on  shoots  and  branches. 


'Smith,  E.  F.  Peach  Rot  and  Peach  Blight,  Journ.  Myc.  5:123-134.  1889.  Quaintance,  A.  L. 
The  Brown  Rot,  etc.,  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  50:237-269,  figs.  1-9.     1900. 

^Farlow,  W.  G.  The  Black  Knot,  Bulletin  Bussey  Institution  440-453.  1876.  Halsted,  B.  D. 
Destroy  the  Black  Knot,  etc.,  N.  J.  Sta.  But.  78:1-14.     1891. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  89 

Black-knot  looks  more  like  the  work  of  an  insect  than  a  fungus  and  was 
long  supposed  to  be  such  even  by  those  who  were  studying  the  trouble. 
The  knots  begin  to  form  early  in  the  summer  and  are  of  characteristic 
color  and  texture  —  dark  green,  soft  and  velvety,  but  in  the  fall,  as  the 
fungus  ripens,  the  color  changes  to  coal-black  and  the  knots  become  hard 
and  more  or  less  brittle.  The  excrescences  usually  form  on  one  side  of 
a  twig  or  branch  so  that  death  seldom  follows  quickly.  The  disease  attacks 
both  wild  and  cultivated  plants  in  every  part  of  this  continent  where 
cherries  are  grown  but  is  epidemic  only  in  the  East,  the  cherry  regions 
of  the  West  being  practically  free  from  the  disease.  Up  to  the  present 
time  the  fungus  has  not  been  found  elsewhere  than  in  America.  Happily, 
black-knot  may  be  controlled  by  cutting  out  the  diseased  wood.  To 
completely  eradicate  the  fungus,  if  it  is  especially  virulent,  however,  the 
orchard  must  be  gone  over  several  times  during  a  season.  In  New  York 
the  removal  of  black-knot  is  ordered  by  law,  the  results  showing  that 
when  the  law  is  obeyed,  especially  if  there  be  hearty  co-operation  among 
growers,  eradication  is  usually  possible.  Sweet  Cherries  are  much  less 
attacked  by  black-knot  than  the  Sour  sorts  but  the  differences  in  immunity 
between  varieties  in  either  of  the  two  species  are  not  very  marked  —  at 
least  such  is  the  case  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  where  the  disease 
is  always  present  and  is  often  very  prevalent. 

Exoascus  cerasi  FuckeP  is  the  cause  of  a  very  striking  deformity  of 
the  cherry  in  Europe,  both  Primus  avium  and  Pruniis  cerasus  being 
attacked.  The  disease  has  been  reported  in  America  but  has  not  yet 
become  virulent.  The  fungus  attacks  the  branches,  causing  a  clustering 
of  the  twigs  in  the  form  of  a  broom,  giving  it  the  name  witches'  broom. 
The  leaves  on  the  diseased  twigs  usually  take  on  a  crinkled  shape  and  a 
reddish  color.  The  malady  may  be  readily  prevented  by  the  destruction 
of  affected  branches. 

In  common  with  other  species  of  Prunus  the  foliage  of  cherries  is 
attacked  by  several  fungi  which  produce  diseased  spots  on  the  leaves,  the 
dead  areas  usually  dropping  out  leaving  holes  as  if  punctured  by  shot. 
Thus  we  have  "  shot-hole  fungus,"  "  leaf -spot  "  and  "  leaf -blight  "  as 
effects  of  these  diseases.  Three  fungi  are  in  the  main  responsible  for  these 
leaf    troubles;   these   are    Cylindrosporium    padi   Karsten,^    Mycosphcsrella 

'  Duggar,  B.  M.     Fungous  Diseases  of  Plants  185,  fig.  68.     1909. 

''Higgins,   B.  B.     Contributions  to  the  Life  History  and  Physiology  of  Cylindrosporium  on  Stone 
Fruits,  Am.  Jour.  Bot.   1:145-173.     1914. 


90  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

cerasella  Aderhold  ^  and  Cercospora  circumscissa  -  Saccardo.  The  ravages  of 
these  fungi  are  prevented  by  the  proper  use  of  bordeaiix  mixture  and  lime 
and  sulphur,  remedies  which,  however,  must  be  used  with  some  care  to 
avoid  spray  injury.  With  these,  as  with  other  fungi,  cultivation  has 
a  salutary  effect  as  it  destroys  diseased  leaves  which  harbor  the  fungi 
during  their  resting  period. 

Cherry  leaves  are  often  covered  with  a  grayish  powder  which  in 
severe  cases  causes  them  to  curl  and  crinkle  and  sometimes  to  drop.  This 
powdery  substance  consists  of  the  spore-bearing  organs  of  a  mildew  ^ 
yPodosphcera  oxyacanthce  De  Bary).  Powdery  mildew  is  much  more 
common  on  nursery  stock  than  on  fruiting  trees  and  in  New  York  is  a 
serious  pest  on  young  cherry  trees.  In  the  nursery,  injury  may  be  pre- 
vented by  the  use  of  copper  sprays  or  lime  and  sulphur,  either  of  which 
is  also  an  efficient  preventive  in  the  orchard  but  the  mildew  is  seldom 
prevalent  enough  on  orchard  plants  to  require  treatment. 

Wherever  cherries  are  grown  in  either  the  niirsery  or  orchard,  crown 
gall^  (Bacterium  tumefaciens  Smith  and  Townsend)  has  obtained  a  footing. 
In  the  North  at  least,  it  seldom  greatly  injures  old  trees,  but  if  the  galls 
girdle  a  nursery  plant  serious  injury  results.  Therefore,  badly  infected 
young  trees  showing  galls  should  not  be  planted.  However,  but  little 
harm  is  liable  to  result  under  most  conditions.  When  infected  plants 
have  been  planted  it  has  been  found  that  galls  vary  greatly  in  duration, 
sometimes  disappearing  within  a  year  or  two  and  at  other  times  persisting 
indefinitely.  The  tumor-like  structures  are  usually  at  the  collar  of  the 
plant  and  vary  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  man's  fist,  forming  at 
maturity  rough,  knotty,  dark-colored  masses.  Neither  prevention  nor 
cure  has  been  discovered,  though  it  is  known  that  soils  may  be  inoculated 
with  the  disease  from  infected  stock  and  that,  therefore,  diseased  trees 
should  not  be  planted  in  soils  virgin  to  the  galls.  It  is  probable  that  there 
are  differences  in  the  susceptibility  of  Sweet  and  Sour  cherries  to  the 
fungus  and  that  the  varieties  of  the  two  species  vary  in  their  resistance 


'  Aderhold,  R.  Mycosphaerella  cerasella  n.  spec,  die  Perithecienform  von  Cercospora  cerasella  Sacc. 
und  ihre  Entwicldung,  Ber.  d.  deut.  hot.  Ges.  18:246-249.     1900. 

-  Duggar,  B.  M.  Fungous  Diseases  of  Plants  314.  1909.  Pierce,  N.  B.  A  Disease  of  Almond  Trees, 
Jour.  Myc.  T.(>(t-(>-j,  Pis.  11-14.     1892. 

^  Duggar,  B.  M.     Fungous  Diseases  oj  Plants  226.     1909. 

*  Smith,  E.  F.  and  Townsend,  C.  O.  A  Plant  Tumor  of  Bacterial  Origin,  Science  25:671-673.  1907. 
Toumey,  J.  W.  Cause  and  Nature  of  Crown  Gall,  Ariz.  Sta.  Bui.  33=  '-64,  figs.  1-31.  1900.  Hedgcock, 
G.  C.     Crown  Gall,  etc.,    U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bur.  PL  Ind.  Bui.  90:15-17,  Pis.  3-5.     1906. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  9I 

but  as  yet  no  one  seems  to  have  reported  on  the  differences  in  suscepti- 
bility of  cherries  to  the  disease. 

The  leaf-rust^  {Puccinia  pruni-spinosce  Persoon)  of  stone-fruits,  occur- 
ring rarely  on  the  fruit,  sometimes  attacks  cultivated  cherries  and  is  a  rather 
common  disease  of  the  wild  Pruniis  serotina.  This  rust  is  troublesome  only, 
however,  in  warm,  moist  climates.  It  is  most  apparent  in  the  fall  and  is 
easily  recognized  through  its  numerous  rust-colored  sori  on  the  underside 
of  the  leaves.  Defoliation  takes  place  in  severe  infestations.  Either  bor- 
deaux mixture  or  lime  and  sulphur  may  be  used  as  a  preventive. 

Old  cherry  trees  are  often  attacked  by  a  fleshy  fungus  or  "  toadstool  "- 
{Polyporus  sulphureus  (Bvdliard)  Fries).  This  fungus  is  said  to  be  world- 
wide in  its  distribution  and  to  occur  upon  a  large  variety  of  trees.  It  is 
very  striking  in  appearance,  the  clusters  appearing  during  late  summer 
or  early  autumn  in  large,  shelving  branches,  the  sporophores  fleshy  and  of 
cheese-like  consistency  when  young  but  becoming  hard  and  woody  with 
age.  At  first  the  "  toadstools  "  are  all  yellow  but  later  only  the  under 
surfaces  are  yellow  while  the  upper  surface  is  orange-red.  The  plants 
are  more  or  less  odoriferous,  the  odor  increasing  with  age.  Happily,  the 
fungus  is  not  very  virulent  but  is  often  the  cause  of  decay  in  the  tree-trunk — 
the  brown-rot  of  the  wood  of  this  and  other  orchard  and  forest  plants. 
In  localities  where  the  fungus  thrives  it  may  usually  be  controlled  by 
covering  all  wounds  with  tar  or  other  antiseptic  materials. 

At  least  two  other  fleshy  fungi  have  been  found  injuring  cherries. 
These  are  Clitocybe  parasitica  Wilcox^  and  Ar miliaria  mellea  Vahl.,*  the 
latter  the  honey  agaric,  more  or  less  abundant  in  both  Europe  and  America. 
Both  are  associated  with  and  are  probably  a  cause  of  the  root-rot  of  the 
cherry  and  other  orchard  fruits.  Neither  is  a  common  enough  pest  in 
this  country,  however,  to  receive  extensive  description  in  texts  on  diseases 
of  plants.  Control  measures  are  different  in  localities  where  fungi  occur, 
consisting  in  the  main  of  getting  rid  of  stumps  and  roots  in  orchard  lands 
and  planting  to  field  crops  before  using  for  orchard  purposes.  Infected 
trees  shoiild  be  removed  or  isolated  by  trenching  about  them. 

1  Scribner,  F.  L.     Leaf  Rust  of  the  Cherry,  etc.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Rpt.  353-355,  PI.  3.     1887. 

-  Atkinson,  Geo.  F.  Studies  of  Some  Shade  Tree  and  Timber  Destroying  Fungi,  Cor.  Agl.  Exp. 
Sta.  Bui.  193:208-214.  1901.  Schrenk,  H.  von.  Div.  Veg.  Phys.  and  Path.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agl.  25:40-52, 
Pis.  II  (in  part),  13.     1900. 

'Wilcox,  E.  M.  A  Rhizomorphic  Root-Rot  of  Fruit  Trees,  Okla.  .Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  49:1-32,  Pis. 
l-li.     1901. 

*  Duggar,  B.  M.     Fungous  Diseases  of  Plants  473.     1909. 


92  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

All  stone-fruits  suffer  more  or  less  from  an  excessive  flow  of  gum. 
The  name  gummosis^  is  generally  applied  to  these  troubles.  Gumming 
is  much  more  prevalent  in  the  far  West  than  in  the  East  but  is  to  be 
found  wherever  stone-frmts  are  grown.  This  excessive  gumming  is  a 
secondary  effect  of  injuries  caused  by  fungi,  bacteria,  insects,  frost,  sun- 
scald,  and  mechanical  agencies.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  difference  in  the 
susceptibilities  of  varieties  and  species  to  this  trouble,  the  Sweet  Cherry 
suffering  much  more  than  the  Sour  sorts  and  varieties  of  other  species 
having  hard  wood  suffering  less  than  those  having  softer  wood.  There  is 
less  gimimosis,  too,  on  trees  in  soils  favoring  the  matiuity  of  wood;  under 
conditions  where  sun  and  frost  are  not  injurious;  and,  obviously,  in 
orchards  where  by  good  care  the  primary  causes  of  the  diseases  are  kept 
out. 

A  number  of  diseases  of  the  trunk  arise  from  mechanical  injuries 
from  wind,  sun,  frost  and  hail.  Few,  indeed,  are  the  fruit-growers  whose 
trees  are  not  occasionally  damaged  in  one  way  or  another  in  the  vicissitudes 
of  a  trying  climate.  Very  often  these  mechanical  injuries  are  followed 
by  fungal  parasites  or  insects  so  as  to  make  it  difficult  to  distinguish  the 
primary  from  the  secondary  trouble.  There  is  a  wide  difference  in  the 
susceptibility  of  Prunns  avium  and  Prunus  cerasus  to  such  injuries,  the 
Sweet  Cherry,  with  its  softer  wood,  being  much  more  easily  injured  by 
any  and  all  stresses  of  weather  than  the  Soiu-  Cherry.  In  the  main  the 
elements  cannot  be  combated  but  low  heading  of  the  trees  is  a  preventive 
from  sunscald,  at  least,  and  sometimes  may  have  a  favorable  effect  in 
preventing  wind  and  frost  injuries. 

CHERRY   INSECTS 

Insects  troubling  cherries  are  numerous  but  hardly  as  destructive  as 
with  other  tree-fruits.  Entomologists  list  about  40  species  of  insects 
attacking  cherries  and  about  as  many  more  occasionally  attack  the  varie- 
ties of  one  or  the  other  of  the  two  cultivated  species.  The  majority  of 
these  pests  came  with  the  tree  from  its  habitat  over  the  sea  but  several 
have  come  from  the  wild  cherries  of  this  continent. 

Of  the  pests  peculiar  to  the  cherry  alone,  possibly  the  cherry  fruit 
maggot^  {Rhagoletis  cingidata  Loew)  is,  the  country  over,  as  troublesome 
as  any.     The  adtilt  insect  is  a  small  fly  with  barred  wings  which  lays  eggs 

'Hedrick,  U.  P.     Gumming  of  the  Prune  Tree,  Ore.  Sta.  Bui.  45:68-72.     1897. 
2  Slingerland,  M.  V.     Bui.  Cor.  Ag.  Ex.  Sta.  172:    1899. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  93 

under  the  skin  of  the  cherr>'  in  mid-summer.  From  these  eggs  small, 
whitish  maggots  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long  hatch  and  eat  out  a  cavity 
in  the  ripening  fruit.  These  maggots  when  full  grown  pupate  in  the  groimd 
and  remain  there  until  the  following  season.  The  only  effective  pre- 
ventive or  remedial  meastire  to  take  against  the  pest  in  large  orchards  is 
to  spray  with  a  sweetened  arsenical,  but  in  small  plantations  chickens  are 
fairly  effective  in  scratching  up  and  eating  the  pupating  maggots. 

The    cherry  fruit   maggot    is   probably  responsible  for  most   of  the 
"  wormy  "  cherries  in  New  York  but  the  plum  curcvilio  is  also  a  cause  of 
"  wormy  "  fruits  and  in  some  seasons  is  a  most  formidable  pest.     This 
curculio^  (Conotrachelus  nenuphar  Herbst)  is  a  rough,  grayish  snout-beetle 
somewhat  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  so  familiar  an  insect 
as  scarcely  to  need  further  description.     The  female  beetle  pierces  the 
skin  of  the  young  cherries  and  places  an  egg  in  the  puncture.     About 
this  cavity  she  gouges  out  a  crescent- shaped  trench,  this  cut  or  sting  being 
a  most  discoiu-aging   sign  to  the  cherry-grower,  for  he  well  knows  that 
from  the  eggs  come,  within  a  week  or  two,  white  and  footless  grubs  which 
burrow  to  the  stone  and  make   "  wormy  fruit."     Some  of  the  infested 
cherries  drop  but  many  remain  eventually  to  distract  the  housewife  and 
those  who  eat  cherries  out  of  hand.     Jarring  the  beetles  from  the  trees, 
a  method  employed  by  plum-growers,  is  quite  too  expensive  and  ineffective 
for  the  cherry-grower  and  poisoning  with  an  arsenate  is  the  only  practical 
means  of  combating  the  pest.     Rubbish  and  vegetation  offer  hiding  places 
for  the  insects  and,  therefore,  ciiltivated  orchards  are  freer  from  curculio 
than  those  laid  down  to  grass.     There  are  no  curculio-proof  cherries  but, 
as  with  plums,  the  thin-skinned  varieties  are  damaged  most  by  the  insect. 
The  grub  of  the  plum  curculio  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  cherry 
fruit  maggot.     This  "  worm  "  is  the  larva  of  a  beetle,  a  true  grub,  footless 
and  with  a  brownish,  homy  head  while  the  cherry  fruit  maggot,  the  larva 
of  a  two- winged  insect,  is  a  true  maggot  like  that  which  comes  from  the 
common  house-fly  and  hardly  to  be  distingmshed  from  the  apple  maggot. 
It  is  important  to  be  able  to  distinguish  in  wormy  cherries  the  grub  of 
the  curculio  from  the  cherry  fruit  maggot  in  order  to  know  and  understand 
the  nature  of  the  two  enemies  in  combating  them. 

Another  pest  of  this  fruit  is  the  cherry  leaf -beetle  (Galerucella  cavicollis 
Le  Conte)  the  larvae  of  which  sometimes  do  much  damage  to  cherry 
foliage.     The  adult  insect  is  an  oval,  reddish  beetle  about  one-fourth  of 

'RUey,  C.  V.     An.  Rpt.  State  Entom.  Mo.  1:50-56.     1869;  3:11-29.     1871. 


94  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

an  inch  long  with  black  legs  and  antennae.  Both  the  advilt  and  the  larvae 
feed  on  the  leaves  and  do  much  damage  if  abundant.  Usually  there  are 
two  broods,  the  insect  pupating  in  the  ground.  Fortimately  the  pest  is 
easily  controlled  with  the  arsenical  sprays. 

The  cherry  scale  {Aspidiotus  forbesi  Johnson)  is  commonly  found  on 
this  fruit  and  occasionally  on  others  as  well.  To  the  unaided  eye  it  is 
very  similar  to  the  well-known  San  Jose  scale,  differing  chiefly  in  being 
lighter  in  color.  The  remedy  is  the  same  as  for  the  San  Jose  scale,  which 
we  next  discuss. 

The  dreaded  San  Jose  scale'  {Aspidiotus  perniciosus  Comstock)  is 
rather  less  harmful  to  cherries  than  to  other  tree-fruits  and  yet  is  some- 
times a  serious  pest  on  Sweet  Cherries.  Sour  Cherries  are  almost  immune. 
The  insect  is  now  so  well  known  in  all  fruit-growing  regions  that  it  needs 
no  description.  It  is  usually  first  recognized  by  its  work,  evidence  of  its 
presence  being  dead  or  dying  twigs  —  oftentimes  the  whole  tree  is  mori- 
bund. Examination  shows  the  twigs  or  trees  to  be  covered  with  myriads 
of  minute  scales,  the  size  of  a  small  pin-head,  which  give  the  infested  bark 
a  scurfy,  ashy  look.  If  the  bark  be  cut  or  scraped  a  reddish  discoloration 
is  found.  Leaves  and  fruit  as  well  as  bark  are  infested,  the  insidious  pest, 
however,  usually  first  gaining  a  foothold  on  the  trunks  or  a  large  branch. 
Cherry-growers,  in  common  with  all  fruit-growers,  find  the  lime  and  sulphur 
solution  the  most  effective  spray  in  combating  this  insect. 

Several  other  scale  insects  feed  on  the  cherries  and,  now  and  then, 
become  pestiferous;  among  these  the  following  may  be  named:  The 
European  fruit  lecanium-  {Lecanium  corni  Bouche)  occasionally  does  a 
great  deal  of  damage  in  New  York  and  now  and  then  destroys  the  whole 
crop  in  an  orchard.  The  winter  treatment  for  San  Jose  scale  is  used  to 
control  this  pest,  but  usually  such  treatment  is  supplemented  by  a  summer 
spray  about  July  first  with  such  contact  sprays  as  whale  oil  soap  and 
kerosene  emulsion.  The  fruit  pulvinaria  {Pidvinaria  amygdali  Cockerell), 
the  mealy  bug  {Pseiidococcus  longispinus  Targioni),  the  scurfy  scale 
{Chionaspis  furfur  a  Fitch),  the  West  Indian  peach  scale  {Aulacaspis  pen- 
tagona  Targioni),  the  Putnam  scale  {Aspidiotus  ancyliis  Putnam),  the 
walnut  scale  {Aspidiotus  juglans-regios  Comstock),  Howard's  scale  {Aspid- 
iotus howardii  Cockerell),  the  Eviropean  fruit  scale  {Aspidiotus  ostreceformis 
Curtis),  the  red  scale  of  California  {Chrysomphalus  aurantii  Maskell),  the 

■  Marlatt,  C.  L.     The  vSan  Jos6  or  Chinese  Scale,    U.  S.  D.  A.  Bur.  Ent.  Bui.  62:1-89.     1906. 
2  Lowe,  v.  H.     The  New  York  Plum  Lecanium,   N.   V.  Sta.  Bui.  136:583.     1897. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  95 

oyster-shell  scale  (Lepidosa plies  ulmi  Linnaeus),  and  the  soft  scale  {Coccus 
hesperidum  Linnaeus),  are  all  more  or  less  common. 

Several  borers  occasionally  infest  cherry  trees  of  which  the  peach 
borer ^  {Sanninoidea  exitiosa  Say.)  is  the  most  troublesome.  Larvae  of  the 
peach  borer  are  frequently  found  in  both  Sweet  and  Sour  Cherries,  more 
particularly  in  Sweet  Cherries,  in  eastern  orchards.  Fortunately  this 
pest  is  not  as  rife  with  the  cherry  as  with  peaches  and  plums.  Its  work 
may  be  prevented  by  thorough  ciiltivation,  by  mounding  the  trees  and, 
according  to  some,  by  the  use  of  a  covering  of  tar  or  of  obnoxious  or 
poisonous  washes.  Usually  preventive  measvires  are  not  effective,  however, 
and  the  borer  must  be  destroyed  —  best  done  by  digging  it  out  with  a  knife 
and  wire.  Since  the  pest  is  easily  discovered  through  the  exudation  of 
gum  mixed  with  sawdust  or  excreta,  close  to  the  surface  or  just  beneath 
the  ground,  its  presence  can  be  detected  in  time  to  prevent  its  doing  much 
damage.  The  lesser  peach  borer  ^  (Sesia  pictipes  Grote  &  Robinson)  often 
attacks  old  or  weakened  cherry  trees,  working  in  the  growing  tissues  of 
the  trunk  anywhere  from  the  grotxnd  to  the  main  branches.  The  worm 
is  much  like  the  common  peach  borer,  known  by  aU,  but  is  smaller,  rarely 
reaching  the  length  of  four-fifths  of  an  inch  when  full  grown.  The  flat- 
headed  apple  tree  borer ^  (Chrysobothris  femorata  Fabricius)  is  a  common 
pest  in  wild  cherries  and  sometimes  seriously  attacks  the  cioltivated  species. 
It  is  treated  as  is  the  peach  borer. 

The  shot-hole  borer*  {Eccoptogaster  rugulosus  Ratzeburg),  though 
seldom  injuring  healthy  trees,  is  very  often  a  serious  menace  in  old  or 
decrepit  cherry  trees.  It  may  be  looked  upon,  however,  as  an  effect 
rather  than  a  cause.  The  peach  bark-beetle^  {Plilceotribus  liminaris 
Harris)  is  very  similar  in  its  work  to  the  shot-hole  borer  and  like  it  attacks 
only  diseased  and  decrepit  trees. 

All  cherry-growers  are  familiar  with  the  small,  dark  green,  slimy  slugs 
which  feed  on  the  surface  of  the  leaves  of  the  cherry,  possibly  more  com- 
mon on  the  foliage  of  pears,  eating  out  the  soft  tissues  and  leaving  but 
the  skeleton  of  the  leaf.  If  the  slugs  are  numerous  the  tree  may  be 
defoliated  or  if  the  leaves  remain  the  foliage  looks  as  if  scorched.  The 
adult   of  this    slug  is  a  sawfiy  (Caliroa  (Eriocampoides)  cerasi  Linnaeus) 

'  Beutenmuller,  W.     Sesiidae  of  America,  etc.  266-271.     igoi. 

-  Ibid.  2gi-2g2.     1901. 

'Riley,  C.  V.     An.  Rpt.  State  Entoml.  Mo.  1:46-47.      1869. 

'Lowe,  V.  H.      N.   Y.  Sta.  Bui.  180:122-128.     1900. 

*Wason,  W.  F.     The  Peach-tree  Bark-beetle,    U.  S.  D.  A.  Bur.  Ent.  Bui.  ftilfii-ioi.     1909. 


96  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

which  lays  its  eggs  within  the  tissue  of  the  leaves.  Despite  the  fact  that 
it  is  easily  destroyed  by  any  of  the  arsenical  sprays  or  by  dusting  with 
lime  this  slug  everywhere  does  much  damage  to  cherries. 

Wild  cherries  suffer  severely  from  the  tent  caterpillar'  {Malacosoma 
americana  Fabricius)  and  occasionally  cultivated  trees  are  attacked.  The 
arsenical  sprays  are  fatal  to  the  pest.  The  spring  canker-worm^  {Palea- 
crita  vernata  Peck)  and  the  fall  canker-worm^  {Alsophila  pometaria  Harris), 
the  white-marked  tussock  moth  (Hemerocampa  leiicostigma  Smith  and 
Abbot),  the  rusty  tussock  moth  {Hemerocampa  antiqua  Linnaeus),  and 
the  definite-marked  tussock  moth  {Hemerocampa  definita  Packard)  are  all 
occasional  cherry  pests  and  all  succvunb  to  poisonous  sprays.  The  two 
now  notorious  European  pests  recently  introduced  into  America,  gypsy 
moth  {Porthetria  dispar  Linnaeus)  and  the  browntail  moth  {Euproctis 
chrysorrhcea  Linnaeus) ,  attack  cherry  trees  in  common  with  other  deciduous 
trees  and  may  often  do  considerable  damage.  Sometimes,  but  not  often, 
the  buds  of  the  cherry  are  attacked  by  the  bud-moth  {Spilonota  { Tmetocera) 
ocellana  Schiffermiiller) ,  the  caterpillars  of  which  bind  the  young  leaves 
together  as  they  expand  so  that  small,  dead,  brown  clusters  of  foliage 
are  to  be  seen  here  and  there  where  the  pests  are  at  work.  Spraying  with 
arsenicals  is  effective  if  done  just  as  the  buds  begin  to  open. 

In  sandy  soils  the  cherry  is  sometimes  attacked  by  hordes  of  the 
common  rose-chafer  {Macrodactylus  subspinosus  Fabricius),  leaves,  flowers 
and  even  the  fruit  sioffering  from  the  pest.  It  is  a  difficult  insect  to  con- 
trol but  a  spray  of  arsenate  of  lead  with  molasses  is  fairly  effective.  It  is 
important  to  know  that  the  insect  does  not  often  breed  in  ground  kept 
in  clean  cultivation. 


'  Lowe,  V.  H.     The  Apple-tree  Tent  Caterpillar,  N.  Y.  Sta.  Bui.  152:279-293.     1898. 
'Riley,  C.  v.     An.  Rpt.  State  Etitom.  Mo.  2:g^-iOi.     1870. 
'Ibid.  7:83-90.     1875. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  97 

CHAPTER    IV 

LEADING  VARIETIES  OF  CHERRIES 

ABBESSE  D'OIGNEES 

Prunus  avium  X  Primus  cerasus 

I.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:182.  1866.  2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:161,  162  fig.  1877.  3.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  276,  277.  1884.  4.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  329.  1888.  5.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:284. 
1903.     6.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:62  fig.  1907.     7.    N.   Y.  Sta.  Bui.  385:307,  308,  PI.  1914. 

Abbesse  d'Oignies  has  so  many  good  characters  that  it  is  well  worth 
trying  commercially  wherever  cherries  are  grown  in  the  United  States. 
Ctiriously  enough,  it  seems  so  far  to  have  been  tried  only  in  the  Middle 
West,  Professor  Budd  having  introduced  it  in  Iowa  from  Russia  in  1883. 
In  the  unfavorable  soil  and  climatic  conditions  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  Abbesse  d'Oignies  grows  as  well  as  any  cherry  of  its  class,  if  we 
may  judge  from  the  accounts  of  it.  We  do  not  know  of  its  having  been 
tried  elsewhere  in  the  East  than  on  oiir  grounds  and  here  we  find  it,  in 
competition  with  practically  all  of  the  varieties  of  its  class,  one  of  the 
best  of  the  Dukes.  At  this  Station  it  does  so  well  that  we  described  it, 
in  the  reference  given,  as  one  of  the  noteworthy  fruits  in  our  collection. 
The  trees  are  large,  vigorous,  hardy,  fruitful  and  very  free  from  fungus 
diseases.  The  cherries  are  large,  dark  red,  of  most  excellent  qtiality, 
combining  the  flavor  of  the  Dukes  with  a  firmer  and  yet  tenderer  flesh 
than  the  Montmorency.  The  high  quality,  handsome  appearance  and 
good  shipping  qualities  of  the  fruit,  combined  with  the  splendid  characters 
of  the  tree,  ought  to  make  Abbesse  d'Oignies  a  very  good  commercial 
variety. 

This  cherry  probably  originated  in  Belgium  about  the  middle  of  the 
Nineteenth  Centiu-y.  At  least  it  was  first  listed  in  Belgian  nursery  cata- 
logs in  1854.  It  is  now  a  greater  or  less  favorite  wherever  cherries  are 
grown  in  the  Old  World,  Professor  Budd  having  found  it,  as  we  have  said, 
in  1883,  in  Russia  and  immediately  transported  it  to  America. 

Tree  characteristically  large  and  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  round-topped  but  with 
drooping  branchlets,  hardy,  productive;  trunk  stocky,  with  shaggy  bark;  branches  thick, 
smooth,  ash-gray  over  reddish-brown,  with  many  lenticels;  branchlets  short,  with  short 
intemodes,  brownish,  roughened  by  transverse  wrinkles  and  by  numerous  conspicuous, 
small,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  five  and  one-half  inches  long,  folded  upward, 
7 


98  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

obovate,  thick;  upper  surface  glossy,  dark  green;  lower  surface  light  green,  slightly  pubes- 
cent, distinctly  ribbed  by  the  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  acute;  margin  with 
small,  black  glands,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate;  petiole  one  and  one-quarter  inches  long, 
thick,  lightly  tinged  with  red,  grooved,  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  reddish-orange 
glands. 

Buds  rather  long,  pointed,  free,  arranged  often  in  elongated  clusters  at  the  ends  of 
long  spurs;  leaf -scars  very  prominent;  season  of  bloom  mediiun,  averaging  five  days  in 
length;  flowers  white,  one  and  tliree-sixteenths  inches  across;  borne  in  dense  clusters  at 
the  ends  of  long  spurs  or  spur-like  branches,  well  distributed,  varying  from  one  to  three; 
pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  reddish,  campanulate,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  tinged  red,  long,  narrow,  somewhat  acuminate,  glabrous  within  and  without, 
reflexed;  petals  roundish-oval,  entire,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  broad,  shallow  notch  at  the 
apex;  filaments  one-quarter  inch  long;  pistU  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  late ;  three-fourths  inch  long,  seven-eighths  inch  thick,  roundish-oblate,  slightly 
compressed;  cavity  of  medium  depth,  wide,  regiilar;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish,  slightly 
depressed;  color  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  light  russet,  conspicuous;  stem  slender, 
one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough;  flesh  yellowish- white,  with 
colorless  juice,  slightly  stringy,  tender  and  soft,  sprightly  subacid;  of  very  good  quality; 
stone  free,  about  three-eighths  inch  in  diameter,  roundish,  turgid,  slightly  pointed,  with 
smooth  surfaces;  ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 

ARCH  DUKE 

Prunus  avium  X  Prunus  ccrasus 

I.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  571.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  20$.  1676.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:1^5.  1832. 
4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  189,  190.  1845.  5.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  97,  98.  1846.  6.  Mag. 
Hort.  13:398  fig.  1847.  7.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  203.  1854.  8.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  135.  1867.  9.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  12.     1871.     lo.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  278,  279.     1884. 

Griotte  de  Portugal,  u.  Duhamel  Trail.  Arb.  Fr.  1:190,  191,  PI.  XIII.  1768.  12.  Leroy  Did. 
Pom.  5:297,  298  fig.     1877. 

Portugiesischer  Griotlier  Weichselbaum.     13.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  i:6.  Tab.  16  fig.  I.     1792. 

Herzogskirsche.  14.  Christ  Handb.  670.  1797.  15.  Christ  Worlerb.  282.  1802.  16.  Truchsess- 
Heim  Kirschensort.  371-376.     1819. 

Portugiesische  Griotte.     17.  Christ  Handb.  674.      1797. 

Cerise  Royale  de  Hollande.     18.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige.  1:81,  PI.     1853. 

Cerise  de  Portugal.     19.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:148  fig.  37,  i  49,  150.     1866. 

Parkinson,  nearly  three  hundred  years  ago,  thought  the  Arch  Dtike 
"one  of  the  fairest  and  best  of  cherries."  It  is  now,  however,  quite  sur- 
passed by  several  others  of  the  Dukes.  The  concensus  of  opinion  of  those 
who  have  known  the  true  fruit  of  this  name  is  that  either  May  Duke  or 
Late  Duke  is  better.  We  give  it  prominence  only  because  of  its  worthy 
past  and  that  it  may  be  better  distinguished  from  May  Dtike  with  which 
it  is  often  confused.  As  compared  with  the  last-named  variety  it  is  two 
weeks  later;  the  tree  is  more  vigorous  but  not  as  productive ;  and  the  branches 


ABBESSE  d'OIGNIES 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  99 

are  larger,  more  divergent  and  more  pendulous.     The  cherries  are  not  as 
well  flavored  but  are  larger  and  have  a  shorter  stalk. 

This  old  English  variety  was  first  mentioned  by  Parkinson  in  Paradisus 
Terrestris,  1629.  For  many  years  previous  to  the  middle  of  the  last  century 
the  true  Arch  Duke  cherry  was  very  scarce  and  was  often  confused  with 
other  varieties,  some  writers  asserting  that  it  was  the  May  Duke;  others, 
the  Late  Duke.  In  1847,  however,  the  true  Arch  Duke  cherry  was  dis- 
covered in  the  nurseries  of  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England, 
having  been  grown  there,  according  to  Mr.  Rivers,  by  his  ancestors  for 
nearly  a  century.  It  was  then  found  that  the  fruit  was  quite  unlike  that 
of  either  May  Duke  or  Late  Dioke,  though  the  habit  of  the  tree  was  similar. 
It  is  not  known  when  Arch  Duke  was  introduced  into  America  but  the 
American  Pomological  Society  placed  it  upon  its  fruit  list  in  1871. 

Tree  medium  in  size,  vigorous,  somewhat  upright,  hardy,  productive;  trvmk  stocky, 
smooth;  branches  slender,  long,  smooth,  reddish-browTi,  marked  with  considerable  scarf- 
skin,  with  numerous,  rather  large  lenticels;  branchlets  of  medivim  length,  curved,  with 
short  intemodes,  brown  mottled  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  few  small,  slightly 
raised,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  about  two  inches  wide,  three  inches  long,  folded  upward,  short- 
oval  to  obovate,  of  mediimi  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green;  lower  surface  light  green, 
ver\'  slightly  pubescent;  apex  acutely  pointed;  margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular; 
petiole  one  inch  long,  tinged  with  dull  red,  slender,  with  one  or  two,  rarely  three  small, 
globose,  brownish  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  small,  short,  conical,  plimip,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  or  in  clusters 
of  variable  size;  leaf -scars  rather  prominent;  season  of  bloom  medium;  flowers  white,  one 
and  one-sixteenth  inches  across ;  borne  in  clusters  of  twos  and  threes ;  pedicels  three-fourths 
inch  long,  rather  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  caljTC-tube  with  a  faint  tinge  of  red,  obconic, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  of  medium  length  and  breadth,  acute,  serrate, 
glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  nearly  sessile,  the  apex 
entire  or  with  a  shallow,  wide  notch;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-sixteenths  inch 
long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  diameter,  obtuse-cordate, 
slightly  compressed,  flattened  at  the  extremities;  ca\'ity  of  medium  depth,  narrow,  some- 
what obtuse;  suture  distinct;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  light  red  becoming  dark 
red  or  almost  black  at  full  matvuity;  dots  numerous,  of  medium  size,  russet,  rather  incon- 
spicuous; stem  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  rather  stout  at  its  point  of  insertion 
in  the  fruit,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  moderately  thick;  flesh  light  to  dark  red,  firm, 
crisp,  slightly  astringent  at  first,  becoming  a  very  pleasant  subacid  at  full  maturity,  juicy, 
good  to  very  good  in  quality;  stone  semi-clinging,  seven-sLxteenths  inch  long,  three-eighths 
inch  wide,  oval,  compressed,  with  smooth  surfaces. 


lOO  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

BALDWIN 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Kan.  Horl.  Soc.  Rpt.  23:81.  1898.  2.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Cherry,  The,  15,  16,  PI.  1900.  3.  la.  Sta. 
Bui.  73:63.     1903.     4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Baldwin  is  supposed  to  have  grown  from  a  sprout  of  a  stock  on  which 
Early  Richmond  had  been  budded  on  the  farm  of  S.  J.  Baldwin,  Seneca, 
Kansas.  The  Early  Richmond  bud  was  in  some  manner  broken  off  and 
the  sprout,  springing  from  the  stock,  was  allowed  to  grow  and  first  fruited 
in  1 89 1.  On  the  grounds  of  this  Station  Baldwin  trees  which  came  fairly 
direct  from  the  originator  ttimed  out  to  be  Olivet.  The  published 
descriptions  that  can  be  found  are  so  scant  and  fragmentary  that  we  cannot 
make  out  whether  the  variety  is  really  distinct  or,  as  in  the  case  of  our 
trees,  is  Olivet  renamed.  The  variety  has  been  rather  widely  disseminated 
in  the  Middle  West  but  has  not  shown  much  merit  either  for  home  or  for 
commercial  orchards  in  the  rather  lengthy  probationary  period  it  has  had 
in  the  East.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added  Baldwin  to  its 
fruit  list  in  1909.     The  description  we  give  is  a  compilation. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  round-topped;  leaves  large,  broad;  flowers  white,  changing 
to  pink. 

Fruit  ripens  early;  usually  borne  in  pairs;  large,  round;  stem  of  medium  length,  rather 
thick;  color  very  dark  red,  yet  almost  transparent;  flavor  slightly  add,  yet  considered 
one  of  the  sweetest  and  richest  of  the  Morello  class. 

BAUMANN  MAY 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  l68  fig.  60.  1845.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.  1862.  3.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  279.     1884. 

Frtihe  Maiherzkirsche.  4.  Kraft  Pom.  Ausl.  1:1,  Tab.  i.  1792.  5.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort. 
140,  141,  142.     1819.     6.  ///.  Handb.  49  fig.,  50.     i860.     7.  Mathieu  Nam.  Pom.  348,  349.     1889. 

Siisse  Maiherzkirsche.     8.  Christ  Handb.  662.     1797. 

May  Bigarreau.  9.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  234.  1841.  10.  Mag.  Hort.  7:288.  1841.  11.  Cultivator 
N.  S.  4:280  fig.  I.     1847.     12.  Hovey  Fr.  Am.  1:55,  56,  PI.     1851. 

Guigne  Precoce  de  Mai.  13.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:54  fig.  2,  55,  56.  1866.  14.  Mas  Pom.  Gen. 
11:51,  52,  fig.  26.     1882. 

Bigarreau  Baumann.     15.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:176  fig.,  177.     1877. 

Guigne  de  Mai.     16.  Soc.   Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  102  fig.,  103.     1904. 

Baumann  May  is  an  early  Sweet  Cherry  which  at  one  time  held  high 
place  among  its  kind  but  a  century  of  ctilture  proved  that  it  had  little 
value  except  for  extreme  earliness  and  it  is  now  but  sparingly  or  not  at 
all  grown  either  in  America  or  abroad.     If  the  variety  could  be  obtained  it 


ARCH   DUKE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 01 

might  be  worth  growing  for  breeding  work  because  of  its  earliness  and 
great  productiveness.  At  one  time  this  variety  was  rather  largely  grown 
in  central  and  western  New  York  and  specimens  of  it  must  yet  remain  in 
this  region. 

From  the  latter  part  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  when  we  first  find 
an  account  of  this  variety  in  Kraft's  Pomona  Austriaca,  to  the  last  of  the 
Nineteenth,  writers  have  described  Baumann  May  under  many  different 
names.  From  all  accounts  it  originated  toward  the  latter  part  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  in  Germany.  From  Germany  it  was  introduced  into 
Alsace  where  F.  J.  Baumann,  a  nurserj^man  at  BoUweiler,  grew  it  in  his 
nursery  tmder  the  name  Bigarreau  Baumann  and  disseminated  it  through- 
out the  French  provinces.  The  cherry  was  received  in  x\merica,  with 
several  others,  by  Colonel  M.  P.  Wilder  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  from 
Messrs.  Baumann,  about  the  year  1838.  The  American  Pomological 
Society  listed  the  variety,  in  1862,  in  its  fruit  catalog  as  Bauman's  May 
but  dropped  it  again  in  1871.     The  following  description  is  a  compilation: 

Tree  vigorous,  somewhat  spreading,  regular  in  form,  compact,  very  productive; 
branches  stock\-,  nearly  horizontal  but  often  curved  downward;  branchlets  with  short 
intemodes,  reddish-brown  nearly  covered  with  silver-gray  scarf-skin;  leaves  medium  to 
large,  dark  green,  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  and  deeply  serrate;  petiole  rather  short,  with 
two  large,  renifonn  glands  near  the  base  of  the  leaf;  buds  large,  ovate;  flowers  of  medium 
size,  opening  verj'  early. 

Fruit  matures  very  early;  medium  to  rather  small,  ovate-cordate,  angular,  irregular 
in  outline;  color  dark  red  becoming  nearly  black  when  fully  ripe;  stem  one  and  three- 
quarters  inches  long,  rather  thick;  flesh  purpUsh-red,  with  abundant  juice,  soft  and  tender, 
sweet,  well  flavored;  of  good  quality;  stone  meditim  in  size,  roundish-ovate. 

BESSARABIAN 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  la.  Agr.  Col.  Bui.  53.  1885.  2.  la.  Sla.  Bui.  2:38.  1888.  3.  Ibid.  19:549.  1892.  4.  Can. 
Exp.  Farm  Bui.  17:6.  1892.  5.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  244.  1894.  6.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  39,  40. 
1895.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  17.  1897.  8.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:122,  123  fig.  8,  124.  1900.  9.  Wash. 
Sta.  Bid.  92:12.     1910. 

By  general  consent  Bessarabian  has  a  place  in  home  orchards  in  the 
colder  parts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Great  Plains.  It  is  very 
hardy  and  is  said  to  thrive  even  under  neglect  —  standing  as  much  abuse 
as  a  forest  tree.  As  compared  with  standard  commercial  cherries  of  the 
East  the  fruit  is  distinctly  inferior  in  size  and  quahty,  being  hardly  fit  to 
eat  out  of  hand,  and  is  sour  and  astringent  even  when  cooked.  The  trees, 
though  hardy  and  healthy,  are  dwarfish  and  not  productive  because  of  the 


102  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

smallness  of  the  cherries.  It  is  an  early  cherry  but  the  fruit  hangs  long. 
The  variety  is  said  to  root  well  from  cuttings,  which,  if  true,  might  make 
it  worth  while  trying  as  a  stock.  Bessarabian  is  a  variant  of  English 
Morello,  the  fruit  of  which  sort  greatly  excels  it  wherever  the  trees  can 
be  equally  well  grown. 

This  variety  was  brought  to  America  from  Russia  about  1883,  by 
Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Ames,  Iowa,  who  believed  it  to  belong  to  a  race 
of  cherries  originally  found  in  central  Asia. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright,  becoming  somewhat  spreading,  compact,  healthy, 
unproductive,  very  hardy;  branches  somewhat  drooping,  long,  slender;  leaves  abundant, 
medium  to  small,  oval,  coarsely  serrate,  dark  green,  broad,  flat;  glands  few,  usually  on 
the  stalk  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Fruit  matures  medium  early,  remaining  on  the  tree  a  long  time  in  good  condition; 
medium  in  size,  roundish-oblate  to  cordate,  irregular,  bright  red  becoming  dark  red; 
stem  long,  varying  from  one  and  three-fourths  to  two  inches  in  length,  slender,  curved; 
skin  tender;  flesh  light  to  dark  red,  with  abundant  colored  juice,  variable  in  firmness, 
sprightly  sub-acid  becoming  milder  when  fully  ripe;  fair  in  quality;  stone  variable  in 
size,  roundish-oval,  semi-clinging. 

BIGARREAU  PfeLISSIER 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  92  fig.,  93.     1904.     2.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  30  fig.     1906. 
P  elissiers  Knorpelkirsche.     3.   Proskauer  Obstsort.  57.     1907. 

This  variety  originated  in  France  as  a  chance  seedling  about  1883  and 
fruited  first  in  189 1.  It  was  introduced  a  few  years  later  by  M.  Auguste 
Pelissier,  a  nurseryman  at  Chateau-Renard,  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France. 
Although  not  yet  well  established  even  in  France,  this  cherry  is  considered 
promising  for  market,  because  of  its  firm  flesh,  handsome  appearance, 
high  quality  and  good  tree-characters.  It  is  included  among  the  major 
varieties  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  that  the  attention  of  American 
cherry-growers  may  be  called  to  it.  As  yet  it  seems  not  to  have  been  tried 
in  this  country.     The  following  description  is  compiled: 

Tree  upright,  vigorous,  very  productive;  branches  rather  long,  large,  bearing  large, 
oval  leaves;  flowers  large,  semi-open;  blooming  season  early. 

Fruit  matures  from  early  June  to  the  last  of  June;  large  or  very  large,  obtuse-cordate, 
slightly  depressed  at  the  apex,  with  a  shallow  yet  distinct  suture;  stem  short,  thick;  skin 
rather  thick,  firm,  yellowish  almost  entirely  overspread  with  vivid  red  which  becomes 
darker  at  maturity  but  often  showing  streaks  of  clear  red;  flesh  fine-grained,  firm,  juicy, 
red  with  streaks  of  white,  sweet,  aromatic;  quality  good  to  very  good;  stone  of  medium 
size,  oval,  with  a  pronounced  suture. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  IO3 

BING 

Prunus  avium 

I.  U.  S.  D.A.  Rpt.  262,  PI.  4  fig.  a.  1892.  2.  Wash.  Bd.  Horl.  Rpl.  126,  128.  1893.  3.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  24.  1899.  4.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  112.  1900.  5.  Ibid.  26.  1904.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.  192.  1907.  7.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  187.  1908.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1909.  9.  Wash.  Sta. 
Bui.  92:23.     1910. 

Bing  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  several  very  good  cherries  from  the  Pacific 
Northwest.  But  few  Sweet  Cherries  equal  it  in  size  and  attractiveness 
and  none  surpass  it  in  quality,  so  that  it  may  be  said  to  be  as  good  as  any 
of  the  dessert  cherries.  It  is,  too,  a  very  good  shipping  fruit,  ranking  with 
the  best  of  the  Bigarreaus,  to  which  group  it  belongs,  as  a  cherry  for  distant 
markets.  Another  quality  commending  the  variety  is  that  it  hangs  well  on 
the  trees  and  the  crop  ripens  at  one  time  so  that  the  harvest  consists  of  but 
one  picking.  While  many  cherry-growers  speak  well  of  the  trees,  unfortu- 
nately we  cannot  do  so  from  their  behavior  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station. 
They  have  not  been  as  vigorous,  as  healthy  or  as  productive  as  cherry  trees 
should  be  in  a  commercial  variety  of  first  rank.  The  cause,  however,  may 
be  in  the  location  rather  than  in  the  variety,  for  in  an  orchard  but  a  few 
miles  distant  Bing  does  much  better  than  on  these  grounds.  The  variety, 
though  comparatively  new,  is  no  longer  on  probation.  It  has  a  niche  in 
the  cherry  flora  of  the  country,  deserving  a  place  in  the  collection  of  every 
amateur  by  virtue  of  its  splendid  fruit.  When  it  is  happy  in  soil  and 
climate,  Bing  is  bound  to  be  one  of  the  leading  commercial  cherries. 

Seth  Lewelling  of  Milwaukee,  Oregon,  the  originator  of  several  of  our 
finest  cherries,  grew  Bing  from  the  seed  of  Republican  in  1875.  The  variety 
was  named  after  a  Chinese  workman.  In  1899  the  American  Pomological 
Society  placed  the  variety  on  its  fruit  list. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  erect  becoming  upright-spreading,  rather  open,  productive; 
trunk  and  branches  thick,  smooth;  branches  brownish  with  numerous,  small  lenticels; 
branchlets  thick,  long,  with  long  intemodes,  greenish-brown,  smooth,  pubescent,  with 
small,  raised,  conspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  abimdant,  large,  folded  upward,  ovate  to  obovate  of  medium  thickness; 
upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly- 
pointed,  or  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  slightly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  long,  pubescent, 
thickish,  tinged  red,  with  from  one  to  three  large,  reniform,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season  or  later;  very  large,  one  inch  in  diameter,  broadly  cor- 
date, somewhat  compressed,  slightly  angular;  cavity  deep,  of  medium  width,  abrupt, 
regular;  sutvire  a  dark  line;  apex  roundish  or  slightly  depressed;  color  very  dark  red, 


I04  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

almost  black;  dots  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  variable  in  thickness,  one  and  one- 
fourth  inches  long;  skin  of  medium  tliickness,  tough,  adherent  to  the  pulp;  flesh  purpUsh- 
red  with  dark  purple  juice,  rather  coarse,  firm,  very  meaty,  brittle,  sweet ;  of  very  good 
quality;  stone  semi-free,  large,  ovate  to  oval,  blunt,  with  smooth  surfaces. 

BLACK  GUIGNE 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:112.     1832. 
Scheur-Kers.     2.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:36,  43.     1771. 
Friche  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     3.  Christ  Worterb.  274.     1802. 
Cuigne  Bigattdelle.     4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:113.     1832. 

Coburger  Maiherzkirsche.  S-  ^U-  Handb.  51  fig.,  52.  i860.  6.  Oberdieck  Obst-Sort.  377.  1881. 
7.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  HI:  No.  i,  PI.     1882. 

Guigne  Noire  Commune.     8.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:328,  329  fig.,  330.     1877. 
Noire  Hative  de  Cobourg.     9.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:123,  124,  fig.  62.     1882. 

There  is  much  confusion  in  the  history  of  this  old  cherry.  It 
undoubtedly  originated  in  France  and  in  that  part  of  the  country  later  con- 
quered by  the  Germans,  though  Mas,  in  his  Pomologie  Generate,  mentioned 
it  as  probably  of  German  origin.  In  the  time  of  Louis  XIII  this  variety 
was  known  as  the  Guigne  Noire  Commune  and  was  cultivated  quite 
extensively  in  France  and  northern  Italy.  It  was  esteemed  both  for  its 
earliness  and  its  fine  quality  and  was  known  as  Guigne  Guindoulle  by  the 
peasants  of  central  France  and  by  the  Tuscans  in  Italy  as  Corbini  because 
of  the  color  of  its  skin.  Black  Guigne,  Black  Heart,  and  Early  Purple, 
which,  while  similar  in  many  characters,  are  entirely  distinct,  have  been 
badly  confused  by  both  French  and  German  writers  and  it  is  only  with 
the  greatest  difficulty  that  the  three  can  be  separated.  While  this  cherry 
was  formerly  considered  of  worth  in  Continental  Europe,  it  is  scarcely 
recognized  there  now  and  was  probably  never  brought  to  America.  The 
following  description  is  compiled  from  Eiu-opean  fnxit-books  : 

Tree  very  large,  rotind-topped,  spreading,  irregular  in  outline,  productive;  branches 
long,  large,  straight,  brownish,  mottled  with  gray  scarf-skin;  intemodes  long  and  unequal; 
leaves  large,  oval  or  oblong,  aciuninate;  margin  irregularly  serrate;  petiole  long,  slender, 
with  large  glands;  blooming  season  late;  flowers  small. 

Fruit  matures  the  last  of  Jime  to  the  middle  of  July,  usually  attached  in  pairs  but 
sometimes  in  threes;  medium  to  large  in  size,  obtuse-cordate;  color  bright  reddish-black 
changing  to  deep  purple;  suture  indistinct;  stem  slender,  inserted  in  a  deep,  broad  cavity; 
skin  thin,  tender;  flesh  dark  purple,  with  abundant  colored  juice,  half -tender,  somewhat 
stringy,  sweet  yet  sprightly,  pleasantly  flavored;  quality  good;  stone  small,  oval. 


BING 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  IO5 

BLACK  HAWK 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Horticulturist  6:360,  361  fig.     1851.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  45,  235.     1854.     3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
190  fig.     1854.     4.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  258,  270,  271.     1857.     $.    V.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  382.     1875. 
Epervier  Noir.     6.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:41,  42,  fig.  21.     1882. 

Despite  the  fact  that  Black  Hawk  was  lauded  by  the  horticultvirists 
in  the  middle  of  the  last  century  as  one  of  the  best  of  all  black  Sweet 
Cherries,  it  is  now  almost  unknown.  According  to  the  older  pomologists 
it  was  imsurpassed  for  eating  out  of  hand  but  was  only  mediocre  in  all  other 
characters  of  either  fruit  or  tree.  In  particular  it  was  surpassed  in  many 
ways  by  the  better-known  Eagle  which  fills  about  the  same  place  in  cherry 
ciolture.  The  variety  was  very  popular  in  southern  Ohio  about  Cincinnati 
where  many  trees  may  still  be  found  and  where  it  is  still  more  or  less  planted. 
Possibly  because  of  the  excellent  quality  of  the  fruit,  the  amateur  might 
well  try  a  tree  or  two.     The  description  is  compiled. 

Black  Hawk  originated  with  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  sometime  previous  to  1845.  It  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  many  seed- 
lings fruited  by  him.  The  American  Pomological  Society  in  1854  named 
this  sort  as  one  of  the  promising  new  fruits  and  it  still  remains  on  the  fruit- 
list  of  this  organization. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  round- topped,  resembling  Yellow  Spanish  in  habit, 
productive,  healthy;  branches  stout,  smooth,  dark  reddish-brown,  straight;  branchlets 
slender,  with  short  intemodes. 

Leaves  large,  folded  upward,  obovate,  rather  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green;  lower 
surface  pale  green;  apex  abruptly  pointed;  margin  coarsely  and  deeply  serrate;  petiole 
short,  stout,  bright  red,  with  two  or  more  orange-red,  reniform  glands. 

Buds  of  medium  size,  rather  short,  free;  flowers  small  or  mediiun  in  size;  pedicels 
long,  very  slender;  calyx-lobes  straight,  finely  serrate,  obtuse;  petals  roundish,  broadly 
and  deeply  notched  at  the  tip. 

Fruit  matures  about  the  middle  of  Jime,  a  few  days  later  than  Black  Tartarian; 
medium  to  large,  obtuse-cordate,  surface  uneven,  sides  compressed;  cavity  deep,  broad, 
abrupt,  nearly  regular;  color  glossy,  dark  purplish-black  changing  to  almost  black  at  com- 
plete maturit}^;  stem  usually  thick  but  often  variable,  of  mediimi  length;  skin  thick, 
adhering  to  the  pulp;  flesh  purplish-black,  tender,  with  abimdant  colored  jtiice,  aromatic, 
well  flavored,  sweet;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  of  medium  size,  with  uneven  surfaces. 

BLACK  HEART 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Rea  Flora  205.  1676.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:115.  1832.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  169  fig. 
1845.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  195.  1854.  5.  Thompson  Gard.  Ass'l  526.  1859.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  74.     1862. 


I06  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Guignier  a  Fruit  Noir.     7.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:158,  159,  160,  PI.  I  fig.  I.     1768. 
Friihe  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     8.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort.  116-119.     1819.     9.  Mathieu    Nom. 
Pom.  340,  349.     1889. 

Guigne  Noire  Ancienne.     10.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:66  fig.  7,  67,  68.     1866. 
Bigarreau  Noir  d'Espagne.     II.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:223  fig.,  224.     1877. 

Although  one  of  the  oldest  cherries  under  cultivation,  Black  Heart  is 
still  largely  grown  the  world  over.  Prince,  in  1832,  said  that  it  was  more 
widely  cultivated  in  the  United  States  than  any  other  variety  and  Downing, 
in  1845,  said  Black  Heart  was  then  better  known  than  any  other  cherry 
in  the  country.  While  neither  of  these  two  statements  would  hold  for 
Black  Heart  now,  it  having  long  since  passed  its  heyday  of  popularity,  it 
is  still,  because  of  the  fruitfulness  of  the  tree  and  the  high  quality  and 
beauty  of  the  fruit,  a  variety  of  much  merit.  Black  Heart  fails  in  the 
commercial  fruit  growing  of  nowadays,  as  compared  with  the  cherry  culture 
of  the  fruit  connoisseurs  of  a  generation  ago,  because  it  does  not  meet 
market  demands,  failing  to  do  so  through  two  defects:  it  does  not  ship 
well  and  when  brown-rot  is  rife  it  quickly  succumbs  to  this  fvmgus.  It  is, 
too,  now  difficult  to  obtain  the  variety  true  to  name,  the  trees  at  this  Sta- 
tion, as  an  example,  in  several  attempts,  turning  out  tmtrue,  which  forces 
the  use  of  a  compiled  description  in  this  text. 

This  cherry  was  mentioned  by  John  Rea  in  1676  but  there  can  be  no 
doubt  but  that  it  originated  many  years  previous  to  this  date.  Probably 
it  is  the  cherry  mentioned  by  Robert  Dodonee,  a  naturalist  of  Malines, 
Belgium,  in  1552.  When  or  by  whom  it  was  introduced  to  America  is  not 
known  but  it  was  being  grown  here  very  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 
and  ever  since  has  been  considered  a  valuable  variety  for  general  planting. 
Nearly  every  nurseryman  throughout  the  United  States  lists  Black  Heart, 
a  fact  attesting  its  popularity.  The  American  Pomological  Society  placed 
Black  Heart  on  its  catalog  of  fruits  in  1862,  a  place  which  it  has  since 
retained. 

Tree  large,  very  vigorous,  tall,  wide-spreading,  productive;  branches  stout,  brownish, 
mingled  with  yellow,  mottled  with  gray  scarf-skin;  lenticels  nvunerous,  small. 

Leaves  very  large,  oblong,  waved,  aciuninate,  nearly  flat;  upper  surface  dark  green; 
margin  deeply  and  coarsely  serrate;  petiole  of  mediiam  length,  lightly  tinged  with  red, 
with  greenish  glands. 

Buds  large,  oval,  pointed;  season  of  bloom  early  or  verj'  early;  flowers  medium  in 
size;  petals  roundish,  imbricated. 

Fruit  matures  early,  season  long;  large,  obtuse-cordate,  somewhat  compressed;  cavity 
broad;  suture  deep;  surface  somewhat  irregular;  color  dark  purple  becoming  black;  stem 
one  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  slender;  skin  slightly  shrivelled;  flesh  dark  red,  firm 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  10/ 

to  very  firm  becoming  tender  at  full  maturity,  with  abundant  colored  juice,  sweet;  good 
in  quality;  stone  large,  roimdish-ovate;  dorsal  suture  deep. 

BLACK  TARTARIAN 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirscliensort.  130-132.     1819.     2.  Pom.  Mag.  1:44,  PI.     1828.    3.  Land.  Horl. 

Soc.  Cat.  55.     1831.     4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:113,  ii4-     1832.  5-  Proc.   Nat.  Con.  Fr.  Gr.  52.     1848. 

6.  Dochnahl   Fuhr.  Obstkunde   3:21.      1858.     7.  ///.  Handb.  61  fig.,  62.      i860.     8.  Leroy  Diet.   Pom. 

5:228,  229  fig.,  230.  1877.  9.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  377,  378.  1889.  10.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  37. 
1906. 

Ronald's  Large  Black  Heart.     11.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  42,  43.     1803. 

Guigne  Noire  a  Gros  Fruit.     12.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  36.  1906. 

Tartarian.     13.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Black  Tartarian  is  probably  the  favorite  dooryard  and  roadside  Sweet 
Cherry  in  New  York  and  ranks  second  or  third  among  commercial  cherries 
in  the  State,  as  it  probably  does  for  the  whole  region  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  known  by  all  who  grow  or  eat  cherries.  The  preeminently  meritorious 
characters  which  give  it  so  high  a  place  in  cherry  cultttre  are:  first,  and 
most  important,  the  elasticity  of  its  constitution  whereby  it  adapts  itself 
to  widely  different  soils  and  climates;  second,  the  fniitfulness,  healthfulness 
and  robustness  of  the  trees  which  also  bear  regularly,  live  to  an  old  age 
and  grow  to  a  prodigious  size,  oftentimes  attaining  a  diameter  of  two  feet; 
third,  this  variety  is  comparatively  free  from  the  worst  of  cherry  diseases, 
brown-rot;  lastly,  the  cherries,  though  not  as  large  as  some  similar  sorts, 
are  tempting  to  the  eye  through  their  rotund  form  and  glossy  black  color 
and  are  a  delight  to  the  palate,  the  handsome  purplish-red  flesh  being  firm 
and  crisp,  yet  juicy,  with  a  sweet,  rich  flavor  which  all  agree  gives  the  quality 
the  rank  of  "very  good  to  best."  It  is  a  virile  variety  and  from  it  have 
come  several  promising  seedlings  and  it  is  one  of  the  parents  of  a  number 
of  cross-bred  cherries.  Black  Tartarian  is  earlier  than  most  of  the  Sweet 
Cherries  with  which  it  must  compete  —  under  most  conditions  a  help  in 
marketing.  Unfortunately  it  is  a  little  too  soft  to  handle  well  in  harvesting 
and  marketing  or  to  hold  its  shape  as  a  canned  product.  Its  small  size 
is  also  against  it  for  the  canner's  trade.  The  several  defects  noted  prevent 
Black  Tartarian  from  taking  first  rank  in  commercial  orchards  but  for  the 
home  plantation  it  is  one  of  the  best. 

Black  Tartarian  came  originally  from  Russia.  It  was  introduced  into 
England  in  1794  from  Circassia,  by  Hugh  Ronalds  of  Brentford,  Middlesex, 
as  Ronald's  Large  Black  Heart.  Two  years  later,  John  Fraser  introduced 
a  variety,  a  native  of  Crimea,  which  he  purchased  in  St.  Petersburg,  as 


I08  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Fraser's  Black  Tartarian.  This  turned  out  to  be  the  same  as  the  cherry 
from  Circassia.  Some  go  farther  back  and  say  that  Black  Tartarian  was 
carried  to  Russia  from  Spain,  thence  to  England.  It  owes  its  introduction 
into  this  country  to  William  Prince  of  Flushing,  Long  Island,  probably 
in  the  early  part  of  the  Nineteenth  Century.  It  was  recognized  in  1848 
and  placed  on  the  schedule  of  fruits  at  the  National  Convention  of  Fruit 
Growers  which  later  became  the  present  American  Pomological  Society. 
The  variety  still  retains  a  place  among  the  recommended  cherries  but 
under  the  name  Tartarian.  The  variety  quickly  became  popular  in  America, 
finding  a  place  in  every  orchard  and  in  the  lists  of  all  nurserymen.  Some 
nurserymen  claim  to  have  superior  strains  of  the  old  variety;  as,  Green's 
Tartarian  and  Black  Tartarian  Improved.  Comparisons  show  no  dif- 
ferences. Black  Russian,  listed  by  some  firms,  is  probably  Black  Tar- 
tarian as  it  is  used  many  times  as  a  synonym  by  foreign  writers. 

Tree  characteristically  large,  vigorous,  upright,  vasiform,  productive;  trunk  of  medium 
thickness,  smooth;  branches  smooth,  reddish-brown,  sUghtly  overspread  with  ash-gray, 
with  large  lenticels;  branchlets  rather  long,  brown  almost  entirely  overspread  with  ash- 
gray,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  inconspicuous,  slightly  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  five  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded 
upward,  obovate  to  elliptical,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface  light 
green,  slightly  pubsecent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  varies  from  serrate  to  crenate; 
petiole  two  inches  long,  thick,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  few  hairs,  with  from  one  to  three 
reniform,  reddish  glands  of  medium  size  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  pointed  or  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds,  or  in  small 
clusters  on  spiu-s  of  variable  length;  leaf -scars  very  prominent;  season  of  bloom  medium; 
flowers  white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across,  borne  in  scattering  well-distributed  clusters 
in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- tube  faintly 
tinged  with  red,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  long,  broad, 
obtuse,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  with  short,  blunt 
claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  nearly  one-half  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than 
the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  early;  less  than  one  inch  in  diameter,  cordate,  compre'ssed;  cavity 
intermediate  in  depth  and  width,  flaring;  suture  indistinct;  apex  pointed  and  slightly 
depressed;  color  purplish-black;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  obscure;  stem  slender,  one 
and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  separating  readily  from  the 
pulp;  flesh  purplish-red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  firm,  meaty,  crisp,  pleasant  flavored, 
mild,  sweet;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  free,  ovate,  slightly  flattened  and  oblique,  with 
smooth  surfaces. 

BLEEDING  HEART 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Rea  Flora  205.  1676.  2.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  42.  1803.  3.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card. 
104.     1846.     4.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  215.     1854. 


>^g^^HH|^, 


BLACK  TARTARIAN 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  IO9 

Gascoigne.    5.  Parkinson    Par.    Ter.   571,   572.     1629.     6.  Gerarde   Herball   1504.     1636.     7.  Hogg 
Fruit  Man.  298.     1884. 

Red  Heart.     8.  Rea  Flora  206.     1676.     9.  Brookshaw  Hort.  Reposit.  2:183,  PI-  9^  fig-  I-     1823. 
Blutherzkirsche.     10.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  224,  225,  226.     1819. 
Gascoigne's  Heart.     11.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  174.     1845. 
Blutrothe  Molkenkirsche.     12.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:29.     1858. 
Guigne  Rouge  Hative.     13.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:338  fig.,  339.     1877. 

Bleeding  Heart  goes  back  almost  as  far  as  the  history  of  cultivated 
cherries.  It  is  only  of  historical  interest  now  and  this  chiefly  because  it 
has  been  the  parent  of  many  sorts  of  present  worth.  According  to  the  old 
writers  it  took  highest  rank  in  the  cherry  lists  of  a  century  and  more  ago 
by  virtue  of  its  high  quality  and  handsome  appearance,  the  name  being 
indicative  of  color  and  form.  So  far  as  can  be  made  out  at  this  late  date 
the  variety  has  been  grown  but  little  or  not  at  all  in  America,  the  description 
here  given  coming  from  old  pomologies. 

This,  like  the  preceding  sort,  is  a  cherry  of  several  names,  having  been 
mentioned  first  by  Parkinson  in  1629  as  the  Gascoign  Cherry.  In  England 
three  different  names  have  been  applied  to  this  variety,  Gascoigne,  Red 
Heart  and  Bleeding  Heart.  At  least  there  seems  to  be  little  doubt  that 
the  Bleeding  Heart  and  Red  Heart  listed  by  John  Rea  in  1676  were  the 
Gascoign  of  Parkinson  and  Gerarde. 

Tree  of  largest  size,  very  vigorous,  not  very  productive;  branches  numerous,  large, 
long,  diverging,  brownish-red,  mottled  with  gray  scarf-skin;  leaves  very  large,  oblong, 
actm:iinate;  margin  crenate;  petiole  thick,  long,  reddish,  wdth  well-developed  glands;  bloom- 
ing season  early. 

Fruit  matures  the  latter  half  of  July;  usually  in  pairs,  large,  elongated  heart-shaped, 
with  pointed  apex;  color  bright  red  changing  to  dark  red,  somewhat  mottled;  stem  two 
inches  long,  slender;  flesh  reddish,  rather  tender  although  firm,  with  abundant  juice,  highly 
flavored,  sweetish;  good  in  quality;  stone  large,  oblong. 

BOURGUEIL 

Prunus  cerasus 

Cerise  de  Bourgueil.     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:205.     1866. 

Montmorency  de  Bourgueil.     2.  Mas  Le   Verger  8:123,  124,  fig.  60.     1866-73.     3.  Leroy  Diet.   Pom. 

5:364.  365  fig-  1877- 

Bourgueil  is  a  variant  form  of  Montmorency  hardly  differing  enough 
in  fruit  from  Large  Montmorency  to  be  distinguished  from  it  and  yet 
since  it  seems  to  be  more  productive  than  the  last-named  sort  it  is  possibly 
worth  adding  to  the  cherry  flora  of  the  country.  The  variety,  it  must  be 
remembered,  is  still  on  probation,  but  if  trees  true  to  name  can  be  obtained 


no  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

it  is  worth  planting  in  small  numbers  where  growers  want  a  cherry  of  the 
Montmorency  type. 

This  variety  was  found  by  a  Doctor  Bretonneau  about  1844  in  Bour- 
gueil,  Indre-et-Loire,  France.  It  is  known  by  the  name  of  the  finder  as 
well  as  that  of  the  locality  in  which  it  originated  and  through  having  the 
same  place  of  origin  is  often  confused  with  Cerise  Rouge  Pale.  The  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  received  this  variety  in  1905  from  Fer- 
dinand Jamin,  Boxirg-la-Reine,  Seine,  France,  and  in  turn  forwarded  it  to 
this  Station  where  it  has  been  fruiting  for  the  past  few  seasons.  Nursery- 
men do  not  as  yet  offer  it  for  sale  and  it  is  doubtful  if  it  is  known  in  more 
than  a  few  places  in  America. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  vasiform,  productive;  branches  slender,  smooth, 
reddish-brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  numerous  lenticels;  branchlets  slender, 
long,  brown,  with  some  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  numerous  inconspicuous,  raised   lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  four  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  folded  upward,  obovate  to  ovate, 
thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  Ught  green,  pubescent  along  the 
veins;  apex  and  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  doubly  crenate;  petiole  one  inch  long, 
thick,  with  a  dull  tinge  of  red,  pubescent,  with  none  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose, 
yellow  or  brownish  glands  on  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  smaU,  short,  variable  in  shape,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds 
and  on  short  sptors  in  clusters  variable  in  size;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  late; 
flowers  white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  scattering,  well-distributed 
clusters,  usually  in  threes;  pedicels  short,  one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  faintly  tinged  with  red,  campantdate,  glabrous ;  calyx-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  broad, 
serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  crinkled,  roundish,  entire,  sessile, 
with  apex  entire;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens 
in  length. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  three-fourths  inch  long,  one  inch  wide,  nearly  oblate, 
somewhat  compressed;  cavity  deep,  wide,  mediimi  flaring,  regular;  sutiu-e  indistinct; 
apex  roundish  to  flattened;  color  bright  red;  dots  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  stout, 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  tender,  free;  flesh  yellowish- 
white  with  colorless  juice,  tender  and  melting,  sprightly,  sour;  of  good  quality;  stone  free, 
large,  roundish-ovate,  pointed,  with  smooth  svirfaces,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  prominent 
ventral  suture. 

BRUSSELER  BRAUNE 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Christ  Handb.  676.  1797.  2.  Christ  Worterb.  288.  1802.  3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort. 
533-536.  1819.  4.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:63,  64.  1858.  5.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  333,  341- 
1889.     6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.     1899.     7.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:124,  125,  fig.  8.     1900. 

Briisselsche  Bruyn.     8.  Kninitz  Enc.  75,  76.     1790. 

Zweite  Grosser  Herzkirschweichsel.     g.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:9,  Tab.  22  fig.  i.     1792. 

Ratafia.     10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  309,  310.     1884. 


• 


BOURGUEIL 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  111 

From  the  standpoint  of  commercial  cherry  cultiire,  Brusseler  Braune 
has  little  value.  The  trees  are  uncertain  in  bearing;  the  cherries  are  small, 
sour,  and  astringent;  and,  worse  than  the  faults  named,  the  crop  ripens 
very  unevenly.  It  is  of  the  English  Morello  type  but  in  New  York,  at 
least,  is  far  inferior  to  this  well-known  sort.  Brusseler  Braune  has  been 
much  advertised  for  cold  climates  but  there  are  many  better  cherries  that 
stand  cold  nearly  or  quite  as  well  and  are  better  in  both  tree  and  fruit 
characters  and,  in  particular,  that  will  not  vex  the  souls  of  growers  by  ripen- 
ing so  unevenly.  The  variety  has  two  marked  peculiarities :  the  leaves  on  the 
two-year-old  wood  are  very  small  and  the  fruit-stems  bear  a  small  leaflet 
at  their  base.  These  leaflets  on  the  fruit-stem  would  have  to  be  removed 
in  marketing  the  crop  —  another  serious  defect. 

No  doubt  Brusseler  Braune  originated  in  Holland  but  there  is  nothing 
definite  as  to  the  time  though  Truchsess,  a  German,  writes  of  having 
received  it  in  1785  as  Briisselsche  Bruyn.  The  synonyms  of  this  variety 
are  more  or  less  confused  with  those  of  English  Morello.  This  cherry  was 
brought  to  America  in  1883  by  the  late  J.  L.  Budd  with  several  other 
varieties.  In  the  collection  of  trees  sent  out  from  the  original  importation, 
of  which  this  was  one,  or  from  trees  budded  from  them,  were  Griotte  du 
Nord,  Large  Long  Late,  Shadow  Amarelle,  Lutovka,  George  Glass,  Orel 
No.  27,  or  Gibb,  and  Bessarabian.  Unfortunately  the  varieties  were  badly 
mixed  and  much  confusion  has  residted.  It  is  not  impossible  that  the 
first  three  are  synonyms  but  the  Lutovka,  George  Glass,  Bessarabian  and 
possibly  the  Gibb  are  distinct  varieties.  In  1895,  this  Station  recommended 
a  new  cherry  for  trial  for  home  and  market  and  distributed  buds  throughout 
the  state  under  the  name  Lutovka.  Later  it  was  found  that  an  error  had 
been  made  regarding  the  trees  sent  us  as  Lutovka,  they  being  the  Brusse- 
ler Braune.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added  Brusseler  Braune 
to  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1899  but  dropped  it  in  1909. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  vigorous,  upright-spreading  but  with  drooping  branchlets, 
dense,  rovmd-topped,  unproductive;  trunk  and  branches  smooth,  stout;  branches  brownish, 
overspread  with  ash-gray,  with  nimierous  small  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  with  short 
intemodes,  nearly  covered  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  small,  lightly  raised, 
inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  three-fotuths  inches  wide,  folded 
upward,  obovate,  thick,  grooved  along  the  midrib;  upper  surface  very  dark,  dull  green; 
lower  surface  light  green,  pubescent;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  acute;  margin  finely  and 
doubly  serrate;  petiole  one  and  one-eighth  inches  long,  tinged  with  dull,  dark  red,  grooved 
along  the  upper  surface,  with  from  one  to  ioux  small,  globose,  yellowish-green  glands. 


112  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Buds  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  as  lateral  buds  and  in  clusters  on  scattering, 
short  spurs;  leaf-scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers  one  inch  across,  white; 
borne  in  scattering  clusters  in  threes  and  fours;  pedicels  one  and  one-eighth  inches  long, 
slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- tube  furrowed,  tinted  with  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx- 
lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals 
oval  to  obovate,  entire,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  shallow,  wide  notch  at  the  apex;  filaments 
one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  very  late;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  although  variable  in  size, 
roundish-cordate,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  of  medium  depth,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture 
very  shallow,  indistinct;  apex  roundish,  with  a  small  depression  at  the  center;  color  light 
red  changing  to  dark  red  as  the  season  advances;  dots  ntunerous,  small,  dark  russet, 
inconspicuous;  stem  two  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  with  small  leaflets  at  the  base, 
strongly  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separates  readily  from  the  pulp;  flesh 
dark  red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  tender  and  melting,  somev/hat  astringent,  sour;  of  fair 
quality;  stone  nearly  free  when  fully  mature,  fif teen-thirty-seconds  inch  long,  roundish- 
oval,  rather  plump,  blunt-pointed;  surfaces  smooth;  ventral  suture  slightly  enlarged  near 
the  base. 

BUNTE  AMARELLE 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  652-655.  1819.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  330.  1885.  3.  la.  Sta. 
Bui.  2:40.     1888.     4.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:272.     1903. 

So  far  Bunte  Amarelle  has  found  a  place  only  in  the  trying  cherry 
climate  of  Iowa  and  neighboring  States.  It  is  not  attractive  enough  in 
appearance,  good  enough  in  quality,  or  certain  and  fruitful  enough  in  bear- 
ing to  compete  with  other  Amarelles,  to  which  group  this  variety  belongs. 
Its  saving  grace  is  extreme  hardiness  of  tree,  though  vigor  and  health  help 
make  it  somewhat  desirable  in  cold,  prairie  regions  of  the  Mid- West  where 
cherry  growing  is  more  or  less  precarious.  There  has  been  much  uncer- 
tainty as  to  the  true  variety  and  we  have  had  to  discard  the  trees  on  the 
Station  grounds  and  compile  a  description. 

This  variety  probably  originated  in  Germany  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
Eighteenth  Centtiry.  Truchsess,  a  German,  in  1819,  called  the  cherry 
Bunte  Amarelle  because  of  its  variegated  color  before  full  maturity.  The 
variety  was  introduced  from  Poland  to  America  sometime  previous  to  1885 
and  has  usually  gone  tinder  the  name  of  Amarelle  Bunte.  From  all  accoionts 
Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Ames,  Iowa,  the  authority  on  these  hardy  cherries 
during  his  time,  had  two  different  cherries  under  the  name  Amarelle  Bunte; 
for  in  his  report  at  the  Iowa  Horticultural  Society  in  1885,  he  mentioned 
a  variety  under  that  name  as  being  a  large,  dark  purple  and  nearly  sweet 
sort  which  cotild  not  have  been  the  true  Bunte  Amarelle  of  Truchsess. 


* 


BRUSSELER   BRAUNE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  II3 

Budd  and  Hansen  in  1903  described  a  variety  which  agrees  very  closely 
with  the  true  variety  of  Truchsess  which  we  herewith  describe. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  hardy;  foHage  large,  coarse. 

Fruit  matvires  the  second  week  in  June;  medium  to  large,  roundish,  flattened  at  the 
base;  cavity  variable  in  depth;  suture  shallow,  indistinct;  apex  depressed;  color  yellow 
overspread  with  light  red;  stem  green,  straight,  rather  slender,  one  and  one-half  to  two 
inches  long;  flesh  slightly  colored,  juicy,  firm  but  tender,  pleasantly  subacid;  very  good 
in  quality;  stone  variable  in  size,  broad. 

CALIFORNIA  ADVANCE 

Primus  avium 

I.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  289,  292.     1889.     2.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:25.     1910. 
Advance.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  130.     1897. 
Ulatis.     4.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  177:32.     1899. 

California  Advance  is  a  Sweet  Cherry,  one  of  the  "  Hearts  "  of  common 
parlance,  distinguished  and  worth  growing  only  because  it  is  extra  early, 
though  when  fully  ripe  it  is  of  very  good  quality.  It  is  usually  described 
as  a  cherry  of  "  large  size  "  but  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  the  cherries 
run  small,  as  they  are  occasionally  reported  elsewhere  to  do,  suggesting 
that  the  variety  requires  good  care  and  a  choice  cherry  soil  for  a  finely 
finished  product.  On  these  grounds  the  variety  seems  to  be  preeminently 
free  from  fungus  diseases  but  the  robin  and  other  birds  take  greater  toll 
from  it  than  from  almost  any  other  cherry,  beginning  their  harvest  long 
before  the  fruit  is  fit  for  human  fare.  California  Advance  might  well  be 
planted  in  a  small  way  for  a  local  market  in  New  York,  or  a  tree  or  two 
for  home  use,  but  it  has  no  place  in  large  numbers  in  this  State. 

California  Advance  came  from  a  seed  of  Early  Ptirple  sown  by  W.  H. 
Chapman  of  Napa,  California,  the  seedling  being  saved  because  the  cherries 
were  larger  and  ripened  earlier  than  those  of  its  parent.  It  has  sometimes 
been  confused  with  the  Chapman  cherry,  of  somewhat  similar  character- 
istics, which  also  originated  in  Napa,  but  the  two  are  quite  distinct. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense,  productive;  trunk  and  branches  stout, 
smooth;  branchlets  of  medium  thickness,  brownish-bronze  partly  covered  with  ash-gray, 
glabrous;  leaves  nimierous,  five  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide, 
long-obovate  to  elliptical,  thin,  medium  green,  slightly  rugose;  margin  serrate,  glandular; 
petiole  nearly  two  inches  long,  slender,  tinged  with  red,  pubescent  along  the  upper  side 
and  with  a  shallow  groove,  with  from  two  to  four  large,  reniform,  reddish  glands,  usually 
on  the  stalk;  buds  large,  obtuse  or  pointed,  plump,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  or  in 
clusters  of  variable  size  on  numerous  short  spvirs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom 
early;  flowers  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across;  pistil  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 


114  "^HE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Fruit  ripens  very  early,  season  averaging  eleven  days;  about  three-fourths  inch  in 
diameter,  roundish-cordate,  compressed;  color  purplish-black;  stem  of  medium  thickness, 
often  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separates  from 
the  pulp;  flesh  reddish,  with  dark  red  juice,  meaty,  tender,  mild,  sweet;  of  very  good  quality; 
stone  semi-cUnging,  three-eighths  inch  by  eleven-thirty-seconds  inch  in  size,  roundish- 
oval,  compressed,  oblique,  with  smooth  surfaces. 

CARNATION 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Rea  Flora  205.  1676.  2.  Langley  Pomona  86,  PL  16  fig.  3.  1729.  3.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees 
42.  1803.  4.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  251.  1817.  5.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:138,  139.  1832.  6.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  194  fig.  83.  1845.  7.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  529.  1859.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74. 
1862.     9.  MasXe  Verger  8:91,  92,  fig.  44.     1866-73.     io-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  289.     1884. 

Cerise  d' Orange.     11.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:36,  41.     1 77 1. 

Rothe  Oranienkirsche.  I2.' Krunitz  £mc.  55,  56.  1790.  13.  Truchsess-Heim  iC/wcAensor/.  456-463- 
1 819.     14.  ///.  Handb.  175  fig.,  176.     i860. 

Carnation  is  a  conspicuous  cherry  because  of  its  beautiful  color  —  red, 
a  little  variegated  with  white  or  yellow,  hence  the  name.  It  is  one  of  the 
Amarelles,  similar  to  Montmorency  except  in  color  in  which  character  it 
is  more  pleasing  than  the  better-known  sort.  The  stone  separates  from 
the  pulp  very  readily  leaving  the  fiesh  unusually  bright  and  clean.  Because 
of  their  sprightly  refreshing  flavor,  the  cherries  are  pleasing  to  the  palate, 
as  well  as  attractive  to  the  eye.  Unfortunately  the  trees  are  but 
moderately  vigorous  and  fruitful  and  these  qualities  count  so  heavily 
against  it  as  a  commercial  cherry  that  Carnation  cannot  be  more  than 
a  fruit  for  amateurs  unless  imder  exceptional  conditions.  For  a  home 
plantation,  however,  it  would  be  hard  to  name  a  better  cherry  of  its  kind. 

Carnation  is  another  of  the  choicely  good,  old  cherries,  being  first 
mentioned  by  John  Rea  in  1676  and  later  by  Langley  in  1729.  Having 
been  cviltivated  for  so  long  and  disseminated  among  so  many  growers  who 
kept  meagre  records  in  early  days,  this  sort  became  badly  confused  with 
other  varieties,  especially  with  the  "  Cerisier  a  gros  fruit  rouge-pale,"  men- 
tioned by  Duhamel  in  1768.  How  old  the  variety  truly  is  or  where  it 
originated  cannot  be  said.  Carnation  seems  to  have  been  first  mentioned 
in  America  by  William  Coxe  in  181 7  and  a  few  years  later  it  was  growing 
on  the  grovmds  of  William  Prince,  Flushing,  New  York.  Since  that  time 
it  has  been  quite  widely  disseminated  throughout  the  United  States  but  is 
grown  less  extensively  now  than  formerly.  The  American  Pomological 
Society,  in  1862,  placed  Carnation  on  its  list  of  recommended  fruits  where 
it  still  holds  a  place. 


## 


CARNATION 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 15 

Tree  medium  in  size,  spreading,  becoming  drooping,  not  very  productive;  trunk  inter- 
mediate in  thickness;  branches  reddish-brown  overspread  with  ash-gray,  with  niunerous 
lenticels  variable  in  size;  branchlets  brown  or  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  numerous  con- 
spicuous, raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  very  nvunerous,  four  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  folded  upward,  oval  to 
obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  roughened;  lower  siu-face  dull,  light  green,  thinly 
pubescent;  apex  acute;  margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  two  inches 
long,  slender,  dull  red  on  the  upper  stirface,  with  one  or  two  large,  reniform,  reddish  glands 
on  the  stalk. 

Buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds,  or  in  small 
clusters  on  numerous,  short  spiu-s;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers  white,  one  and  one-fourth 
inches  across;  borne  in  scattered  clusters  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  of 
mediiun  thickness,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  light  reddish-green,  campanulate,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  tinged  with  red,  of  medivun  length,  broad,  acute,  glabrous  within  and  without, 
reflexed;  petals  roimdish-oval,  entire,  with  short,  broad  claws,  the  apex  notched;  filaments 
in  four  series,  the  longest  averaging  one-half  inch  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than 
the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season  or  later;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  one  inch  in  thick- 
ness, roundish-oblate,  compressed;  cavity  deep,  abrupt;  suture  indistinct;  apex  flattened 
or  with  a  deep  depression;  color  medium  to  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  incon- 
spicuous; stem  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  tender,  separating 
readily  from  the  pulp;  flesh  yellowish-white,  with  abundant  colorless  juice,  tender  and 
melting,  sprightly;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  free,  nearly  one-half  inch  in  diameter, 
roimdish,  blimt,  with  smooth  surfaces. 

CENTENNIAL 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpl.  17,  159.  1885.  2.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  289.  1889.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Sac.  Cat- 
24.     1899. 

In  California,  Centennial  is  passing  from  the  period  of  probation  to 
one  of  general  acceptance  as  a  standard  variety.  Unfortunately  it  has  not 
been  well  tested  in  the  East  but  trees  growing  in  a  commercial  orchard  at 
Geneva  show  the  variety  to  be  a  close  competitor,  in  this  instance  at  least, 
with  its  parent,  Napoleon,  the  mainstay  of  Sweet  Cherry  growers  in  New 
York.  In  some  respects  it  quite  surpasses  Napoleon.  It  is  larger,  sweeter 
and  better  flavored  and  has  a  smaller  pit.  The  trees  fall  short  of  those 
of  its  well-known  parent,  however,  in  being  less  fruitful.  Even  more 
serious  defects  are,  in  the  orchard  under  observation,  that  Centennial 
cracks  and  is  less  successful  in  resisting  brown-rot  than  Napoleon  though 
it  surpasses  many  other  well-known  sorts  in  these  respects.  The  two 
varieties  under  comparison  may   be   further  distinguished   by  the   more 


Il6  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

oblate  fruits  of  Centennial,  by  a  more  mottled  color  and  by  the  pits  which 
are  longer  and  more  pointed  in  the  newer  variety.  Centennial  is  recom- 
mended for  home  orchards  and  experimentally  for  commercial  plantations. 
Centennial  is  a  seedling  of  Napoleon  grown  by  Henry  Chapman, 
Napa,  California.  It  came  in  fruit  in  1876  but  was  not  introduced  until 
1885,  Leonard  Coates  of  Napa,  California,  being  the  introducer.  Despite 
its  many  merits,  Centennial  did  not  win  a  place  on  the  fruit  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  until  1899. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  trunk  thick,  roughish; 
branches  stout,  smooth,  brownish,  with  many  large  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  with  inter- 
nodes  of  medium  length. 

Leaves  numerous,  large,  flattened,  long-oval  to  obovate,  thick;  upper  surface  dark 
green,  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  taper-pointed;  margin 
coarsely  serrate,  with  small  and  inconspicuous  glands;  petiole  one  and  one-fourth  inches 
long,  pubescent,  tinged  with  red,  with  from  two  to  four  large,  reniform,  greenish-red, 
flattened  glands,  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  large,  long,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  or  in  small 
clusters  on  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  blooming  season  about  the  middle  of  May; 
flowers  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across,  usually  arranged  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels 
variable  in  length  averaging  one  and  one-eighth  inches,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  cal>-x- 
tube  faintly  tinged  with  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  long,  acute,  glabrous  on  both 
surfaces,  reflexed;  petals  oval,  entire,  tapering  to  short,  narrow  claws,  with  a  slightly  crenate 
apex;  anthers  greenish;  filaments  one-eighth  inch  long,  shorter  than  the  petals;  pistil 
glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  the  last  week  in  June,  length  of  season  rather  short;  very  large,  short- 
cordate,  compressed;  cavity  deep,  wide;  suture  distinct,  broad,  shallow;  apex  roundish  or 
slightly  depressed ;  color  amber-yellow,  speckled  and  overlaid  with  crimson ;  dots  whitish, 
inconspicuous;  stem  thick,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  pulp;  skin  thin, 
tender,  cracks  badly,  adherent  to  the  pulp;  flesh  whitish,  with  colorless  juice,  meaty, 
crackling,  sprightly,  sweet;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  semi-clinging,  three-eighths  inch 
in  length,  eleven-thirty-seconds  inch  in  width,  ovate,  plump,  oblique,  with  smooth  surfaces; 
ridged  on  the  ventral  suture. 

CHOISY 

Prunus  avium  X   Primus  cerasus 

Cerisier  a  Fruit  Ambre,  a  Fruit  Blanc,     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:185,  '^6,  187,  PI.  XI.     1768. 

Schone  von  Choisy.  2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  452-455.  1819.  3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  333, 
334,  376.     1889. 

Belle  de  Choisy.  4.  Pom.  Mag.  1:42,  PI.  1828.  5.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:137.  1832.  6.  Cultivator 
10:150  fig.  1843.  7.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  190  fig.  79.  1845.  8.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  27,  PI. 
1846.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  37,  38,  102.  1852.  10.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  1:63,  fig.  2.  1853.  11.  Elliott 
Fr.  Book  189.  1854.  12.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.  1862.  13.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:169,  17°  fig-  45- 
171,172.  1866.  14.  MasLe  Ferger8:ii3,  114,  fig.  55.  1866-73.  15.  Hogg  FrMi7  Afon.  276,  280.  1884. 
16.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  80  fig.,  81.     1904.     17.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  18.     1906. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  II7 

It  seems  to  be  the  consensus  of  opinion  of  a  score  or  more  of  European 
and  American  pomologists  who  have  known  Choisy  that  it  is  the  hand- 
somest and  most  dehcious  of  all  Duke  cherries  —  one  of  the  very  best  of 
all  dessert  cherries.  In  it  are  delicately  combined  the  richness  of  the 
Sweet  Cherry  and  the  sprightliness  of  the  Sovir  Cherry.  Unfortunately, 
while  it  bears  early  and  regiilarly,  the  trees  are  seldom  fruitful.  As  an 
offset  to  unfruitfiolness,  however,  the  trees  are  vigorous,  hardy  and  healthy. 
The  cherries  keep  and  stand  the  wear  and  tear  of  marketing  as  well  as  those 
of  any  other  Duke.  Its  qualities  all  commend  it  for  the  home  orchard 
and  for  a  local  market.  In  particular  it  may  be  recommended  for  cold 
climates  where  a  true  Sweet  Cherry  is  not  quite  hardy,  this  hybrid  being 
nearly  as  hardy  as  the  other  parent,  the  Sour  Cherry.  Unfortunately 
suitable  specimens  of  this  beavitiful  cherry  coiild  not  be  obtained  for  a 
color-plate  and  the  description  has  had  to  be  compiled  in  part. 

Dtihamel  describes  two  amber-colored  cherries,  one  of  which  is  listed 
by  Leroy  as  Belle  de  Choisy.  The  Cerise  Blanche,  or  Cerise  Ambree 
(Grosse),  according  to  Leroy,  was  cultivated  in  Central  France  as  early 
as  1628  and  in  1667  Merlet  wrote  of  it  as  the  most  curious  and  rare  of  all 
cherries.  Kenrick,  American  Orchardist,  1832,  lists  a  variety,  Ambree, 
which  according  to  Floy-Lindley's  and  Duhamel's  descriptions  must  be 
Choisy.  Some  writers,  however,  say  that  Choisy  was  first  grown  by  M. 
Gondouin,  a  gardener  for  Louis  XV,  in  1760,  at  the  village  of  Choisy  near 
Paris.  The  American  Pomological  Society,  in  its  report  for  1852,  mentioned 
this  variety  as  having  promise  and  ten  years  later  listed  it  in  the  Society's 
fruit  catalog  where  it  has  since  remained. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  somewhat  open,  hardy,  but  moderately  productive; 
branches  thick,  of  a  clear  grayish  color  with  brownish-red  tips;  lenticels  very  numerous, 
large,  roundish. 

Leaves  niunerous,  very  broad,  obovate,  rather  abruptly  pointed ;  upper  surface  shining 
dark  green,  deeply  and  regularly  serrate  to  rather  dentate. 

Buds  large,  thick,  conical,  clear  brown  somewhat  covered  with  gray;  season  of  bloom 
rather  early;  flowers  white,  large,  niunerous,  borne  in  large  clusters;  petioles  short,  scarcely 
an  inch  in  length;  petals  broadly  round,  edges  dentate;  calyx-lobes  short,  large;  pistU 
longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  some  localities  just  before  May  Duke,  in  others  just  after  that  variety, 
ordinarily  ripe,  however,  at  the  end  of  June;  usually  attached  in  pairs,  large,  roundish  to 
somewhat  oval,  flattened  toward  the  base;  cavity  shallow,  wide;  suture  shallow,  indistinct; 
apex  depressed;  color  attractive  bright  red  mottled  with  yellow  and  amber;  stem  thick 
at  the  base,  one  and  one-half  to  two  inches  long,  generally  forking  at  about  one-half 


Il8  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

inch  from  the  base ;  skin  thin,  somewhat  firm,  semi-transparent  showing  the  netted  textvtre 
of  the  pulp  beneath;  flesh  pale  amber,  with  abundant  colorless  juice,  tender,  melting,  sweet, 
pleasant  flavor;  very  good  in  quality;  stone  mediimi  to  small,  roimdish,  pointed  at  the 
apex ;  dorsal  suture  indistinct ;  surfaces  nearly  smooth. 

CLEVELAND 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Horticulturist  2:60  fig.  1847-48.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  191  fig.,  192.     1854.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
74.     1862.     4.  Mortillet  ie  Cemier  2:131.     1866. 

Knorpelkirsche  von  Cleveland.     5.  III.  Handb.  45  fig.,  46.     1867. 

Cleveland  is  a  Bigarreau  which  falls  so  far  short  of  its  near  kin,  as  it 
grows  in  New  York  at  least,  as  not  to  be  worth  planting  except  as  an  early 
cherry  of  its  type  —  earliness  being  its  one  saving  asset.  The  cherries  closely 
resemble  Rockport  in  size,  color,  shape  and  flavor,  are  in  no  way  better 
than  that  somewhat  mediocre  sort  and  are  even  more  subject  to  brown-rot. 
It  ripens  with  Black  Tartarian  and  can  never  compete  in  orchard  or  market 
with  that  sort.  Possibly  Cleveland  has  too  much  merit  to  be  wholly 
neglected  yet  it  certainly  is  not  worth  planting  in  New  York  unless  in  a 
locality  where  it  does  exceptionally  well  and  when  an  early  cherry  of  its 
kind  is  wanted. 

Cleveland  is  said  by  its  introducer,  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  to  be  a 
seedling  from  Yellow  Spanish.  Its  close  similarity  to  Rockport  suggests 
that  it  may  have  come  from  a  pit  of  that  variety.  It  was  brought  out  in 
1842  but  was  not  adopted  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  for  its 
fruit  list  until  1862.  Despite  rapidly  passing  popularity  it  is  still  on  this 
hst. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open,  very  productive;  trunk  of 
medium  diameter  and  smoothness;  branches  smooth,  reddish-brown  partly  overspread 
with  ash-gray,  with  many  small  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  brown  partly  overspread 
with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  ntunerous  small,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  five  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
obovate  to  long-elliptical,  thin;  upper  surface  meditmi  green,  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface 
light  green,  lightly  pubescent ;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt ;  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate, 
glandular;  petiole  often  two  inches  long,  reddish,  rather  slender,  hairy,  grooved,  glandless 
or  with  from  one  to  four  reniform,  reddish  glands,  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  small,  short,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  or  in  clusters 
of  variable  size  on  rather  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  flowers  white,  one  and  one- 
fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  scattered  clusters,  usually  in  twos;  pedicels  three-fotirths 
inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish ;  calyx-tube  green,  tinged  with  red,  light  green  within,  broadly 
campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  tinged  with  red,  broad,  acute,  glabrous  within  and 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  IIQ 

without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  with  short,  broad  claws,  notched  and  crinkled 
at  the  apex;  filaments  in  four  series,  the  longest  averaging  one-half  inch  in  length;  pistil 
glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  early ;  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  cordate,  compressed, 
with  an  irregular  surface;  cavity  wide,  flaring,  irregular;  sutiire  shallow,  indistinct;  apex 
somewhat  obtusely-pointed;  color  light  red  overspreading  yellow;  dots  numerous,  small, 
yellowish,  obsciire;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit; 
skin  thin,  tender,  separating  readily  from  the  pulp ;  flesh  Hght  yellow,  with  colorless  jidce, 
tender  and  melting,  sweet ;  of  good  quality ;  stone  clinging,  large,  one-half  inch  long,  oval, 
flattened  at  the  base,  plump,  with  smooth  surfaces. 

CLUSTER 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572,  fig.  10.  1629.  2.  Gerarde  Herball  1505  fig.  6.  1636.  3.  Prince  Pom. 
Man.  2:132,  133.  1832.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  194  fig.,  195.  1845.  5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  290. 
1884. 

Flanders  Cluster.    6.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  1539.     1688. 

Cerisier  a  Bouquet.  7.  Duhame!  Trait  Arb.  Fr.  1:176,  177,  178,  PI.  VI.  1768.  8.  Poiteau  Pom. 
Franc.  2:  No.  16,  PI.     1846.     9.  Mas  ie  Verger  8:47,  48,  fig.  22.     186&-73. 

Tros-Kers.     10.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:43.     1771. 

Trauben  oder  Bouquet  Amarelle.  11.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  621-629.  1819.  12.  Dochnahl 
Fiihr.  Obstkunde  y.-jo,  71.     1858.     13.  Mathieu  Nam.  Pom.  340.     1889. 

Griotte  a  Bouquet.     14.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:278,  279  fig.,  280,  281.     1877. 

Cluster  is  a  curiosity,  characterized  by  fruits  borne  in  clusters  at  the 
extremity  of  a  single  peduncle.  The  pistils  vary  from  one  to  a  dozen, 
setting  from  one  to  five  perfect  fruits  in  the  cluster  or  from  eight  to  twelve 
as  the  trees  become  older.  The  variety  is  little  known  in  America  but  is 
well  known  in  Europe,  having  first  been  described  by  Dalechamp  in  1586, 
according  to  Leroy.  Its  origin  is  tincertain.  Parkinson  speaks  of  it  as 
Flanders  Cluster,  in  1629,  and  as  it  was  cultivated  in  Germany  before 
161 3  and  nearly  as  soon  in  Switzerland  it  may  be  assumed  that  either 
South  Germany  or  Flanders  is  its  native  home.  It  appears  under  several 
names  in  European  fruit  books,  the  terms  trochet,  bouquet,  buschel,  and 
trauben  all  signifying  that  the  fruits  are  borne  in  clusters  and  usually  refer- 
ring to  this  variety.  The  Cerisier  k  Trochet  of  Duhamel  is  probably  a 
distinct  variety.  The  fniit  has  little  value  and  is  cultivated  chiefly  as  a 
curiosity.     The  following  description  is  compiled: 

Tree  small  and  bushy,  moderately  vigorous,  dense,  productive;  branches  numerous, 
long,  slender,  somewhat  ctirved,  drooping  and  often  breaking  under  a  load  of  fruit;  inter- 
nodes  long;  leaves  small,  oblong,  acuminate;  margin  doubly  serrate;  petiole  thick,  short, 
rigid,  with  small,  roundish,  conspicuous  glands;  blooming  season  late;  flowers  small. 


120  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Fruit  matures  the  last  of  Jime,  attached  in  twos  or  threes,  with  from  two  to  eight 
fruits  per  cluster;  variable  in  size,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  extremities;  suture  prominent; 
color  clear  red  becoming  darker  at  maturity;  skin  tough,  transparent;  stem  long,  inserted 
in  a  deep  cavity;  flesh  nearly  white,  transparent,  with  abundant  juice  which  is  usually 
uncolored  but  sometimes  tinged  red,  very  tender,  sour,  yet  agreeable;  quality  fair;  stone 
small,  roundish,  compressed. 

COE 

Primus  avium 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Coe's  Tra?isparent.  2.  Horticulturist  2:71,  72  fig.  1847-48.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  211.  1856. 
4.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:87  fig.,  88.  1866.  5.  Cult.  &  Count.  Gent.  36:326.  1871.  6.  Thomas  Guide 
Prat.  15,  206.     1876. 

Guigne  Coe.     7.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:319  fig.,  320.     1877. 

Coe's  Bttnte  Transparent.     8.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  343.     1889. 

Even  earlier  and  certainly  better  than  Cleveland,  which  we  have  just 
discussed,  is  Coe,  long  known  as  Coe's  Transparent.  This  is  the  first  of 
the  light-colored  cherries  to  ripen  and  is  a  splendid  fruit  in  quality  and 
appearance.  The  color-plate  shows  this  variety  very  well  —  possibly  too 
well,  since  one  of  its  defects  is  variability  in  color,  the  variant  usually  being 
very  light  colored  and  not  as  attractive  as  the  type.  A  second  defect  is 
that  the  fruit  runs  rather  small.  The  tree-characters  are  in  the  main  very 
good.  The  variety  can  be  distinguished,  as  a  rule,  by  the  large,  spreading 
tree  and  to  a  lesser  extent  by  its  hardiness,  vigor,  healthfulness  and  fruit- 
fulness.  Coe  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  every  home  plantation,  in  orchards 
for  local  markets  and  in  favored  localities  as  an  early  cherry  for  the  general 
market. 

Curtis  Coe  of  Middletown,  Connecticut,  grew  this  variety  early  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century  from  a  pit  of  what  he  supposed  to  be  Ox  Heart.  The 
American  Pomological  Society  included  Coe  in  its  list  of  recommended 
fruits  in  1856. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open,  very  productive;  trunk  stocky,  shaggy; 
branches  thick,  smooth,  dark  reddish-brown  overlaid  with  ash-gray,  with  many  raised 
lenticels;  branchlets  stout,  short,  brown  nearly  covered  with  gray,  smooth,  glabrous,  with 
numerous  small,  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  four  and  one-foiu-th  inches  long,  two  and  one-fourth  inches  wide, 
folded  upward  or  flattened,  long-elliptical  to  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  medium  green; 
lower  surface  light  green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  coarsely 
serrate,  with  small,  black  glands;  petiole  one  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  thick,  tinged 
with  red,  grooved,  hairy,  with  from  one  to  three  large,  reniform,  greenish-yellow  or  reddish 
glands  on  the  stalk. 


COE 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  121 

Buds  large,  long,  conical,  plump,  free,  in  clusters  on  spurs  variable  in  length;  leaf- 
scars  very  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  one  and  one-fourth  inches 
across,  white;  borne  in  dense  clusters,  thickly  distributed  over  the  tree  in  twos  and  threes; 
pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  green,  broadly  campanulate, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  tinged  with  red,  broad,  obtuse,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed; 
petals  roundish,  entire,  with  a  shallow  notch  at  the  apex;  filaments  one-quarter  inch  long; 
pistU  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  early;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-cordate,  slightly  com- 
pressed ;  cavity  regular,  abrupt ;  sutvire  indistinct ;  apex  blunt-pointed  or  slightly  depressed ; 
color  pale  amber  faintly  mottled  with  red;  dots  small,  light  yellow,  inconspicuous;  stem 
slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  of  medium  tough- 
ness, separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yellow,  with  colorless  juice,  tender,  meaty,  mild, 
sweet;  good  to  very  good  in  quality;  stone  semi-free  or  free,  one-half  inch  long,  less  than 
one-half  inch  wide,  roundish,  somewhat  flattened,  blunt,  with  smooth  surfaces;  ridged 
along  the  ventral  suture. 

DIKEMAN 

Prunus  avium 
1.   Del.  Sla.  Bui.  35:16,  17  fig.     1897. 

Dikeman  has  some  merit  as  a  very  late  Sweet  Cherry  but  here  its  use- 
fulness ends.  The  cherries  are  too  small  and  the  pits  too  large  for  this 
variety  to  have  great  worth.  The  tree  is  somewhat  remarkable  for  its 
spreading  habit  and  stout  branches.  Plant-breeders  seeking  for  a  very 
late  sort  might  well  choose  Dikeman  as  a  parent. 

Two  very  similar  cherries,  with  a  variation  in  the  spelling,  pass  under 
this  name.  Late  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  there  appeared  a  cherry  on 
the  Dyckman  farm  near  New  York  City.  Some  thought  it  to  be  identical 
with  Black  Tartarian;  others  said  it  was  distinct  and  called  it  Dyckman. 
It  was  never  more  than  of  local  note.  Some  few  years  ago  the  late  S.  D. 
Willard  of  Geneva  introduced  the  Dikeman  cherry  from  the  farm  of  George 
B.  Dikeman,  Oceana  County,  Michigan.  This  variety  often  goes  under 
the  name  Dykeman  but  from  the  information  at  hand  we  feel  certain  that 
Dikeman  is  the  correct  spelling.  On  our  grounds  this  variety  and  Black 
Tartarian,  although  similar,  are  two  distinct  sorts,  the  Dikeman  being 
later,  firmer  and  a  clingstone. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  broadly-spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  trunk  and  branches 
thick,  smooth;  branches  reddish-brown  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  numerous  lenticels 
which  are  variable  in  size;  branchlets  short,  brown,  partly  covered  with  ash-gray,  smooth, 
glabrous,  with  inconspicuous,  slightly  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-foiu'th  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  obovate  to  long-elliptical,  thin;  upper  surface  medivun  green,  slightly  rugose; 


122  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

lower  surface  light  green,  faintly  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  coarsely 
and  doubly  serrate;  petiole  about  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  few 
hairs,  with  from  one  to  four  reniform,  reddish  glands,  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  large,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  or  in  clusters 
variable  in  size  on  short  spiu-s ;  leaf -scars  prominent ;  season  of  bloom  intermediate ;  flowers 
white,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  across ;  borne  in  scattering  clusters,  in  ones,  twos  or 
threes;  pedicels  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  tinged 
with  red,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  with  reddish  tinge,  broad,  acute,  glabrous 
within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  shallow  notch 
at  the  apex;  filaments  one-half  inch  long;  pistU  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  late;  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  cordate;  cavity  wide, 
flaring;  suture  shallow,  indistinct;  apex  shghtly  pointed,  with  a  small  depression  at  the 
center;  color  purplish-black;  dots  numerous,  small,  dark  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender, 
one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  adherent  to  the 
pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  very  meaty,  crisp,  mild,  somewhat  aromatic, 
sweet;  of  good  quality;  stone  clinging,  longer  than  wide,  ovate,  flattened,  with  smooth 
surfaces,  somewhat  marked  with  a  reddish  tinge. 

DOUBLE  GLASS 

Prunus  avium  X  Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  440-451,  487-490,  689.  1819.  2.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:51. 
52.  1858.  3.  ///.  Handb.  163  fig.,  164.  i860.  4.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  329.  1888.  5.  la.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpl.  80.     1890.     6.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  17:7.     1892.     7.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:274.     1903. 

Amarelle  Double  de  Verre.     8.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:197-201,  fig.  55.     1866. 

Great  Cornelian.     9.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  299.     1884. 

Glass.     10.  la.  Sta.  But.  73:70.     1903. 

Double  Glass  is  a  Dtike,  a  hybrid  more  nearly  resembling  the  Sweet 
Cherry  than  the  Sotir  Cherry.  The  trees  grow  remarkably  well  in  ntirsery 
and  orchard  and  their  behavior  so  pleased  growers  when  the  variety  was 
brought  to  notice  that  it  became  for  a  time  quite  the  vogue.  But  the 
trees  turned  out  to  be  unproductive  and  the  cherries  so  mediocre  that 
the  variety  rapidly  passed  through  its  heyday  of  poptilarity.  The  fruits 
are  curiously  marked,  the  suture  being  so  deep  as  to  make  them  appear 
double  —  hence  the  name.  The  variety  has  no  value  where  sweet  sorts 
are  hardy  but  possibly  might  find  a  niche  somewhere  in  regions  where  a 
more  tender  Sweet  Cherry  cannot  be  grown. 

This  variety,  of  ancient  and  unknown  origin,  dates  back  at  least  to 
1792  when  Truchsess  received  it  from  Christ  under  the  names  Grosse 
Fruhkirsche  and  Englische  Erzherzogskirsche,  both  of  which  were  incorrect, 
the  first  because  it  was  not  characteristic  since  the  fruit  did  not  ripen  early, 
and  the  second  because  it  denoted  a  class  of  dark-fleshed  cherries.     In 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 23 

France,  Double  Glass  has  long  been  cultivated  under  the  name  Amarelle 
Double  de  Verre.  The  variety  was  brought  to  America  from  Russia  in 
1883  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd.  While  grown  for  a  time  in  the  Central 
States  it  was  never  highly  regarded  and  has  now  nearly  passed  from 
cultivation.     The  following  description  is  a  compilation: 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading  becoming  divergent  with  age,  usually  hardy, 
rather  unproductive;  branchlets  thick,  reddish-brown;  leaves  healthy,  small  to  medium, 
ovate,  with  serrated  margins;  buds  large,  prominent. 

Fruit  matures  the  latter  part  of  June;  usually  large,  rotmdish-oblate,  with  a  very 
deep  suture;  color  light  red  becoming  much  darker  at  maturity;  stem  long,  thick;  skin 
thin,  tough,  translucent;  flesh  yellowish,  with  abundant  imcolored  jtiice,  firm,  tender, 
sprightly;  good  in  quality;  stone  medium  in  size,  roundish. 

DOUBLE  NATTE 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirsckensort.  538,  539.  1819.  2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  292.  1884.  3.  Mich.  Horl. 
Soc.  Rpt.  327.     1888.     4.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:67.     1903. 

Cerise  van  der  Nat.     5.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:41.     1771. 

Kirsche  von  der  Natte.  6.  Krunitz  Enc.  69,  70.  1790.  7.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  539-542. 
1819.     8.  ///.  Handb.  509  fig.,  510.     1861. 

Budd's  importations  of  Russian  cherries,  to  which  reference  is  so  often 
made  in  this  text,  brought  forth  almost  universal  praise  for  any  and  all 
of  the  foreign  sorts.  Cultural  tests  soon  demonstrated,  however,  that  most 
of  the  varieties  were  comparatively  worthless;  Double  Natte  is  one  of 
these.  It  is  a  very  mediocre  cherry  of  the  Morello  group  in  nowise  equal 
to  English  Morello  except  when  earliness  is  a  prime  requisite,  this  sort 
being  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Morellos.  In  flavor  it  is  equal  to  English 
Morello  but  is  no  better.  At  Geneva  the  trees  are  seldom  very  fruitful. 
From  the  eulogistic  reports  of  its  behavior  in  the  Middle  West  it  wotild 
seem  that  it  was  better  adapted  to  Iowa,  for  instance,  than  for  New  York. 

This  variety  was  first  mentioned  by  Knoop,  the  Dutch  pomologist, 
in  1 77 1 — origin  not  given.  Some  years  ago  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  also 
imported  from  Russia  a  cherry  under  the  name  Riga  No.  i8.  This  cherry 
has  been  grown  as  a  separate  variety  under  the  name  Riga  but  the 
descriptions  of  it  are  all  identical  with  those  of  Double  Natte  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  but  that  they  are  one  and  the  same. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  somewhat  vasiform,  productive; 
trunk  and  branches  smooth;  branches  brown  nearly  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  a  few 
large  lenticels;  branchlets  long,  with  short  intemodes,  brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray, 
smooth,  with  a  few  very  large,  raised  lenticels. 


124  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  three-eighths  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches 
wide,  folded  upward,  short-obovate,  thick,  stiff;  upper  surface  glossy,  slightly  rugose; 
lower  surface  pale  green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  sharp-pointed,  tapering  toward  the  base; 
margin  coarsely  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  thick,  dull  red,  grooved  on  the  upper  surface, 
nearly  one  inch  long,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  conical  or  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  small 
clusters  on  spurs;  leaf -scars  inconspicuous;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white, 
one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels 
one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  with  a  faint  reddish  tinge,  cam- 
panulate,  glabrous;  calj^-lobes  tinged  red,  long,  acute,  glabrous  within  and  without, 
reflexed;  petals  obovate,  entire,  tapering  to  short,  narrow  claws,  with  a  broad  but  shallow 
notch  at  the  apex;  filaments  about  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than 
the  stamens. 

Fruit  mattires  early;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  cordate  to  conical,  com- 
pressed; cavity  somewhat  abrupt,  regular;  suture  deep,  distinct,  often  extending  entirely 
around  the  fruit ;  apex  depressed ;  color  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  brownish,  obscure; 
stem  slender,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  adheres  strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin, 
tough,  separating  readily  from  the  pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  with  reddish  juice,  tender  and 
melting,  sprightly,  sour;  good  to  very  good  in  quality;  stone  nearly  free,  longer  than  wide, 
nearly  round,  slightly  flattened,  with  smooth  surfaces;  somewhat  ridged  along  the  ventral 
suture. 

DOWNER 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  218.     1835.     2.  Hovey  Fr.  Am.  2:93,  94,  PI.     1851. 

Downer's  Red  Heart.     3.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  276.     1832. 

Downer's  Late.     4.  Proc.   Nat.  Con.  Fr.  Gr.  52.     1848.     5.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  2:65,  PI.     1854. 

Guigne  Tardive  de  Downer.    6.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:95  fig.,  96,  97.     1866. 

Downer  is  a  Sweet  Cherry,  one  of  the  so-called  "  Hearts  "  much  prized 
by  those  who  know  it  as  a  late  cherry  delicately  and  richly  flavored.  Pos- 
sibly it  is  the  best  of  the  late  Sweet  Cherries.  Several  defects  keep  it  from 
being  of  any  considerable  worth;  it  thrives  only  in  the  choicest  soils;  the 
trees  are  often  unhealthy  as  well  as  lacking  in  vigor;  the  flesh  is  thin  and 
the  stone  is  large;  and,  though  the  cherries  set  abundantly,  the  yield  is  small 
because  the  fruits  are  small.  So,  while  the  variety  is  almost  indispensable 
in  a  home  orchard,  ripening  after  almost  all  of  the  dessert  cherries  have 
gone,  Downer  has  small  place  in  a  commercial  plantation.  It  should  be 
said  ftirther  in  its  favor,  however,  as  a  commercial  fruit,  that  it  stands 
harvesting  and  shipping  very  well. 

Downer  takes  the  name  of  Samuel  Downer,  Dorchester,  Massachusetts, 
who  grew  it  some  time  before  1 832  when  it  first  found  a  place  in  pomological 
works.     It  was    included  by   the    American    Pomological   Society    in    its 


\  "«^KS?§»t^_ 


▼ 


DOUBLE  NATTE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 25 

schedule  of  fruits  in  1848  as  Downer's  Late.  It  now  appears  as  Downer 
with  Downer's  Late  Red  as  a  synonym  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
the  Society. 

Tree  large,  \'igorous,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  productive;  trunk  thick,  with 
shaggy  bark;  branches  thick,  roughened,  dark  brown  overspread  with  dark  gray,  with 
numerous  large  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  long,  brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray, 
smooth,  with  inconspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
obovate,  rather  stiff;  upper  surface  dark  green;  lower  surface  Ught  green,  hairy  along 
the  veins;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  one  inch 
long,  thick,  dark  red,  grooved,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  large,  globose  or  reni- 
form  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  small,  except  the  terminals  which  are  large,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly 
as  lateral  buds,  or  in  small  clusters  on  short  sptirs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  flowers  white, 
one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  thin  clusters  in  ones  and  in  twos;  pedicels 
variable  in  length  often  one  inch  long,  glabrous;  cal^-x-tube  faintly  tinged  with  red,  cam- 
panulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  tinged  with  red,  acuminate,  glabrous  within  and  without, 
reflexed;  petals  rotmdish,  entire,  somewhat  sessile,  with  a  shallow  notch  at  the  apex;  pistil 
glabrous,  nearly  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length,  often  defective. 

Fnut  matures  among  the  latest;  three-fotirths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  roundish- 
cordate,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  very  shallow,  flaring;  suture  obscure;  apex  variable 
in  shape  usually  somewhat  pointed;  color  Ught  to  dark  red  frequently  showing  an  amber 
background  on  the  shaded  side;  dots  nimierous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  one 
and  three-fourths  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  separating  from  the  pulp; 
flesh  pale  yellow,  with  colorless  juice,  somewhat  string}',  tender,  with  soft  flesh,  rmld  and 
pleasant,  sweet  when  fully  ripe;  good  to  very  good  in  quality;  stone  large,  free,  ovate, 
flattened,  with  smooth  surfaces;  somewhat  ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 

DYEHOUSE 

Prunus  cerasus 

1.  Horlicullurist  25:176,  177.  1870.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trew /Iw.  3rd  App.  161.  1881.  3.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  17.     1897. 

Dyehouse  is  conspicuous  among  cherries  for  its  earliness  and  for  the 
beauty  of  its  fruit.  Early  Richmond  is  the  standard  early  cherry  yet 
Dyehouse  is  a  week  earlier,  just  as  attractive  in  appearance  and  equally 
well  flavored.  It  is  near  of  kin  to  Early  Richmond  but  the  two  may  be 
distinguished  by  the  difference  in  time  of  ripening  and  by  its  brighter, 
clearer  color,  greater  opaqueness,  more  highly  colored  juice  and  slightly 
smaller  size.  Possibly  this  cherry  would  supersede  the  better-known  Early 
Richmond  were  it  not  for  the  defect  in  size  and  for  the  further  faults  of 
being  less  productive  and  more  capricious  to  environment,  as  it  fails  to 


126  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

thrive  in  localities  where  the  older  sort  is  quite  at  home.  It  is  a  worthy 
rival  of  Early  Richmond,  however,  and  ought  to  be  grown  both  for  home 
and  commercial  piirposes  far  more  than  it  is. 

To  H.  T.  Harris  of  Stamford,  Kentucky,  belongs  the  honor  of  intro- 
ducing this  well-known  cherry.  Although  its  parentage  is  unknown,  it  is 
almost  certain  that  a  Mr.  Dyehouse,  Lincoln  Coimty,  Kentucky,  raised 
the  tree  from  a  pit  sixty  or  more  years  ago.  At  the  time  of  its  introduction 
its  characteristics  were  not  clearly  drawn  and  many  believed  it  to  be  the 
Early  Richmond.  In  time,  however,  differences  were  shown,  as  we  have 
set  forth  in  the  preceding  paragraph.  It  was  added  to  the  fruit  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  in  1897. 

Tree  small,  vigorous,  spreading,  with  drooping  branchlets,  dense,  round-topped, 
productive;  trunk  and  branches  shghtly  roughened;  branches  reddish-brown  covered 
with  dark  ash-gray,  with  large,  elongated,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  willowy, 
variable  in  length,  brown  overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  a  few  small,  incon- 
spicuous lenticels. 

Leaves  mmierous,  three  inches  long,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  slightly  folded 
upward,  obovate  to  long-oval;  upper  surface  very  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  stxrface  light 
green,  with  a  few  hairs  along  the  midrib;  apex  acute,  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  finely 
serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  tinged  with  dull  red,  with 
a  few  hairs  along  the  grooved  upper  surface,  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  green- 
ish-yellow glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  and  in  clusters  on  short  spurs ; 
leaf-scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  one  inch  across,  white;  borne 
in  dense  but  well-distributed  clusters,  usually  at  the  ends  of  spur-like  branches,  in  twos, 
threes  or  fours;  pedicels  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green, 
obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  tinged  with  red,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without, 
reflexed;  petals  roundish-obovate,  entire,  almost  sessile,  with  entire  apex;  filaments  one- 
fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  nearly  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  early;  more  than  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  oblate,  slightly  compressed; 
cavity  of  medium  depth,  narrow,  abrupt,  regular;  suture  indistinct;  apex  flattened,  with 
a  small  depression  at  the  center;  color  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  obscure;  stem  one 
inch  long,  adhering  to  the  pulp;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  light  yellowish-white,  with  pinkish 
juice,  tender,  sprightly,  tart;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  nearly  free,  ovate,  sHghtly 
flattened,  with  smooth  surfaces;  somewhat  ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 

EAGLE 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Mich.  Sla.  Bui.  104:84.     1894.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  17.     1897. 

Black  Eagle.  3.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  31.  1828.  4.  Pom.  Mag.  y.  127,  PL  127.  1830.  5.  Kenrick 
Am.  Orch.  274,  275.     1832.     6.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  170  fig.  62.     1845.     7.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch. 


■< 


DOWNER 


#  t 


DYEHOUSE 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  127 

Card.  102.  1846.  8.  Mag.  Hort.  14:386,  387  fig.  37.  1848.  9.  Proc.  Nat.  Con.  Fr.  Cr.  52.  1848. 
10.  Hovey  Fr.  Am.  1:85,  PI.  1851.  11.  Horticulturist  N.  S.  4:287.  1854.  12.  Am.  Pom.  Sac.  Rpt. 
108,  186.  1856.  13.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:77-79,  %•  12.  1866.  14.  Mas  Pom.  Cen.  11:83,  84,  fig. 
42.     1882.     15.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  285,  286.     1884.     16.  Cornell  Sta.  But.  98:491  fig.  86.     1895. 

We  hesitatingly  follow  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  calling 
this  variety  Eagle  when  it  has  so  long  been  known  as  Black  Eagle,  the 
name  given  it  by  the  great  pomologist,  Knight.  Were  this  choicely  good 
cherry  larger  in  size,  it  would  still  be  a  prime  favorite  with  growers  for  in 
many  respects  it  is  one  of  the  best  varieties  of  its  species.  Its  flavor  is 
excellent;  the  trees  are  usually  fruitful;  it  ripens  at  a  good  time  in  the 
cherry  season,  just  after  Black  Tartarian;  the  cherries  are  less  liable  to 
crack  than  many  of  its  rivals;  and  the  trees  are  as  hardy,  healthy  and 
vigorous  as  those  of  any  Sweet  Cherry.  Some  complain  that  the  trees  do 
not  bear  well  at  first  but  are  productive  only  with  age.  But,  after  all,  it 
is  its  high  quality  that  gives  Eagle  so  much  merit  that  it  ought  not  to  be 
forgotten  —  makes  it  worth  a  place  in  every  home  orchard  and  commends 
it  highly  to  commercial  growers  of  cherries  who  want  a  finely  finished 
product  for  either  local  or  general  market.  The  fruit-stems  of  this  variety 
are  characteristically  long. 

Eagle  was  grown  about  1806  by  Sir  Thomas  Andrew  Knight  at  Down- 
ton  Castle,  Wiltshire,  England,  by  fertilizing  the  Bigarreau  of  the  old 
writers,  oiu-  Yellow  Spanish,  with  pollen  of  the  May  Duke.  The  correct- 
ness of  the  parentage  as  given  has  been  questioned  because  of  its  inherited 
characteristics.  But  if  the  May  Duke  is  a  hybrid  between  a  Sweet  and  a 
Sour,  a  pvu-e  Sweet  offspring  is  not  an  impossibility.  In  1823,  Honorable 
John  Lowell  of  Massachusetts  received  Eagle  from  Knight.  Prince  men- 
tioned this  cherry  in  his  Treatise  of  Horticulture,  1828,  but  the  exact  date 
of  its  introduction  into  New  York  is  unknown.  In  1848  it  was  placed  on 
the  list  of  fruits  adopted  by  the  National  Convention  of  Fruit  Growers 
and  since  then  it  has  been  retained  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical Society. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense,  unproductive  at  first  but  improv- 
ing with  age;  trunk  and  branches  thick,  smooth;  branches  reddish-brown  partlj'  covered 
with  ash-gray,  with  mamerous  small  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  brownish  partly  covered 
with  Ught  ash-gray,  the  surface  slightly  ribbed  and  with  small,  raised,  inconspicuous 
lenticels. 

Leaves  ntunerous,  five  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
long,  obovate  to  elliptical,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface  light 
green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  variable  in  shape;  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  with 


128  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

dark  glands;  petiole  nearly  two  inches  long,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  few  hairs,  with  from 
two  to  four  reniform,  brownish  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  large,  conical  or  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in 
clusters  on  spurs  of  medium  length ;  leaf-scars  prominent ;  season  of  bloom  medium ;  flowers 
white,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across;  borne  in  scattered  clusters  in  twos  and  threes; 
pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green  faintly  tinged  with 
red,  campanulate;  calyx-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  obtuse,  glabrous  within  and  without, 
reflexed;  petals  irregular-oval,  crenate,  with  short,  blunt  claws  and  with  a  crenate  apex; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistU  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens 
in  length. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  oblate,  somewhat  cordate, 
compressed;  cavity  regular,  flaring;  suture  a  faint  groove;  apex  pointed  or  slightly 
depressed;  color  dark  red  almost  black;  dots  small,  russet,  medium  in  number,  obscure; 
stem  slender,  two  inches  long;  skin  thin,  tender;  flesh  dark  red,  with  wine-colored  juice, 
meaty,  tender,  crisp,  pleasant  flavored,  rrdld,  sweet;  very  good  to  best  in  quality;  stone 
free  except  along  the  ventral  suture,  rather  small,  ovate,  slightly  flattened,  blimt,  with 
smooth  surfaces;  ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 

EARLY  MAY 

Prunus  fruticosa 

I.  Langley  Pomona  86,  PI.  17  fig.  2.  1729.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:131.  1832.  3.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  479.     1869.    4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  295.     1884. 

May.     5.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  571.     1629. 

Cerisier   Nain  a  Fruit  Rond  Precoce.     6.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:168,  169,  170,  PI.  HI.     1768. 

Friihe  Zwergweichsel.  7.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  492-498.  1819.  8.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom. 
349.  350,  372.     1889. 

Amarell-Weichsel.     9.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obslkunde  3:57,  58.     1858. 

Precoce  de  Montreuil.     10.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:141,  142,  fig.  69.     1866-73. 

Criottier  Nain  Precoce.     11.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:293  fig.,  294.     1877. 

As  the  only  cultivated  representative  of  the  European  Dwarf  Cherry, 
Early  May  should  be  of  especial  interest  to  cherry-growers.  It  is  a  true 
dwarf  variety,  the  trees  seldom  attaining  a  height  of  more  than  six  or  seven 
feet.  Both  tree  and  branches  are  very  flexible  so  that  Early  May  is  well 
adapted  to  the  wall-training  of  European  countries.  It  has  further  value 
in  its  earliness,  being  the  earliest  of  all  cherries.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
the  variety  can  now  be  obtained  in  America  but  it  ought  to  be  reintroduced 
both  for  the  fruit  and  because  it  is  a  handsome  ornamental.  Early  May 
has  several  characters  to  recommend  it  to  plant-breeders.  The  description 
herewith  given  is  compiled  from  European  fruit-books. 

Pliny  in  his  Natural  History  mentions  the  Macedonian  and  the  Cha- 
maecerasus  cherries,  both  of  which  we  now  believe  to  have  been  Prunus 
fruticosa,  the  European  Dwarf  Cherry.     Early  May,  according  to  European 


EAGLE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 29 

botanists,  is  a  variety  of  this  dwarf  species  and  may  be  the  identical  cherry 
that  Phny  described.  Following  Pliny  it  was  mentioned  by  Estienne,  a 
Frenchman,  in  1540,  by  Knoop,  the  Dutch  pomologist,  in  1771,  by  Parkin- 
son, the  English  herbalist,  in  1629,  and,  as  the  references  show,  by  most 
pomologists  since.  The  names  May  and  Early  May  have  been  applied  to 
several  varieties,  and  especially  in  the  West  to  the  Early  Richmond  but 
all  are  distinct  and  ought  not  to  be  confused  with  this,  the  true  variety. 

Tree  very  small,  rather  weak;  branches  numerous,  slender,  somewhat  curved,  flexible, 
branchlets  slender,  pendant;  leaves  abundant,  very  small,  obovate  or  oblong,  acuminate; 
margin  irregularlj^  and  deeply  serrate;  petiole  short,  slender,  without  glands;  blooming 
season  very  early;  flowers  small;  petals  oval. 

Fruit  matures  very  early,  usually  attached  in  pairs;  small,  roundish,  slightly  flattened; 
suture  indistinct;  color  bright  red  becoming  dark  red  at  full  maturity;  stem  one  inch  long, 
slender,  set  in  a  small,  regular  cavity;  skin  thin;  flesh  yellowish- white,  sometimes  tinged 
red  under  the  skin,  tender,  juicy,  brisk  but  pleasant  subacid;  quality  fair;  stone  very  small, 
roundish. 

EARLY  MORELLO 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpl.  12:118.     1900.     2.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Horl.  Man.  2:275.     1903. 

Orel  No.  23.     3.  Mich.  Horl.  Soc.  Rpt.  327.     1888.     4.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:68,  77  Rg.  17.     1903. 

This,  which  we  think  is  the  true  Early  Morello,  is  worthy  an  extended 
description  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  chiefly  because  there  are  several 
cherries  of  this  name.  The  confusion  results  in  much  vexation  to  cherry- 
growers  in  the  West  where,  only,  these  cherries  have  been  planted.  The 
full  description  should  make  clear  at  least  the  character  of  the  variety 
which  is  being  grown  at  this  Station  as  Early  Morello.  About  all  that 
can  be  said  of  the  variety  as  it  grows  here  is  that  the  trees  are  hardy,  healthy, 
vigorous,  fruitful  and  regular  in  bearing.  The  cherries  show  the  variety  to 
be  of  the  Amarelle  group  but  are  such  as  to  make  it  far  inferior  to  Mont- 
morency and  other  well-known  Amarelles.  The  name  is  misleading,  as 
the  variety  has  little  in  common,  in  tree  or  fruit,  with  the  true  Morellos. 

The  cherry  described  here  as  Early  Morello  was  introduced  by 
Professor  J.  L.  Budd  from  Orel,  Russia,  as  Orel  No.  23.  It  has  proved 
very  productive  and  hardy  throughout  the  West  and  resembles  Early 
Richmond,  though  smaller,  a  trifle  darker,  less  acid  and  a  week  later.  A 
dark-fleshed  variety  from  Erftirt,  Prussia,  was  sent  out  from  Rosedale, 
Kansas,  where  it  is  known  as  Early  Morello.  This,  and  one  by  D.  U. 
Reed,  Blue  Springs,  Nebraska,  appear  to  be  very  similar  to  the  Northwest, 
or  Wier  No.  29. 
9 


130  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  very  productive;  trunk  rather 
thick,  shaggy;  branches  with  numerous  large  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  short;  leaves 
two  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  thick,  stiff,  dark  green, 
rather  glossy,  smooth;  margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole 
glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  brown  or  yellowish  glands  variable 
in  position;  buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  in  small  clusters  at  the  ends  of  slender,  branch- 
like spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers  one  inch  across;  pistil  equal 
to  or  slightly  longer  than  the  stamens,  sometimes  defective. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  oblate, 
compressed;  color  attractive  dark  red;  stem  one  inch  long,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin 
thin,  tender,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  light  yellow,  with  pinkish  juice,  tender  and 
melting,  sprightly,  tart;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  free,  ovate,  flattened,  slightly  pointed, 
with  smooth  surfaces,  somewhat  tinged  with  red. 

EARLY  PURPLE 

Primus  avium 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Purple  Cherry.     2.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  1540.     1688. 

Early  Purple  Guigne.     3.  Cu/Zizjotor  N.  S.  4:280  fig.  2.     1847.     4.  Hovey  Fr. /Im.  1:93,  94,  PI.     1851. 

5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  55.  1852.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  211.  1856.  7.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:129,  I30> 
fig.  63.  1866-73.  8.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:57  fig.  3,  58,  59.  1866.  9.  Horticulturist  25:71  fig.  1870. 
10.  Leroy  Diet.   Pom.  5:334,  335  fig.,  336.     1877.     11.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  295.     1884.     12.  Guide  Prat. 

6,  193.     1895. 

Purple  Guigne.      13.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  195  fig.      1854. 

Early  Purple  is  a  valuable  cherry  on  account  of  its  earliness,  its  attrac- 
tive color  and  high  quality.  The  trees  bear  well  and  regularly  after  having 
become  established  in  the  orchard.  The  variety  has  the  reputation  of 
being  a  poor  grower  in  the  nursery  and  as  a  young  tree  in  the  orchard  but 
with  age  it  takes  on  vigor  and  at  all  times  is  as  healthy  as  those  of  any 
Sweet  Cherry.  More  than  most  cherries,  this  variety  responds  to  good 
care  and  a  choice  cherry  soil  —  a  warm,  free- working  loam  being  best.  A 
rather  unusual  and  serious  defect  of  this  variety  is  that  the  fruit-spurs 
are  easily  broken  during  picking  and  the  crop  of  the  next  season  thereby 
cut  short.  Another  fault  is  that  it  is  the  favorite  food  of  the  robin  where 
this,  the  worst  of  all  cherry  pests,  abounds.  The  cherries  of  this  variety 
do  not  attain  their  rich  purple  color  until  full  maturity  is  reached.  Hogg, 
the  English  pomologist,  maintains  that  Early  Purple  does  better  on  the 
Mahaleb  than  on  the  Mazzard  stock.  No  home  collection  should  be 
without  this  variety  and  it  can  often  be  profitably  grown  as  an  early  cherry 
for  the  local  market. 

Early  Purple  is  the  Early  Purple  Guigne  of  most  fruit-books,   the 


EARLY  PURPLE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I3I 

name  having  been  shortened  by  the  American  Pomological  Society,  though, 
since  the  variety  goes  back  to  the  Early  Purple  of  Ray  in  1688,  the  name 
here  used  has  the  right  of  precedence.  As  to  what  the  origin  and  history 
of  the  variety  were  before  Ray  mentioned  it,  we  can  find  no  record.  Early 
Purple  was  brought  to  America  over  a  hundred  years  ago.  According  to 
Elliott,  eastern  growers  received  it  directly  from  England,  while  in  the 
West  it  was  brought  over  by  a  party  of  German  emigrants,  under  the  name 
"  German  May  Duke  "  and  as  such  it  is  still  much  grown  in  localities  in 
the  Central  West.  In  1852,  the  American  Pomological  Society  listed 
Early  Purple  as  one  of  the  promising  new  fruits  and  later,  in  1856,  it  was 
given  a  place,  which  it  has  since  retained,  on  the  Society's  catalog  of  fruits 
recommended  for  general  cultivation. 

Tree  large,  \-igorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  very  productive;  trunk  thick, 
smooth;  branches  smooth,  reddish-brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  large  lenticels; 
branchlets  short,  brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray,  roughened,  ^-ith  a  few  small,  incon- 
spicuous lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  four  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide,  folded 
upward,  oval  to  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface  light  green, 
ver>'  lightly  pubescent;  apex  and  base  acute;  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small,  dark 
colored  glands;  petiole  one  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  slender,  tinged  with  red,  with 
few  hairs,  with  two  or  three  small,  globose,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  variable  in  size  and  shape,  rather  long,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral 
buds  and  in  small  clusters  on  spurs  variable  in  length;  season  of  bloom  early;  flowers 
white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters,  usually  in  twos; 
pedicels  characteristically  long,  often  one  and  one-fourth  inches,  slender,  glabrous;  calyx- 
tube  with  a  faint  tinge  of  red,  campanulate;  calyx-lobes  tinged  with  red,  long,  acute, 
serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  broadly  oval,  serrate,  with  short, 
blunt  claws  and  a  shallow,  notched  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous, 
shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  very  early;  one  inch  in  diameter,  cordate,  slightly  compressed;  cavity 
regular;  suture  a  faint  line;  apex  pointed;  color  purplish-black;  dots  numerous,  small, 
grayish,  obscure;  stem  tinged  with  red,  slender,  nearly  two  inches  long,  adhering  to  the 
fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  readily  from  the  pulp;  flesh  dark  reddish-purple,  with 
dark  colored  juice,  tender,  melting,  mild,  sweet;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  free  except 
along  the  ventral  suture,  rather  large,  broadly  oval,  compressed  near  the  apex,  with  smooth 
surfaces. 

EARLY  RICHMOND 
Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Thacher  Am.   Orch.  217.     1822.     2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.   2:142.     1832.     3.  Elliott  Fr.   Book  194, 
195  fig.     1854.     4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  12.     1871.     5.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:115  %•.  116.     1900. 
Flanders.     6.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  571.     1629. 


132  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Kentish.  7.  Miller  Card.  Kal.  154.  1734.  8.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  660,  661.  1819. 
9.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  196  fig.,  197.  1845.  10.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.  1862.  11.  Mas  Le  Verger 
8:25,  26,  fig.  II.     1866-73. 

Cerisier  Hatif.  12.  Duhamel  Trail.  Arb.  Fr.  1:170,  171,  PI.  IV.  1768.  13.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  657,  658,  691.  1819.  14.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  13,  PI.  1846.  15.  Leroy  Diet. 
Pom.  5:343,  344  fig.,  345.     1877. 

Cerise  de  Volger.     16.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:36,  43.     1771. 

Friihzeitige  Amarelle.  17.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  616-618.  1819.  18.  Dochnahl  Fxihr.  Obst- 
kunde  3:70.     1858. 

Early  Griotte.     19.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:131,  132.     1832. 

French.     20.  Quebec  Pom.  &  Fr.  Or.  Soc.  Rpt.  122,  123,     1906. 

Early  Richmond  has  long  been  the  leading  Sour  Cherry  of  its  season 
—  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the  markets.  It  is  not  a  remarkable  variety  in 
its  fruit-characters,  the  cherries  being  but  medium  in  size,  mediocre  in 
quality  and  not  handsomer  than  other  Amarelles  with  which  it  belongs. 
It  is,  however,  a  very  good  culinary  fruit  and  when  well  ripened  may  be 
eaten  out  of  hand  with  relish  by  those  who  like  the  refreshing  acidity  of 
a  Sour  Cherry.  Though  not  in  nearly  as  great  demand  for  canning  as 
Montmorency  it  still  makes  a  very  good  canned  product,  being  used  more 
than  it  otherwise  would  be  to  prolong  the  canning  season  because  of  its 
earliness.  Before  cherries  were  largely  canned  for  the  markets.  Early 
Richmond  was  much  used  in  making  dried  cherries,  the  product,  rightly 
cured,  making  a  delicious  sweetmeat  which  would  keep  for  several  months. 
The  cherries  are  remarkable  for  the  tenacity  with  which  the  stone  clings 
to  the  stem.  It  is  the  tree  in  which  the  Early  Richmond  particularly 
surpasses.  It  thrives  in  varied  soils  and  climates  from  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  the  Carolinas  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  — •  possibly  the  most 
cosmopolitan  of  all  cherries  —  and  everywhere  vigorous,  healthy  and  fruit- 
ful. For  the  many  purposes  for  which  it  may  be  used  and  because  of  the 
characters  of  the  tree.  Early  Richmond  is  indispensable  in  every  home  and 
commercial  orchard  for  an  early  cherry.  After  Montmorency  it  is  more 
largely  grown  than  any  other  cherry,  Sweet  or  Sour,  in  New  York. 

Early  Richmond  is  the  old  Kentish  of  English  writers,  confused  more 
or  less  with  the  different  Montmorencies.  Whether  or  not  this  variety 
was  introduced  into  Kent,  England,  by  the  Romans  and  became  thus 
early  the  Kentish  or  whether  it  came  from  Flanders  or  Holland  where  it 
was  called  Cerise  de  Volger,  is  not  now  certain.  Probably,  however,  it  is 
one  of  the  many  seedlings  of  the  Cerise  Commune,  as  are  the  Montmoren- 
cies, and  was  first  known  as  Cerisier  Hitif.  Early  in  the  Sixteenth 
Century  the  gardener  of  Henry  VIII  made  extensive  plantings   in  Kent 


T7ADT   \7    DTr•T_r^^ffr^^TT-^ 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 33 

with  trees  supposed  to  have  come  from  Flanders,  and  Parkinson,  in  1629, 
mentions  a  variety  as  Flanders  which  was  probably  this  cherry.  The 
variety,  soon  known  by  many  English  writers  as  Kentish,  was  confused  by 
the  French  who  seem  to  have  had  two  Kentish  cherries.  In  English  nur- 
series Kentish  was  soon  confused  with  Montmorency.  In  this  way  the 
terms  Kentish,  Flanders.  Flemish  and  Montmorency  came  into  use  for  this 
sort.  It  was  early  brought  to  America  where  it  became  known  as  Early 
Richmond  but  even  here  it  has  several  names.  The  belief  that  it  origi- 
nated at  Richmond,  Virginia,  was  due  to  the  fact  that  William  Prince 
secured  his  first  trees  from  that  source.  By  whom  the  variety  was  intro- 
duced into  this  country  is  unknown,  although  Thacher  speaks  of  it  as  early 
as  1822.  In  the  South  it  became  known  as  Virginia  May,  while  in  the 
West  it  has  been  called  Early  May.  The  variety  appeared  on  the  fruit  list 
of  the  American  Pomological  Society  as  Kentish  in  1862  but  in  1871  the 
name  was  changed  to  Early  Richmond.  It  is  listed  by  all  prominent  nur- 
series in  this  country  as  Richmond  or  Early  Richmond  while  in  England 
it  is  still  known  as  Kentish.  The  French  cherry,  often  spoken  of  as 
"the  common  French  cherry,"  introduced  into  the  lower  St.  Lawrence 
region,  is  very  similar  to  Early  Richmond.  This  strain,  propagated  from 
seed  or  sprouts,  seems  to  be  somewhat  hardier  than  Early  Richmond  and 
varies  slightly  from  it  in  size  and  quality. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense,  round-topped,  productive; 
trunk  and  branches  smooth;  branches  reddish-brown  lightly  overspread  with  dull  gray, 
with  numerous  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  long,  grayish,  smooth,  with  munerous  small, 
inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  ntmierous,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  obovate,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  pale 
green;  apex  variable  in  shape,  base  abrupt;  margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular; 
petiole  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  globose,  greenish-yellow  glands  at  the  base  of  the 
blade. 

Buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  very  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  and  in  clusters  on  very 
short  spurs;  blooms  appearing  in  mid-season;  flowers  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across, 
white;  borne  in  scattering  clusters,  usually  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch 
long,  glabrous;  cal^TC-tube  green  or  faintly  tinged  with  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes 
with  a  trace  of  red,  obtuse,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflcxed;  petals  roundish, 
entire,  sessile,  with  a  shallow,  wide  notch  at  the  apex;  filaments  over  one-fourth  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  early;  three-fourths  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-oblate,  compressed; 
cavity  abrupt,  regular;  suture  indistinct;  apex  roundish  or  flattened,  with  a  slight  depres- 
sion at  the  center;  color  light  red  changing  to  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet, 


134  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

inconspicuous;  stem  slender,  one  inch  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  rather  tough, 
separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yellow,  with  light  pinkish  juice,  stringy,  tender  and 
melting,  sprightly,  pleasant  flavored;  good  to  very  good  in  quality;  stone  free,  small, 
roundish-ovate,  slightly  pointed,  with  smooth  siuiaces;  somewhat  roughened  along  the 
ventral  suture. 

ELKHORN 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:117.  1832.  2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  213.  1854.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24. 
1899. 

John  Tradescantes  Cherrie.     4.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  574.     1629. 

Hertogs-Kers.     5.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:36,  40.     1771. 

Crosse  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.  6.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  180-192.  1819.  7.  Dochnahl 
Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:36.  1858.  8.  ///.  Handb.  89  fig.,  90.  i860.  9.  Lauche  Deiit.  Pom.  Ill:  No.  6,  PI. 
1882.     ID.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  357,  358.     1889. 

Tradescant's  Black  Heart.  11.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  188  fig.,  189.  1845.  12.  Thompson  Card. 
Ass't  526.     1859.     13.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.     1862. 

Gros  Bigarreau  Noir.  14.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:108-111,  fig.  24.  1866.  15.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom. 
5:224,  225  fig.,  226.     1877. 

St.  Margaret's  Cherry.     16.  Flor.  &  Pom.  105,  PI.  542.     1881. 

Elkhorn  has  served  its  day  and  is  now  being  rapidly  superseded  by 
other  cherries  of  the  Bigarreau  group  to  which  it  belongs.  It  was  valued 
by  the  old  pomologists  because  of  the  large  size  of  the  fruit,  the  firm  flesh, 
late  ripening,  rich  flavor,  and  because  it  hangs  well  on  the  tree  long  after 
maturity.  But  it  fails  in  competition  with  other  Bigarreaus  in  bearing 
cherries  quite  variable  in  size,  in  the  diminishing  size  of  the  fruit  as  the 
trees  attain  age  and  more  than  all  else  in  being  but  moderately  productive. 
The  bark  of  the  trunk  and  main  branches  is  so  heavily  overspread  with 
gray  as  to  make  this  a  distinguishing  mark.  The  fruit,  too,  is  distinct  in 
appearance  by  reason  of  the  irregular  stuface  of  the  skin.  The  variety 
possesses  no  characters,  as  it  usually  grows,  to  make  it  worth  planting 
either  for  home  or  market. 

The  history  of  this  old  cherry  was  almost  hopelessly  confused  by 
the  early  horticvdturists  by  the  vast  number  of  names  they  used  for  it, 
many  of  which  belonged  to  other  varieties.  Elkhorn  is  supposed  to  have 
been  raised  by  John  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  I  of  England,  under 
the  name  Tradescant's  Black  Heart.  Of  this  cherry,  John  Parkinson  in 
1629  says:  "  John  Tradescantes  Cherrie  is  most  usually  sold  by  our 
Nursery  Gardiners,  for  the  Archdukes  cherrie,  because  they  have  more 
plenty  thereof,  and  will  better  be  increased,  and  because  it  is  so  faire  and 
good  a  cherrie  that  it  may  be  obtruded  without  much  discontent:  it  is  a 
reasonably  good  bearer,  a  faire  great  berrie,  deepe  coloured,  and  a  little 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 35 

pointed."  It  is  not  known  when  or  how  Elkhorn  got  to  America.  The  first 
cherry -grower  in  this  country  to  mention  it  was  WilHam  Prince,  in  1832, 
who  says  that  his  father  noticed  the  variety  growing  in  a  garden  next  to 
a  hotel  in  Maryland  about  1 797  and  brought  cions  of  it  to  New  York  after- 
wards propagating  and  selling  it  under  the  name  Elkhorn  given  to  the 
cherry  by  the  hotel  proprietor.  Elkhorn  was  at  one  time  very  popular 
and  well  disseminated  throughout  the  United  States  and  is  sold  now  by  a 
large  nimiber  of  nurserymen  either  under  the  name  Tradescant's  Black 
Heart  or  as  Elkhorn.  In  1862,  the  American  Pomological  Society  listed 
in  its  fruit  catalog  Tradescant's  Black  Heart  but  dropped  it  in  1877.  In 
1899  this  Society  placed  the  variety  in  its  catalog  under  the  name  Elkhorn 
and  it  still  remains  on  its  list  of  recommended  fruits.  From  its  history 
it  is  apparent  that  this  cherry  is  rightly  called  Tradescant  or  Black  Heart 
or  by  some  combination  of  these  terms  but  Elkhorn  has  been  adopted  by 
the  American  Pomological  Society,  is  everywhere  in  common  use  on  this 
continent  and  is  so  distinctive  that  we  choose  for  this  text  the  newer  name. 

Tree  large,  very  vigorous,  upright,  open-topped,  moderately  productive;  trunk  stocky, 
smooth;  branches  stout,  smooth,  with  numerous  small  lenticels,  reddish-brown  heavily 
overspread  Vi-ith  ash-gray;  branchlets  thick. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  two  and  one-fourth  inches 
wide,  short-oval  to  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  medivun  green,  roughish;  lower  surface 
dull,  light  green,  hghtly  pubescent;  apex  acute;  margin  coarsely  serrate,  glandular;  petiole 
with  from  one  to  three  raised  glands  of  mediiun  size,  variable  in  shape,  usually  on  the 
stalk. 

Fruit  matures  in  late  mid-season;  tliree-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  cordate  to 
conical,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  deep,  wide,  flaring;  suture  indistinct;  ape.x  roundish 
or  pointed,  with  a  slight  depression  at  the  center;  color  purplish-black;  dots  numerous, 
small,  dark  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  one  and  three-eighths  inches  long,  adhering  to 
the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  adhering  somewhat  to  the  pulp;  flesh  a  characteristically  dark 
purplish-red,  with  very  dark  colored  juice,  meaty,  firm,  crisp,  mild,  sweet;  of  good  quality; 
stone  semi-free,  ovate,  flattened,  slightly  pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces,  tinged  with  red. 

ELTON 

Prunus  avium 

t.  Land.  Horl.Soc.  Cat.  4g.  1831.  2.  Vrince  Pom.  Man.  2:121,  122.  1832.  3.  Pom.  il/ag.  2:92,  P, 
1839.  4.  Downing  fr.  Trees  rim.  186  fig.  77.  1845.  $.  Proc.  Nat.  Con.  Fr.  Cr.  52.  1848.  6.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.  75.  1850.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1852.  8.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  194  fig.  1854.  9.  Thompson 
Card.  Ass't  528.  1859.  10.  ///.  Handb.  105  fig.,  106.  i860.  11.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:91  fig.  17,  92, 
93.     1866.     12.  Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.  463  fig.     1869.     13.  Leroy  Diet.    Pom.  5:196,   197  fig.     1877. 

Flesh  Coloured  Bigarreaii.  14.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:128.  1832.  15.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  182 
fig.  74.     1845.     16.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:192,  193  fig.     1877. 


136  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Elton  has  been  freely  recommended  and  widely  cultivated  in  Europe 
and  America  for  the  past  century  and  probably  no  cherry  has  given  more 
general  satisfaction.  The  variety  is  distinguished  by  the  form,  color,  flesh 
and  flavor  of  its  fruit.  The  cherries  are  oblong-heart-shaped  —  possibly 
too  much  drawn  out  for  best  appearance  and  often  too  oblique;  the  color, 
very  well  shown  in  the  color-plate,  is  most  attractive  and  makes  up  for 
any  defect  in  shape  —  a  dark  red  mottled  with  amber,  very  bright,  clear 
and  glossy;  the  flesh,  a  little  too  soft  to  ship  well,  is  delicate  and  most 
pleasing  to  the  palate ;  the  flavor  is  peculiarly  rich  and  luscious  being  hardly 
surpassed  by  that  of  any  other  cherry.  The  trees  may  be  as  readily  told 
as  the  fruit,  by  the  unusually  dark  red  color  of  the  petioles  of  the  leaves. 
The  branches  are  stout  and  bear  the  crop  thickly  placed  close  to  the  wood  and 
in  prodigious  quantities.  Unfortunately  it  has  a  fault  which  in  America,  at 
least,  makes  it  almost  unfit  for  a  commercial  plantation.  Brown-rot,  the 
scourge  of  the  Sweet  Cherry,  attacks  this  variety  more  aggressively  than 
almost  any  other  sort  and  for  this  reason,  while  its  merits  can  hardly  be 
too  highly  spoken  of,  Elton  must  remain  for  most  part  a  variety  for  the 
home  orchard.  The  tree,  perfect  in  most  respects,  is  a  little  tender  to 
cold.  Leroy,  the  French  pomologist,  thinks  it  does  better  on  Mahaleb  than 
on  the  Mazzard  stock. 

This  is  another  cherry  from  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  the  great  English 
pomologist.  Knight  fruited  it  first  about  1806,  the  tree  coming  from  a  pit 
of  Yellow  Spanish,  the  paternal  parent  being  White  Heart.  From  the 
first  it  took  a  high  place  in  English  and  continental  pomology  as  it  did 
also  in  America  upon  being  brought  here  in  1823.  The  variety  is  every- 
where known  and  grown  in  America  and  is  for  sale  by  many  nvirserymen. 
Elton  was  one  of  the  fruits  to  receive  attention  at  the  first  meeting  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  in  1848,  and  in  1852  was  put  on  the  list  of 
recommended  fruits  where  it  still  remains. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  very  productive;  trunk  thick, 
smooth;  branches  smooth,  reddish-brown  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  small  lenticels; 
branchlets  long,  brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  inconspicuous,  raised 
lenticels,  intermediate  in  number  and  size. 

Leaves  numerous,  five  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded 
upward,  long-obovate  to  elliptical,  tliin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface 
light  green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  doubly  serrate,  with  small, 
dark  glands;  petiole  two  inches  long,  heavily  tinged  with  red,  with  a  few  scattering  hairs 
along  the  upper  surface,  with  from  two  to  four  reniform  or  globose,  reddish-brown  glands 
on  the  stalk. 


ELTON 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 37 

Buds  large,  long,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  on  very 
short  spurs  variable  in  size;  leaf -scars  prominent;  mid-season  in  blooming;  flowers  one 
and  one-half  inches  across,  white;  borne  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender, 
glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  tinged  with 
red,  long,  broad,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish, 
entire,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  shallow  notch  at  the  apex;  filaments  about  one-half  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  early;  about  one  inch  long,  three-fourths  inch  wide,  cordate  to  conical, 
somewhat  compressed  and  oblique;  cavity  rather  abrupt,  regular;  suture  indistinct;  apex 
distinctly  pointed;  color  dark  red  with  an  amber  tinge,  faintly  mottled;  dots  numerous, 
small,  light  yellow,  obscure;  stem  slender,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  long;  skin  thin,  ten- 
der, separating  from  the  pulp ;  flesh  wb'te  with  a  tinge  of  yellow,  with  colorless  juice,  slightly 
stringy,  tender,  very  mild,  sweet;  of  good  quality;  stone  free  except  along  the  ventral 
suture,  one-half  inch  long,  long-ovate,  slightly  flattened,  with  smooth  surfaces;  some- 
what ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 

EMPRESS  EUGENIE 

Primus  avium  X  Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Card.  Moil.  7:277.  1865.  2.  MortUIet  ie  Cerisier  2:159  fig.  41,  160.  1866.  3.  Mas  Lc  Verger 
8:5,  6,  fig.  I.  1866-73.  4-  Pom.  France  7:  No.  10,  PI.  10.  1871.  5.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpl.  383.  1875. 
6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  20.  1877.  7.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:348  fig.,  349.  1877.  8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
296,  297.     1884.     9.  Gaucher  Pom.  Prak.  Obst.  No.  78,  PI.  29.     1894. 

Eugenie.     10.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  22.     1883. 

This  old  French  cherry,  for  many  years  largely  advertised  and  widely 
sold  in  America,  does  not  thrive  in  the  New  World  as  well  as  the  reports 
say  it  does  in  the  Old  World.  The  two  faults  that  condemn  it,  as  it  grows 
here,  are  that  the  cherries  ripen  very  unevenly  making  several  pickings 
necessary  and  the  trees  are  so  small  that,  though  loaded  with  fruit,  the 
total  yield  is  not  large.  Lesser  faults  are  that  the  cherries  are  not  uniform 
in  shape  and  are  borne  thickly  in  close  clusters  so  that  when  brown-rot  is 
rife  this  variety  suffers  greatly.  The  short  stem,  too,  prevents  easy  picking. 
To  offset  these  faults  Empress  Eugenie  has  to  its  credit  the  reputation  of 
being  about  the  most  refreshing  and  delicious  Duke.  In  a  home  plantation 
where  the  unevenness  in  ripening  can  be  utilized  to  prolong  the  season  and 
where  dwarf ness  may  not  be  undesirable.  Empress  Eugenie  may  well  find 
a  place. 

This  cherry  appeared  in  1845  as  a  chance  seedling  on  the  grounds  of 
M.  Varenne  at  Belleville,  near  Paris,  France.  It  first  fruited  about  1850 
and  four  years  later  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Paris  placed  it,  under 
the  name  Imperatrice  Eugenie,  on  its  list  of  recommended  fruits.  M.  A. 
Gontier,  a  nurseryman  at  Fontenay-aux-Roses  introduced  it  to  commerce 


138  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

in  1855.  Empress  Eugenie  soon  became  quite  generally  disseminated 
throughout  Europe  and  was  considered  nearly  as  good  as  May  Duke,  with 
which  it  has  occasionally  been  confused.  It  must  have  been  brought  to 
America  towards  the  beginning  of  the  last  quarter  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury and  here  it  gradually  became  widely  distributed  until  today  it  is 
found  in  all  the  leading  cherry  plantations  and  is  propagated  by  a  large 
number  of  nurserymen  throughout  the  United  States.  The  American 
Pomological  Society  added  this  cherry  to  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1877  under 
the  name  Empress  Eugenie.  In  1883  this  name  was  shortened  to  Eugenie 
under  which  term  it  has  since  appeared  in  the  Society's  catalog.  In  The 
Cherries  of  New  York  we  have  not  adopted  the  shortened  name  as,  by  such 
a  change,  all  trace  is  lost  of  the  person  after  whom  the  cherry  was  christened. 

Tree  small,  not  very  vigorous,  upright,  becoming  round-topped,  very  productive; 
trunk  slender,  roughish;  branches  slender,  much  roughened,  reddish-brown  partly  covered 
with  ash-gray,  with  numerous  small  lenticels;  branchlets  with  short  intemodes,  brown 
slightly  covered  with  ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  nimierous  small,  conspicuous,  much- 
raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  obovate,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface 
light  green,  thinly  pubescent ;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base  variable  in  shape ;  margin  doubly 
serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  tinged  with  red, 
with  a  few  hairs  along  the  upper  surface,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose, 
greenish-yellow  or  reddish  glands,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  on  long  or  short  spurs, 
in  clusters  variable  in  size;  leaf -scars  obscure;  blooming  in  mid-season;  flowers  one  and 
one-fourth  inches  across,  white;  borne  in  very  dense  clusters,  in  threes  and  fours;  pedicels 
one  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  with  a  faint  tinge  of  red,  obconic,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  acute,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish, 
entire,  with  short  but  distinct  claws;  apex  nearly  entire;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-conic 
to  oblate-conic,  compressed;  cavity  narrow;  suture  very  shallow,  indistinct;  apex  flattened 
or  depressed;  color  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  dark  russet,  obscure;  stem  one  and 
one-fourth  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh 
pale  red,  with  pinkish  juice,  tender,  meaty,  sprightly,  pleasant  flavored,  tart ;  of  good 
quality;   stone  semi-clinging,   small,   ovate,   flattened,   somewhat  oblique,   with   smooth 

surfaces. 

ENGLISH  MORELLO 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.  1629.  2.  Langley  Pomona  85.  1729.  3.  Christ  Handb.  677.  1797. 
4.  Land.  Horl.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1831.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  197,  198  fig.  1845.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Sac. 
Cat.  74.     1862.     7.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  306,  307.     1884.     8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 


EMPRESS   EUGENIE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  139 

Grosse  Cerise  a  Ratafia.     9.  Duhamel  Trait.  .4rb.  Fr.  1:189.     1768. 

Crosse  Lange  Lothkirsche.  10.  Truchsess-Heim  A'zVsf/ieuior/.  599,  600,  601.  1819.  11.  Mich.  Horl. 
Soc.  Rpt.  326.     1888.     12.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  356,  357.     1889. 

Large  Morello.     13.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:144.     1832. 

Ratafia  Griotte.  14.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:147.  1832.  15.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  17,  PI. 
1846.     16.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:299,  300  fig.,  301.     1877. 

Northern  Griotte.  17.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:146.  1832.  18.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  18,  PI. 
1846.  19.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:188  fig.,  189,  190.  1866.  20.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  15,  PI.  15.  1871. 
21.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  18,  195.     1876.     22.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  331.     1885. 

Colorado  Morello.     23.  Rogers  Cat.  18.     1900. 

English  Morello  is  the  best  of  all  its  group  and  is  the  standard  late 
Sotir  Cherry  in  North  America,  occupying  at  the  close  of  the  season  the 
place  held  by  Montmorency  in  mid-season  for  home,  market  and  cannery. 
It  is  not  a  table  fruit  and  can  hardly  be  eaten  out  of  hand  until  it  loses 
some  of  its  astringency  and  acidity  by  thorough  ripening.  In  any  way 
the  cherries  are  prepared  by  cooking,  however,  it  is  one  of  the  best,  cvil- 
inary  processes  giving  the  fruits  a  rich,  dark  wine  color,  very  attractive  in 
appearance,  and  a  most  pleasant,  sprightly,  aromatic  flavor.  The  fruit  is 
handsome  in  appearance,  bears  harvesting  and  shipping  well,  is  resistant 
to  brown-rot  and  hangs  long  on  the  trees  after  ripening,  often  until  the  last 
of  August  if  robins  can  be  kept  away.  Once  seen,  one  may  always  know 
the  trees.  They  are  small,  round-headed,  with  branches  that  distinctly 
droop.  To  be  sufficiently  productive  an  English  Morello  orchard  must  be 
closely  set;  for,  though  the  trees  are  vigorous  and  productive  for  their 
size,  they  are  too  dwarf  to  yield  heavily.  The  trees  are  hardy  but  not 
always  healthy  and  are  not  adapted  to  as  great  a  diversity  of  soils  as  might 
be  wished.  The  variety  distinctly  fails  in  its  tree-characters.  The  demand 
for  English  Morello  has  recently  decreased  and  it  is  doubtful  if  it  ever 
regains  its  popularity  of  a  decade  ago.  There  is  a  place  for  a  late  cherry 
which  English  Morello  now  fills  but  not  sufficiently  well. 

All  of  the  early  pomologists  describe  a  Morello  or  a  Morella  but  no 
one  of  them  definitely  gives  its  place  of  origin.  The  concensus  of  opinion 
is  that  it  originated  in  either  Holland  or  Germany  from  whence  it  was 
introduced  into  England  and  later  into  France.  The  early  German  writers 
listed  a  Grosse  Lange  Lothkirsche  which  is  English  Morello.  Preceding 
them,  Duhamel  described  the  Grosse  Cerise  a  Ratafia  "  as  one  praised  for 
confitures  and  preserving,"  which  is  probably  this  cherry.  Leroy  believed 
English  Morello  to  be  the  cherry  that  Mortillet  brought  to  Paris  from 
Holland  calling  it  Griotte  du  Nord  though  he  thought  the  variety  had 
been  grown  in  France  for  many  years  previous  but  under  another  name. 


140  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

It  is  possible  that  the  term  Du  Nord  originated  through  its  being  widely- 
grown  as  an  espalier  demanding  a  northern  exposure,  rather  than  as  some 
have  thought,  because  it  came  from  northern  Germany.  In  1862  English 
Morello  was  put  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
where  it  still  remains.  Wragg  is  thought  to  be  identical  with  this  cherry 
by  some  and,  if  not,  it  differs  but  little.  Northern  Griotte  and  Grosse 
Lange  Lothkirsche,  introduced  by  Budd  from  Russia,  are  English  Morello. 
Morris,  or  Colorado  Morello,  put  out  by  John  Morris  of  Golden,  Colorado, 
once  thought  to  be  distinct,  is  also  English  Morello. 

Tree  small,  upright-spreading,  with  drooping  branchlets,  dense-topped,  productive; 
trunk  slender,  rough;  branches  slender,  smooth,  dark  brown  overlaid  with  dark  ash-gray, 
with  numerous  small  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  willowy,  with  short  intemodes,  brownish, 
smooth,  with  ntimerous  conspicuous,  small,  slightly  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  two  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  obovate  to  oval;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  light 
green;  apex  acute,  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands; 
petiole  one-half  inch  long,  tinged  with  diill  red,  grooved,  with  from  one  to  three  small, 
globose  or  reniform,  greenish-yellow  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds;  leaf -scars 
obscure;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers  one  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  scattering  clusters 
in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  nearly  one  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  with 
a  faint  tinge  of  red,  somewhat  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red, 
obtuse,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  distinctly  veined,  roimdish, 
crenate,  sessile,  with  crenate  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long;  pistU  glabrous, 
shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  very  late;  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  sometimes  running 
larger,  roundish-cordate,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring,  regular; 
suture  a  shallow  groove;  apex  roundish,  with  a  small  depression  at  the  center;  color  very 
dark  red  becoming  almost  black;  dots  numerous,  small,  dark  russet,  conspicuous;  stem 
slender,  one  inch  long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  from  the 
pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  tender  and  melting,  sprightly,  tart;  of  good 
quality;  stone  free,  small,  ovate,  slightly  flattened  and  pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces, 
slightly  tinged  with  red. 

FLORENCE 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Prince   Treat.  Hort.  29.     1828.     2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  277.     1832.     3.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am. 
187.     1845.     4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  365.     1849.     5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  22.     1885. 
Knevett's  Late  Bigarreau.     6.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  46.     1831. 
Bigarreau  de  Florence.    7.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:204  fig.,  205.     1877. 
Florence  Heart.     8.  Bunyard-Thomas  Fr.  Card.  43.     1904. 

Florence  is  a  Bigarreau  so  similar  to  YeUow  Spanish  as  to  be  hardly 
worth  planting,  since  it  is,  all  and  all,  surpassed  by  its  better-known  rival. 


ENGLISH    MORELLO 


FLORENCE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I4I 

The  frtdt  hangs  on  the  tree  in  edible  condition  an  almost  phenomenal  length 
of  time  which  has  given  rise  to  much  divergence  of  opinion  as  to  its  season, 
some  pomologists  rating  it  as  early,  others  as  mid-season  and  still  others 
as  late.  At  Geneva  the  trees  of  this  variety  are  not  as  healthful,  vigorous 
or  as  fruitfiil  as  those  of  Yellow  Spanish,  with  which  it  must  compete, 
nor  are  the  cherries  quite  as  fine  in  appearance  or  quality. 

This  variety  was  found  in  Florence,  Italy,  early  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century  by  John  Houblon,  who  took  it  to  England  from  whence  it  was 
brought  to  America.  It  found  a  place  in  1885  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  Amer- 
ican Pomological  Society  where  it  remained  until  1891,  when  it  was 
discarded,  with  quite  sufficient  reason. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  open-topped,  productive;  trunk  and  branches  thick,  smooth; 
branches  reddish-brown  partly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  with  numerous  lenticels;  branch- 
lets  thick,  long,  brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  inconspicuous,  raised 
lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  variable  in  size,  averaging  four  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  two 
and  one-fotuth  inches  wide,  folded  upward,  long-oval  to  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface 
rather  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface  dull  light  green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  acute, 
base  abrupt;  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  one  and  three-fourths 
inches  long,  thick,  pubescent,  dull  red,  with  from  two  to  four  large,  reniform,  reddish 
glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  pointed,  pltunp,  free,  arranged  as  lateral  buds  and  grouped  in  large  clusters 
on  numerous  short  spurs;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  one  and  one-fourth  inches 
across,  white;  borne  in  dense  clusters  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  greenish, 
acute,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  broad-obovate  to  oval,  entire,  with 
very  short,  blunt  claws,  distinctly  notched  at  the  apex;  filaments  nearly  one-half  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  usually  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  early;  one  inch  in  diameter,  cordate,  compressed;  cavity  deep,  wide; 
suture  very  shallow;  apex  somewhat  pointed;  color  reddish  over  an  amber  background, 
marked  with  indistinct,  whitish  spots  and  streaks;  dots  ntimerous,  small,  whitish,  incon- 
spicuous; stem  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  separating 
from  the  pvilp;  flesh  yellowish-white,  with  colorless  juice,  tender,  meaty,  crisp,  sprightly, 
sweet;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  clinging,  cordate,  flattened,  blimt,  with  roughish 
surfaces;  enlarged  along  the  ventral  suttire. 

GEORGE  GLASS 

Primus  cerasus 

I.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  328,  329.  1888.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  79.  1890.  3.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  245.  1894.  4.  /a.  5to.  B«/.  31:341.  1895.  5.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:12$.  1900.  6.  Budd-Hansen 
Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:276,  277.     1903.     7.  la.  Sla.  Bui.  73:70.     1903. 


142  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

George  Glass  has  been  widely  heralded  as  a  desirable  variety  in  the 
Middle  West  but  in  New  York,  where  it  has  passed  through  a  rather 
lengthy  probationary  period,  practically  all  who  have  tried  it  are  ready  to 
declare  it  worthless.  It  is  of  the  Amarelle  group  and  cannot  compete 
with  the  mp,ny  good  varieties  of  its  kinship,  as  the  Early  Richmond  or 
the  several  Montmorencies.  Its  season  is  between  Early  Richmond  and 
Montmorency.  As  compared  with  the  last-named  variety,  the  standard 
Sour  Cherry,  the  fruit  of  George  Glass  is  smaller,  sotirer,  less  attractive  in 
appearance  and  the  trees  are  far  less  fruitful.  Possibly  the  trees  are  more 
hardy,  this  character  commending  it  for  the  colder  parts  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  uncertain  but  it  is  supposed  to  have  been 
introduced  into  Iowa  by  immigrants  from  northeastern  Germany.  In 
American  collections  it  has  often  been  confused  with  Brusseler  Braune 
and  Bessarabian  and  by  some  is  declared  to  be  identical  with  the  latter 
sort.     It  is  supposed  to  be  a  cross  between  a  Duke  and  a  Morello  cherry. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  rather  open,  hardy,  appears  unproductive; 
trunk  thick;  branches  thick,  roughened,  with  numerous  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels; 
leaves  numerous,  four  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  obovate,  thick,  stiff,  dark  green; 
petiole  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  few  hairs  along  the  upper 
surface,  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  reddish-orange  glands,  usually  at  the  base  of  the 
blade;  buds  intermediate  in  size  and  length;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  inter- 
mediate; flowers  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  dense  clusters. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  one  inch  wide,  oblate, 
compressed;  cavity  deep;  color  light  red  changing  to  dark  red;  stem  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  yellowish-white, 
with  abtmdant  colorless  juice,  string^',  tender  and  melting,  rather  mild  for  a  sour  cherry; 
good  to  very  good  in  quality;  stone  free,  roundish  or  slightly  oblate,  plump,  blunt,  with 
smooth  surfaces;  ventral  suture  prominent. 

HEART-SHAPED  WEICHSEL 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensorl.  573-577-  i8i9-  2.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3:60,  61.  1858. 
3.  Mick.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  328.     1888.     4.   Wash.  Sla.  Bui.  92:17.     1910. 

Herzformige  Sauerkirsche.     5.  Christ  Worterb.  288.     1802. 

Heart-Shaped  Griotte.  6.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:149.  1832.  7.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:103,  I04.  fig-  5°- 
1866-73. 

This  Sour  Cherry,  of  the  Morello  group,  is  too  poor  in  quality  to 
recommend  it  for  any  purpose.  The  fruit  is  scarcely  edible  until  dead  ripe 
and  even  then  is  too  puckering  to  eat  out  of  hand  with  relish.     The  cherries 


Hi 


GEORGE  GLASS 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 43 

are  very  attractive,  being  large  for  the  kind,  heart-shaped,  of  a  handsome, 
clear,  glossy  dark  purple  color  and  very  uniform  in  all  characters.  The 
tree  is  conspicuous  because  of  its  symmetrical  shape,  large  size,  round  head 
and  its  many  branches  and  branchlets.  The  leaves  are  characteristically 
small,  as  are  the  flowers,  which  are  further  distinguished  by  very  narrow 
petals.  The  tree  is  hardy  and  prodttctive  and  quite  worth  a  place  on  a 
lawn  as  an  ornamental  if  not  in  the  garden  for  its  fruit.  The  variety  has 
several  characters  to  commend  it  to  plant-breeders. 

This  variety  came  to  light  in  written  records  in  the  early  part  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century  in  German  fruit-books  under  the  name  Saure  Herz- 
kirsche  or  Herzkirschweichsel  and  was  highly  recommended  for  its  fine 
flavor.  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Iowa,  in  one  of  his  European  trips,  was 
impressed  with  its  symmetrical  habit  of  growth  and  its  abundant  foliage 
where  he  found  it  growing  in  eastern  Europe  as  a  lawn  tree.  He 
included  it  among  his  importations  but  it  has  not  proved  valuable  in  the 
New  World. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  unproductive;  branches  rather 
slender,  smooth  except  for  the  large,  conspicuous  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  long;  leaves 
numerous,  two  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  wide,  obovate 
to  oval,  thin,  dark  green,  smooth;  petiole  over  one-half  inch  long,  tinged  with  red,  with 
from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  greenish-yellow  or  brownish  glands  at  the  base  of  the 
blade;  buds  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  usually  obtuse;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers 
one  inch  across;  borne  in  scattered  clusters;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  slightly 
shorter  than  the  stamens,  often  defective. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  roundish- 
conic,  slightly  compressed;  color  very  dark,  dull  red;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-fourth 
inches  long,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  very  dark  red,  with  dark  wine- 
colored  juice,  tender,  rather  meaty,  very  astringent,  sour;  of  poor  quality;  stone  nearly 
free,  small,  ovate,  flattened,  pointed,  with  roughish  and  colored  surfaces. 

HILDESHEIM 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:131.     1832.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  196.     1854. 

Cuignier  a  Fruit  Rouge  Tardif.     3.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:162.     1768. 

Agathe.     4.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:37.     1771. 

Doppelttragende  Kleine  Rothe  Spdlkirsche.     5.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  281,  282,  283.     1 8 19. 

Hildesheimer  Ganz  Spate  Knorpelkirsche.     6.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  321,  322,  323.     1819. 

Late  Red  Guigne.    7.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:113.     1832. 

Bigarreau  Tardif  de  Hildesheim.     8.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  184.     1845. 

Merveille  de  September.     9.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  210.     1854. 

Belle  Agathe  de  Novembre.     10.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  3:9,  PI.     1855. 


144  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Hildesheimer  Spate  Knorpelkirsche.     ii.  III.  Handb.  139  fig.,  140.     i860. 

Kratos  Knorpelkirsche.     12.  ///.  Handb.  59  fig.,  60.     1867. 

Schone  Agathe.     13.  ///.  Handb.  63  fig.,  64.     1867. 

Bigarreau  de  Fer.     14.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:199,  200  fig.     1877. 

Belle  Agathe.     15.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:99,  100.  fig-  50.     1882. 

Bigarreau  de  Hildesheim.     16.  Hogg  Fndt  Man.  282.     1884. 

This  variety,  one  of  the  oldest,  has  been  called  by  a  great  number  of 
names  by  Eiiropean  writers.  The  cherry  mentioned  by  Duhamel,  in  1768, 
as  a  late  Guigne  with  red  fruit,  otherwise  known  as  Guigne  de  Fer,  can 
be  no  other  than  Hildesheim.  The  exact  origin  of  the  variety  has  never 
been  known,  though  it  is  supposed  to  have  sprung  up  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Hildesheim,  Prussia.  It  was  brought  to  America  early  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Centttry,  probably  by  William  Prince.  With  it  came  some  of 
the  numerous  foreign  names.  It  seems  certain  that  Late  Red  Guigne 
mentioned  by  Prince  was  Hildesheim.  Ripening  late  and  being  small 
and  of  rather  undersirable  texture,  Hildesheim  did  not  meet  with  much 
favor  in  America,  never  being  widely  disseminated,  and  has  long  since 
passed  from  cultivation.  This  variety,  under  the  name  Belle  Agathe,  was 
propagated  in  Belgium  by  M.  Thiery  about  1852  and  for  some  time  was 
supposed  to  be  a  separate  sort.     The  following  description  is  compiled:     . 

Tree  very  large,  vigorous,  upright,  hardy,  an  annual  bearer,  unproductive  while 
young  producing  good  crops  later;  branches  thick,  large,  long,  straight;  leaves  numerous, 
of  medium  size,  oval  or  elongated-oval,  acuminate;  margin  finely  and  regularly  serrate; 
petiole  slender,  rather  short,  tinged  red,  with  large,  flattened  glands;  blooming  season 
early. 

Fruit  matures  very  late,  usually  attached  in  fives  but  sometimes  in  threes  and  fours; 
small  to  medivun,  roundish-cordate,  flattened  on  one  side,  somewhat  irregular;  color 
yellowish,  mottled  and  marbled  with  dark  red ;  stem  two  inches  long,  slender,  somewhat 
curved;  skin  thick;  flesh  pale  yellow,  slightly  tinged  with  red  at  the  pit,  firm,  somewhat 
stringy,  rather  dry,  with  uncolored  juice,  pleasant  flavored,  sweet;  quality  good;  stone 
medium  to  large,  with  reddish  surface,  long,  compressed. 

EDA 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Card.  Mon.  20:270,  271.  1878.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  162  1881.  3.  Am.  Pom. 
Sac.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Ida  is  a  handsome,  large,  light  red  cherry  resembling  Napoleon  in  shape 
and  Rockport  in  color,  but  differing  from  both  in  having  soft  flesh  which 
places  it  among  the  Hearts  rather  than  the  Bigarreaus.  Because  of  beauty 
of  the  fruit,  earliness  and  good  tree-characters,  Ida  promises  to  become  a 


#  # 


IDA 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I45 

rather  general  favorite  in  home  orchards  though  it  falls  short  of  several 
others  of  its  near  of  kin  in  flavor  and  flesh-characters.  It  can  never  take 
a  high  place  among  commercial  kinds  because  the  cherries  are  too  soft  to 
handle  well,  show  bruises  plainly,  are  somewhat  susceptible  to  brown-rot 
and  come  when  better  cherries  are  plentiful.  The  trees  are  vigorous, 
hardy  and  bear  full  crops  regularly  and  in  various  envirormients.  The 
variety  is  readily  told  by  the  upright  habit  of  growth  and  by  the  large 
lenticels  on  trunk  and  branches.  Ida  has  been  very  well  tried  as  a  com- 
mercial variety  in  this  State  but  in  the  ups  and  downs  of  the  industry  has 
not  held  its  own  with  other  sorts  and  can  be  recommended  only  for  home 
plantations. 

E.  H.  Cocklin  of  Shepherdstown,  Pennsylvania,  grew  this  variety  as 
a  seedHng  of  Cocklin's  Favorite,  another  of  his  cherries.  The  cherry  was 
named  after  his  daughter,  Ida.  It  seems  to  have  proved  worthy  of  general 
culttire,  as  it  is  now  listed  by  many  niirserymen.  The  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society  placed  Ida  on  its  fruit  list  in  1909. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  open-topped,  somewhat  vasiform,  very  productive; 
trunk  stout;  branches  very  stocky,  smooth,  light  ash-gray  over  brown,  with  large,  much- 
raised  lenticels ;  branchlets  ver^'  stout,  short,  brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray,  roughish, 
with  a  few  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  five  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
elliptical  to  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green, 
pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins ;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  acute ;  margin  doubly 
crenate,  wath  small,  black  glands;  petiole  two  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  thick,  tinged 
with  red,  somewhat  hairy  along  the  grooved  upper  surface,  usually  with  two  large, 
reniform,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  large,  long,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  dense 
clusters  on  numerous  short  spurs,  also  with  many  small,  round,  lateral  leaf-buds  on  the 
secondary  growth;  leaf -scars  not  prominent;  blooming  in  mid-season;  flowers  white,  one 
and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  clusters  usually  in  twos;  pedicels  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  caljTC-tube  green,  whitish  within,  campanulate, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  with  a  tinge  of  red,  acute,  reflexed;  petals  roimdish,  entire,  dentate 
at  the  apex,  nearly  sessile;  filaments  nearly  one-half  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter 
than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  early;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  cordate,  slightly  compressed; 
cavity  deep,  flaring,  regular;  suture  a  distinct  line;  apex  variable  in  shape;  color  amber 
overspread  with  light  red,  mottled;  dots  nvimerous,  rather  large,  yellowish,  somewhat 
conspicuous;  stem  one  and  one-half  inches  long;  skin  thin,  separating  readily  from  the 
pulp;  flesh  whitish,  with  colorless  juice,  tender  and  melting,  mild,  sweet;  of  good  quality; 
stone  free  or  semi-free,  roundish,  slightly  flattened,  blunt,  with  smooth  surfaces;  -ndth 
distinct  ridges  along  the  ventral  suture. 


146  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

JEFFREY  DUKE 

Prunus  avium  X  Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.  1831.  2.  Mag.  Horl.  9:204.  1843.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  190. 
191.  1845.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.  1862.  5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:119,  120,  fig.  60.  1882.  6.  Hogg 
Fruit  Man.  302.     1884. 

Royale.  7.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:193,  194,  PI.  XV.  1768.  8.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort. 
482-484.     1819.     9.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:386,  387  fig.,  388.     1877. 

Konigliche  Siissweichsel.  10.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  427-429.  1819.  11.  III.  Handb.  73 
fig.,  74.     1867. 

Jeffrey's  Royal.     12.  FIoy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Gard.  99.     1846. 

Royale  Hative.     13.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:134-138,  fig.  32.     1866. 

This  old  variety,  which  has  almost  passed  from  cultivation,  may  have 
had  its  origin  in  France  about  the  middle  of  the  Eighteenth  Century, 
though  more  likely  it  originated  in  England  much  earlier.  Leroy  men- 
tions a  Royale  cherry  which  was  introduced  from  England  to  France  about 
1730  and  was  first  grown  by  M.  le  Normand  in  the  garden  of  Louis  XV. 
The  name  Royale  was  first  used  by  the  French  about  1735  from  the  fact 
that  it  was  grown  in  the  royal  gardens  and  since  that  time  this  name  has 
clung  to  the  variety  in  most  of  the  French  plantations.  According  to 
English  writers,  the  variety  was  brought  to  notice  in  England  by  Jeffrey, 
proprietor  of  the  Brompton  Nursery  at  Brompton  Park,  England,  and 
from  that  time  it  was  known  as  Jeffrey's  Duke.  English  pomologists  main- 
tain that  Jeffrey  renamed  the  old  Cherry  Duke  of  England,  giving  it 
his  name.  Jeffrey  Duke  appeared  on  the  American  Pomological  Society's 
fruit  catalog  list  in  1862  but  was  dropped  in  187 1.  It  is  doubtful  if  the 
variety  can  now  be  found  in  America.  The  following  description  is  com- 
piled from  the  authors  given  in  the  references: 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  very  upright,  unusually  compact,  slow-growing,  productive; 
branches  very  numerous,  stocky,  straight,  thickly  set  with  fruit-spurs;  intemodes  short; 
branchlets  very  short;  buds  closely  set;  leaves  numerous,  medium  in  size,  oval  or  obovate, 
acuminate;  margin  finely  and  irregularly  serrate;  petiole  short,  slender,  with  small,  flattened 
or  globose  glands;  blooming  season  late;  flowers  small,  very  open. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season,  usually  attached  in  pairs;  medium  in  size,  roundish, 
slightly  flattened  at  the  apex  and  base;  suture  a  well-marked  line;  color  lively  red  becoming 
dark  red  or  almost  black  when  fully  ripe;  stem  slender,  inserted  in  a  moderately  broad, 
deep  cavity;  skin  thin;  flesh  firm  but  tender,  yellowish-amber,  with  abundant  colored 
juice,  slightly  stringy,  highly  flavored;  good  in  quality;  stone  small,  roundish,  tinged 
with  red. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NE^V    YORK  147 

KING  AMARELLE 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Christ  Worterb.  293.  1802.  2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  610-615.  1819.  3.  Liegel  Syst. 
Anleil.  174.  1825.  4.  ///.  Handb.  533  fig.,  534.  1861.  5.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  W.:  No.  23,  PL  1882. 
6.  i4m.  Gord.  9:264.  1888.  7.  Caw.  £.v/).  farm  Bm/.  2nd  Ser  3:62.  1900.  8.  la.  Sta.  Bu!.  73:72.  1903. 
9.  ^m.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

King's  Cherry.     10.  Rea  /"/ora  205.     1676. 

King  Amarelle  is  an  old  European  cherry  that  has  taken  on  new  Hfe 
in  America.  It  is  of  the  Early  Richmond  type,  differing  from  this  standard 
Amarelle  in  bearing  fniit  a  little  earlier,  lighter  in  color  and  with  a  longer 
stem.  The  fault  which  all  but  condemns  the  variety  as  a  commercial  cherry 
is  the  small  size  of  the  fruit,  the  cherries  running  smaller  than  those  of 
Early  Richmond  which,  in  its  turn,  is  rather  too  small.  The  tree  is  very 
Hke  that  of  Early  Richmond  —  quite  as  vigorous  and  productive,  the 
same  in  size  and  shape  and,  if  anything,  a  little  more  hardy.  The  variety  is 
told  from  afar  in  blossoming-time  by  the  peculiar  distribution  of  the  flower- 
clusters,  which  are  numerous  and  dense  but  always  separated  by  several 
inches  or  a  foot  of  bare  wood.  King  Amarelle  can  never  displace  Early 
Richmond  but  might  be  tried  where  a  somewhat  hardier  cherry  is  wanted 
or  it  might  be  planted  as  a  substitute  where  the  better-known  sort  fails. 

This  variety,  of  old  and  uncertain  origin,  sprang  up  in  France  about 
the  same  time  as  the  Montmorencies  and  became  confused  with  them. 
In  both  fruit  and  tree-characters,  however.  King  Amarelle  is  very  different 
from  the  Montmorencies,  being  more  like  Early  May  but  ripening  later 
and  making  a  larger  tree.  The  cultivation  of  King  x\marelle  never  became 
extended  in  Europe  because  of  the  inferior  qualit}^  of  the  fruit  and  poor 
tree-characters.  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  brought  the  variety  to  America 
from  Russia  about  1883.  The  Royal  Amarelle,  grown  on  the  Canadian 
Experiment  Station  grounds  in  1900,  is  undoubtedly  King  Amarelle.  The 
American  Pomological  Society  placed  it  on  its  list  of  recommended 
frtiits  in   1909. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  very  productive; 
trtmk  roughish;  branches  rather  slender,  smooth,  reddish-browTi  overlaid  with  dark  ash- 
gray;  branclilets  slender,  of  medium  length,  with  short  intemodes,  brown  partly  covered 
with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  numerous  conspicuous,  small,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
obovate,  somewhat  glossy,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface  light 
green,  wdth  a  few  scattering  hairs;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  finely  and  doubly 


148  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  one  inch  long,  somewhat  slender,  lightly  tinged 
with  red,  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  grooved  upper  surface  and  with  from  one  to  three  small, 
globose,  greenish-yellow  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  very  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  clusters 
on  few,  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white, 
one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  dense  clusters  usually  in  threes;  pedicels  over 
one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  with  a  tinge  of  red,  obconic,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  faintly  tinged  with  red,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  witliin  and  without,  reflexed; 
petals  somewhat  obovate,  entire,  with  an  entire  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  early;  three-foiuths  inch  in  diameter,  roimdish-oblate,  compressed; 
cavity  regular,  somewhat  abrupt;  suttu-e  indistinct;  apex  roimdish  or  flattened;  color 
bright  red;  dots  niunerous,  small,  light  russet,  rather  conspicuous;  stem  one  inch  long, 
adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yellow,  with 
colorless  juice,  tender  and  melting,  sprightly;  fair  to  good  in  quality;  stone  free,  ovate, 
somewhat  flattened,  pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces,  faintly  tinged  with  red;  ridged  along 
the  ventral  suture. 

KIRTLAND 
Prunus  avium 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt.  22.     1904-05. 

Kirtland's  Mary.  2.  Horticulturist  2:123,  124  fig.  21.  1847-48.  3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cull.  365. 
1849.  4.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  231.  1849.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  39.  1852.  6.  Ibid.  235.  1854. 
7.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  198  fig.  1854.  8.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  262,  263.  1857.  9.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:55, 
56,  fig.  26.     1866-73. 

Mary.     10.  Hogg  Fruil  Man.  69,  86,  87.     1866. 

In  the  collection  of  cherries  at  this  Station,  Kirtland  stands  among 
the  best  of  the  Bigarreaus  in  quality  of  fruit  —  in  fact  is  hardly  surpassed 
in  richness  and  delicacy  of  flavor.  The  fniit,  too,  as  may  be  seen  from 
the  color-plate,  is  handsome,  the  cherries  resembling  the  well-known 
Napoleon  but  being  a  little  darker  in  color.  The  flesh  is  firm  and  meaty 
and  stands  handling  well  and  also  resists  the  brown-rot  as  well  as  any 
other  cherry.  With  these  splendid  qualities  of  fruit,  Kirtland  would  long 
ago  have  been  one  of  the  standard  commercial  cherries  were  its  tree-char- 
acters better.  Wherever  tried,  the  complaint  comes  that  the  trees  lack 
vigor  and  can  be  grown  successfully  only  on  choice  cherry  soils  and  under 
the  best  of  care.  With  these  faults  the  variety  can  be  recommended  only  for 
home  orchards  and  for  local  markets  where  there  is  demand  for  a  very  early 
Bigarreau,  since  this  variety  ripens  before  most  other  cherries  of  its  kind. 

Kirtland  was  grown  in  1842  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland  of  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  and  ranks  foremost  in  quality  and  appearance  of  all  the  seedlings 
raised  by  this  well-known   cherry-breeder.      The  American   Pomological 


KIRTLAND 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I49 

Society,  in  1852,  mentioned  this  sort  as  deserving  of  ftorther  trial  and,  in 
1854,  listed  it  among  the  varieties  of  promising  fruits.  Elliott,  in  his 
Fruit  Book,  noted  this  cherry  under  the  name  Kirtland's  Mary,  in  honor 
of  Professor  Kirtland's  daughter,  and  classed  it  as  a  variety  worthy  of 
general  cultivation.  Hogg,  in  1866,  dropped  the  name  Kirtland  and  listed 
it  as  Mary,  while  in  the  American  Pomological  Society's  Special  Report 
for  1905  it  is  called  Kirtland.  According  to  the  nales  of  pomological 
nomenclature,  Hogg  was  correct  in  holding  the  name  Mary  but,  since 
there  is  another  Mary  and  no  worthy  sort  bearing  the  name  of  so  eminent 
a  horticulturist  as  Professor  Kirtland,  this  Station  follows  the  American 
Pomological  Society  in  the  use  of  Kirtland. 

Tree  small,  rather  weak,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  trunk  and 
branches  slender,  smooth;  branches  reddish-brown  partly  overspread  with  ash-gray, 
with  numerous  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  brown  almost  entirely  overspread  with  ash- 
gray,  smooth  except  for  the  longitudinal,  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  five  inches  long,  two  and  one-fourth  inches  wide,  folded  upward,  elliptical 
to  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  medium  green,  somewhat  glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface 
light  green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  doubly  serrate,  with  small, 
dark  glands;  petiole  one  and  three-foiirths  inches  long,  slender,  tinged  with  red,  lightly 
pubescent  along  the  upper  side,  with  two  or  three  reniform,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  pointed,  plvunp,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  or  on  numerous,  very 
short  spurs  in  clusters  variable  in  size;  leaf-scars  prominent;  blooming  in  mid-season; 
flowers  white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  dense  clusters;  pedicels  one  inch 
long,  pubescent,  reddish-green;  calvTc-tube  tinged  with  red,  light  green  within,  campanu- 
late,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  reddish,  obtuse,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals 
roundish-oval,  entire,  with  short,  broad  claws  and  a  notched  apex;  filaments  in  four  series, 
the  longest  one-half  inch;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  cordate,  com- 
pressed; cavity  wide,  flaring;  suture  a  more  or  less  distinct  line;  apex  roundish  or  pointed, 
with  a  small  depression  at  the  center;  color  amber  overspread  with  bright  red;  dots 
numerous,  small,  grayish,  conspicuous;  stem  one  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  adhering 
to  the  fruit;  skin  tough;  flesh  whitish,  with  colorless  juice,  tender,  meaty,  with  a  pleasant 
and  refreshing  flavor;  very  good  to  best  in  quality;  stone  free,  small,  roundish-ovate,  with 
smooth  surfaces;  ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 

KNIGHT 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Knight's  Early  Black.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.  1831.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:120.  1832. 
4.  Proc.  Nat.  Con.  Fr.Gr.  52.  1848.  5.  Dochaahi  Fiihr.  Obslkunde 3: l<).  1858.  6.  Mortillet  Le  Cemter 
2:83.     1866.     7.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:85,  86,  fig.  43.     1882. 

Knights  Friihe  Herzkirsche.     8.  III.  Handb.  3  fig.,  4.     1867. 


150  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

This  old  English  variety  has  long  been  popular  in  America,  where  it 
is  generally  known  as  Knight's  Early  Black,  this  name  having  been  short- 
ened by  the  American  Pomological  Society  to  Knight.  Possibly  Knight  is 
to  be  found  in  dooryards  and  home  gardens  in  Eastern  United  States  as 
often  as  any  other  Sweet  Cherry  with  the  exception  of  Black  Tartarian. 
The  characters  which  give  it  popularity  are  excellent  quality,  handsome 
appearance  because  of  its  glossy,  dark  purple  color  and  uniformity  in  color, 
shape  and  size,  and  its  earliness,  it  being  the  earliest  good  Sweet  Cherry. 
Unfortunately,  even  in  the  best  soil  and  under  the  most  painstaking  treat- 
ment, the  cherries  nin  small,  a  defect  for  American  markets.  The  small 
size  also  leads  to  comparatively  low  yields  even  though  the  fruits  are  often 
borne  in  prodigious  numbers.  Knight,  in  size,  color  and  flavor,  is  much 
like  Black  Tartarian  but  the  cherries  are  smaller  and  ripen  earlier.  As 
the  trees  grow  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  they  are  about  all  that  covild 
be  desired  in  a  Sweet  Cherry.  The  trees  are  characteristically  marked  by 
smooth  bark  which  is  dotted  with  large  lenticels.  There  are  now 
better  sweet  varieties  than  Knight  for  most  purposes  but  still  this  old 
variety  has  too  many  merits,  especially  for  home  grounds,  to  be  wholly 
forgotten. 

Knight  comes  from  a  seed  of  May  Dtike  crossed  with  Yellow  Spanish 
by  T.  A.  Knight,  Downton  Castle,  Wiltshire,  England,  about  1810.  The 
new  variety  sprang  into  prominence  almost  immediately,  being  mentioned 
by  French,  German  and  English  writers.  Knight  is  still  one  of  the  well- 
recognized  sorts  in  Europe  and  America  and  has  appeared  continuously 
on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  since  1848.  Mathieu 
has  included  several  synonyms  under  this  head  which  we  question  as  we 
believe  they  belong  to  the  Guigne  Noir  Hative,  a  distinct  variety  though 
very  similar. 

Tree  of  meditim  size,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  very  productive;  trunk  stocky, 
variable  in  smoothness;  branches  smooth,  light  reddish-brown  nearly  overspread  with 
ash-gray,  with  small  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  brown  lightly  covered  with  ash-gray, 
variable  in  smoothness,  with  small,  raised,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  five  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded 
upward,  obovate  to  long-oval,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface  light 
green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  and  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  doubly  serrate,  with 
small,  dark  glands;  petiole  two  inches  long,  slender,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  shallow  groove 
and  with  few  hairs,  with  two  or  three  large,  reniform,  reddish  glands,  usually  on  the 
stalk. 

Buds  long,  conical  or  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in 


KNIGHT 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I5I 

small  clusters  on  spurs  variable  in  length;  leaf-scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  inter- 
mediate; flowers  white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  dense  clusters,  usually 
in  twos;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous;  calyx- tube  green,  campantilate,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  lightly  tinged  with  red,  long,  acute,  glabrous  wdthin  and  without,  reflexed; 
petals  oval,  entire,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex;  filaments  nearly  one-half  inch  long;  pistil 
glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  early;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  cordate  to  conical;  cavity 
wide,  rather  abrupt;  suture  indistinct;  apex  flattened,  with  a  small  depression  at  the 
center;  color  dark  reddish-black,  obscurely  mottled;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  obscure; 
stem  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender, 
separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  tender,  meaty,  mild, 
sweet;  of  good  quality;  stone  free  except  along  the  ventral  suture,  small,  roundish-ovate, 
^•ith  smooth  surfaces. 

LAMBERT 

Primus  avium 
I.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  24.     1894.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.     1899.     3.    U.  S.  D.  A.   Yearbook 
307-309.  PI-  31-     1907- 

Nowhere  else  in  America,  possibly  nowhere  else  in  the  world,  can  the 
Sweet  Cherry  be  grown  as  well  as  in  Oregon  and  Washington.  From  these 
States,  more  particularly  Oregon,  several  meritorious  cherries  have  been 
added  to  pomology.  One  of  the  best  of  these  is  Lambert,  now  a  standard 
sort  in  its  native  State  but  still  on  probation  in  Eastern  America.  Lam- 
bert is  a  Bigarreau,  a  seedling  of  Napoleon  by  Black  Heart,  and  a  worthy 
rival  of  its  parents  in  most  respects  and  superior  in  some.  In  appearance, 
Lambert  is  more  like  its  male  than  its  female  parent,  having  much  the 
same  shape  and  color,  but  it  is  larger,  more  rotund,  smoother,  clearer 
and  brighter  —  one  of  the  handsomest  of  the  dark-colored  Sweets.  The 
flesh  and  flavor  leave  little  to  be  desired;  the  flesh  is  purplish-red  marbled 
with  lighter  red,  firm,  meaty  and  juicy,  with  a  sweet,  rich  flavor  that  at 
the  first  taste  one  marks  very  good.  The  tree  is  strong,  vigorous,  healthy 
and  usually  fruitful  and  regular  in  bearing.  The  fruit  sets  in  great,  loose 
clusters  —  often  a  dozen  or  more  cherries  to  the  fruit-spur.  The  leaves 
are  remarkably  large  and  dark  green,  the  foliage  betokening  the  vigor  of 
the  variety.  Lambert  is  well  worthy  thorough  testing  for  either  home  or 
market  wherever  the  Sweet  Cherry  can  be  grown. 

Lambert  originated  as  a  seedling  under  a  Napoleon  tree  which  was 
planted  by  the  late  Henderson  Lewelling^  about   1848  in  the  orchard  of 

1  Little  is  known  of  the  early  life  of  Seth  and  Henderson  Lewelling.  They  were  of  Welsh  ancestry 
and  both  were  bom  in  Salem,  North  Carolina,  Henderson  on  the  25th  of  April,  1809,  and  Seth  on  the  6th 
day  of  March,  1819.     Henderson  died  in  CaUfomia  December  28th,  1878,  while  Seth  died  in  Milwaukee, 


152  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

J.  H.  Lambert,  Milwaukee,  Oregon.  This  seedling,  supposed  to  have  been 
a  cross  between  Napoleon  and  Black  Heart,  was  grafted  to  May  Duke 
and  later  transplanted.  About  1880,  the  top  died  and  a  sprout  from  the 
seedling  stock  formed  a  new  top.  Mr.  Lambert  gave  the  new  variety  his 
name  and  in  1 895  turned  over  his  stock  to  the  Oregon  Horticultural  Society 
with  the  exclusive  right  to  propagate.  The  variety  was  placed  on  the 
fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1899  where  it  still  remains. 

Tree  medium  to  large  in  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  very  productive;  branches 
smooth,  dull  reddish-brown,  with  numerous  small  lenticels;  branchlets  tliick,  long,  dark 
reddish-brown  nearly  covered  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  a  few  inconspicuous 
lenticels. 

Leaves  four  and  one-fotulh  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
oval  to  obovate,  thin;  upper  sixrface  medium  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green, 
Ughtly  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole 
one  and  one-half  inches  long,  dull  red,  glandless,  or  with  from  one  to  three  rather  small, 
globose,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  large,  pointed  or  conical,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  or  in  small 
clusters  on  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate,  short;  flowers 


Oregon,  February  2 1st,  1897.  When  the  boys  were  still  very  young  their  parents  moved  from  North 
Carolina  to  Ohio  and  founded  the  town  of  Salem  in  Ross  County;  later  they  moved  to  Indiana  where  their 
father  established  a  nursery  and  became  one  of  the  pioneer  fruit-growers  of  what  was  then  the  West  and 
here  again  they  founded  a  town  of  Salem.  We  next  hear  of  Henderson  Lewelling  in  Salem,  Henry  County, 
Iowa,  the  town  of  his  naming,  with  the  statement  that  in  1837  he  planted  a  small  nursery  of  35  varieties 
of  apples  and  some  peach,  plum  and  cherry  trees. 

The  history  of  the  LewelUngs  now  becomes  more  definite  for  we  have  it  from  Seth  Lewelling' 
(we  spell  the  name  as  does  he  and  not  "  Luelling  "  as  do  many  in  writing  of  him)  that  in  March,  1847, 
Henderson  Lewelling  planted  an  assortment  of  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums  and  cherries  and  loaded 
them  into  two  wagons  and  started  to  Oregon.  This  traveling  nursery  was  on  the  road  from  March  to 
November  and  one  can  imagine  the  labor  of  watering  and  caring  for  the  trees  in  this  trip  across  mountains 
and  plains.  Henderson  Lewelling  formed  a  partnership  with  William  Meek  under  the  firm  name  of 
Meek  &  Lewelling,  Milwaukee,  Oregon.  Seth  joined  his  brother  in  the  fall  of  1850  bringing  with  him 
from  the  East  a  considerable  quantity  of  fruit  seed.  For  the  next  few  years  their  nursery  operations  were 
on  a  large  scale,  over  100,000  grafts  being  planted  in  1853.  From  time  to  time  they  made  new  importa- 
tions of  plants  and  fruit  seeds  from  the  East.  Seth  says  that  his  brother  quit  the  business  and  moved  to 
Cahfornia  in  1853  and  we  hear  no  more  of  him  until  his  death  in  1878.  In  1857,  the  partnership  between 
Meek  and  Seth  Lewelling  was  dissolved  leaving  the  latter  the  owner  of  the  Milwaukee  nurseries.  It  was 
in  i860  that  Seth  Lewelling  raised  his  first  seedling  cherry,  the  Republican,  called  by  him  Black 
Republican,  which  was  sold  to  George  Walling  of  Oswego  and  Mr.  Hanson  of  East  Portland,  the  proceeds 
bringing  Lewelling  $500.  Mr.  Lewelhng  counts  the  Republican  and  Bing  cherries  and  the  Golden  Prune 
as  his  most  notable  contributions  to  pomology. 

The  Lewellings  are  types  of  fruit-breeders  who  have  done  noble  work  for  pomology  in  the  settlement 
of  all  our  states  —  men  of  indominable  courage  and  will  who  have  bred  and  grown  fruits  throughout  their 
lives  in  spite  of  every  adversity.  Few  other  men  labored  longer  and  more  devotedly  to  improve  the 
cherry  than  Seth  Lewelling. 


'  Oregon  Si.  Bd.  Hon.  An.  Rpt.  2:242.     1893. 


LAMBERT 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  153 

one  and  one-fourth  inches  across,  white;  borne  usually  in  twos;  pedicels  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  cah-x-lobes 
long,  broad,  obtuse,  finely  serrate;  petals  roundish,  entire,  with  short  claws  and  with 
dentate  apex;  filaments  one-half  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 
Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-cordate,  compressed; 
ca\-ity  rather  deep,  slightly  flaring;  suture  shallow,  often  a  mere  line;  apex  roundish, 
depressed  at  the  center;  color  very  dark  red  changing  to  reddish-black;  dots  numerous, 
small,  russet,  obscure;  stem  tinged  with  red,  slender,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long, 
adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  adhering  to  the  pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  with  scant  dark  red 
juice,  meaty,  firm,  pleasant  flavored,  sweet;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  clinging,  large, 
wide,  ovate,  flattened,  blunt,  oblique,  with  smooth  siirfaces;  prominently  ridged  along 
the  ventral  suture. 

LARGE  MONTMORENCY 
Prunus  cerasus 

1.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  22.  1885.  2.  Ibid.  25.  1899.  3.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:110,  114.  1900. 
4.  .4m.  Card.  22:266,  267.     1901. 

Flemish.  5.  Bradley  Card.  211.  1739.  6.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  49.  1831.  7.  Thompson  Card. 
Ass'l  530.     1859. 

Crosse  Glaskirsche  von  Montmorency.  8.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  ^6^-\'jo.  1819.  8.  Dochnahl 
Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:$4,  55.     1858.     10.  ///.  Handb.  165  fig.,  166.     i860. 

Short  Stem  Montmorency.     11.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:139,  140-     1832.     12.  la.  Sta.  Bid.  73:75.     1903. 

Crasser  Gobet.     13.  ///.  Handb.  543  fig.,  544.     1861. 

Montmorency.     14.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:195  fig-  54.  196,  197.     1866. 

As  its  synonyms  show,  Large  Montmorency  has  been  grown  under 
various  names  in  Europe  and  America  —  a  testimony  to  its  merits.  Were 
it  not  that  the  true  Montmorency  is  so  much  more  fruitful  than  this  larger- 
fruited  offshoot  of  the  same  race  of  Amarelle  cherries,  Large  Montmorency 
would  be  a  leading  commercial  Sour  Cherry,  for  it  is  equal  to  the  smaller- 
fruited  strain  in  all  other  characters  with  the  advantage  of  size.  The 
relationship  between  this  and  the  other  Montmorencies  is  apparent  but 
Large  Montmorency  is  easily  distinguished  by  several  marked  characters 
from  the  common  Montmorency,  known  by  all,  with  which  it  is  most 
often  confused.  Its  fruits  are  more  often  borne  singly,  are  larger,  have  a 
shorter,  thicker  stem,  are  more  oblate  and  ripen  a  little  earlier.  The  trees 
are  more  upright,  with  stouter  branches  and  are  far  less  fruitful.  The 
flesh-characters  of  the  two  kinds  are  much  the  same  —  excellent  in  both, 
the  flavor  being  particularly  refreshing  to  those  who  like  the  acidity  of  the 
Sour  Cherry.  Large  Montmorency  has  been  tried  and  found  so  wanting 
in  productiveness  that  it  can  rarely  be  recommended  as  a  commercial 
variety  but  it  is  much  too  good  a  fruit  to  be  wholly  lost  and  should  be 
grown  by  connoisseurs  who  want  a  large,  finely  flavored  Sotir  Cherry. 


T54  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

This  variety  has  been  much  confused  with  other  cherries,  particularly 
Montmorency,  Early  Richmond  and  Short  Stem  Montmorency.  Bradley, 
in  1739,  mentioned  a  Flemish  cherry  which  undoubtedly  was  the  Large 
Montmorency  of  today,  for  the  name  Flemish  has  rather  commonly  been 
applied  to  this  sort  since  Bradley's  time.  There  is  no  doubt  but  that 
Large  Montmorency  sprang  up  about  the  same  time  as  the  true  Mont- 
morency, in  the  Montmorency  Valley  in  France.  It  may  have  been  a 
seedling  of  the  Cerise  Hative,  afterwards  known  as  Early  Richmond,  though 
some  writers  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  Montmorencies  and  Cerise  Hative 
were  all  seedlings  of  the  old  Cerise  Commune.  At  any  rate,  there  have 
come  to  be  at  least  three  distinct  types  of  Montmorency:  the  true  Mont- 
morency with  long  stems  and  moderate-sized  fruit,  called  Montmorency  a 
Longue  Queue  or,  in  America,  Montmorency  Ordinaire;  the  Large  Mont- 
morency with  its  large  fruit  and  shorter,  thicker  stems,  commonly  known 
by  the  French  and  German  writers  as  Montmorency  a  Gros  Fruit,  Gros 
Gobet,  Grosse  Glaskirsche  von  Montmorency  and  sometimes  as  Mont- 
morency a  Courte  Queue;  and  the  Short-Stem  Montmorency,  often  called 
Montmorency  a  Courte  Queue  and  sometimes  Gros  Gobet.  Large  Mont- 
morency has  often  been  sold  for  Montmorency,  or  for  Early  Richmond, 
hence  the  three  varieties  are  more  or  less  confused.  Large  Montm.o- 
rency  probably  came  to  America  about  the  same  time  as  Montmorency 
and  Early  Richmond,  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  In  1875, 
EUwanger  &  Barry,  Rochester,  New  York,  disseminated  this  sort  quite 
extensively  but  later  it  proved  too  unproductive  for  commercial  use.  It 
was  soon  replaced  by  the  true  Montmorency  but  often  the  names  were 
interchanged  and  large  forms  of  the  Montmorency  were  thought  to  be 
this  variety.  The  unproductiveness  of  this  cherry  has  been  consistently 
mentioned  by  nearly  every  writer  from  Duhamel's  time  to  the  present. 
Large  Montmorency  was  added  to  the  American  Pomological  Society's 
catalog  list  of  fruits  in  1885  as  Montmorency  Large  but  in  1899  this  name 
was  changed  to  Large  Montmorency. 

Tree  rather  large,  vigorous,  upright,  vasiform,  tmproductive ;  trunk  thick,  roughened; 
branches  stocky,  nearly  smooth,  reddish-brown  overspread  with  dark  ash-gray,  with 
numerous  large,  raised,  conspicuous  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  short,  brown  tinged 
with  bronze,  smooth  except  for  the  large,  numerous  yellowish,  conspicuous,  raised 
lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  broad-oval  to  obovate,  thick,  stiff;  upper  surface  dark  green,  slightly  rugose; 


LARGE  MONTMORENCY 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 55 

apex  acute,  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  one  inch  long,  tinged 
with  dull  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose,  yellow  or  brownish  glands, 
usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  usually  pointed,  plimip,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  small  clusters 
on  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white,  one 
inch  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters,  usually  in  tlirees;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long, 
glabrous,  green;  cal^TC-tube  tinged  with  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  \\'ith  a  trace 
of  red,  long,  broad,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  obovate, 
entire  or  slightly  crenate,  sessile,  with  a  crenate  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  stamens,  often  defective. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  oblate,  compressed; 
ca\aty  wide,  flaring;  suture  shallow;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  dark  red;  dots 
numerous,  small,  russet,  somewhat  conspicuous;  stem  thick,  one  inch  long,  adhering  fairly 
well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  whitish,  showing  distinctly 
the  fibers  in  the  pulp,  with  abundant  colorless  or  slightly  tinged  juice,  tender  and  melting, 
sprightly,  pleasant  flavored,  tart;  of  very  good  qualit}';  stone  free,  roundish,  plump,  with 
smooth  surfaces,  tinged  with  red. 

LATE  DUKE 

Prunus  amiim  X  Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Pom.  Mag.  1:45,  PI.  1828.  2.  Land.  Horl.  Soc.  Cat.  48,  49,  55,  56.  1831.  3.  Prince  Pom. 
Man.  2:134,  135.  1832.  4.  Hart.  Reg.  {Eng.)  1:257,  fig.  1833.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  191  fig. 
80.  1845.  6,  Mag.  Hon.  13:397  fig.  33,  398.  1847.  7.  Card.  Chron.  556.  1848.  8.  Hovey  Fr.  Am. 
1:37.  38,  PI.     1851.     9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.     1862. 

Wahre  Englische  Kirsche.  10.  Christ  Handb.  682.  1797.  11.  Christ  Worterh.  284.  1802.  12. 
Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  405-410.  1819.  13.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:50.  1858.  14.  ///. 
Handb.  499  fig.,  500.     1861. 

Spate  Herzogenkirsche.     15.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  434-437.     i8ig. 

Anglaise  Tardive.  16.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:179-181,  fig.  48.  1866.  17.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:67, 
68,  fig.  32.     1866-73. 

Late  Duke  is  a  variant  of  the  well-known  May  Dtike,  ripening  from 
two  weeks  to  a  month  later.  The  size,  color,  flavor  and  season  of  the 
fruit  all  commend  it,  as  do  the  vigor,  health  and  fruitfulness  of  the  trees. 
The  cherries  are  not  quite  as  sweet  as  those  of  May  Dtike,  a  little  more 
marbled  in  color  of  skin  and  ripen  through  a  longer  season.  The  trees 
are  readily  told  from  those  of  the  earlier  Duke,  being  more  open  and  spread- 
ing, scanter  of  foliage,  with  slender  branches  and  with  fruit  more  thickly 
clustered  along  the  branchlets.  Ripening  in  a  season  when  hybrid  varieties 
are  gone  or  rapidly  going.  Late  Duke  is  a  valuable  acquisition  in  the  home 
orchard  and  for  nearby  markets  to  which  tender-fleshed  varieties  can  be 
shipped.  If  those  who  want  late  cherries  will  plant  this  variety  on  a  north- 
ern slope,  against  a  northern  wall  or  where  in  any  way  shaded  or  in  a  cool 
soil,  these  delicious  cherries  can  be  had  until  well  toward  August.     The 


156  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

tree  is  hardy  and  its  blossoming-time  is  late  so  that  the  variety  is  well 
adapted  to  northern  latitudes. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  unknown.  In  1797,  Christ  mentions 
"  a  true  English  cherry  "  which  is  probably  Late  Duke.  At  least  Ober- 
dieck,  in  1861,  states  that  the  true  English  cherry  is  identical  with  the  Late 
Duke,  or  Anglaise  Tardive.  In  1823,  Late  Duke  was  introduced  into 
England  by  the  London  Horticultural  Society  from  M.  Vilmorin,  of  Paris, 
under  the  name  Anglaise  Tardive.  Though  the  French  name  of  this 
variety  seems  to  indicate  an  English  origin,  the  old  English  writers  were 
not  aware  of  any  cherry  of  this  kind  being  in  existence  in  England  previous 
to  its  introduction  by  the  Horticultural  Society.  Because  of  the  close 
resemblance  of  Late  Duke  to  May  Duke  it  has  often  been  confused  with 
that  sort  and  by  some  writers  was  supposed  to  be  a  late  strain  of  May 
Duke.  The  American  Pomological  Society  Usted  Late  Duke  in  its  fruit 
catalog  in  1862. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  becoming  spreading  at  maturity,  open-topped, 
productive;  trunk  and  branches  slender;  branches  brown  overlaid  with  dark  ash-gray, 
with  numerous  small  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  short,  reddish-brown,  with  ash-gray 
scarf-skin,  with  numerous  conspicuous,  small,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
obovate,  thick;  upper  surface  very  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green,  with 
a  few  scattering  hairs;  apex  abruptly  pointed;  margin  doubly  crenate,  with  small,  dark 
glands;  petiole  one  inch  long,  lightly  tinged  with  red,  grooved  and  somewhat  hairy  on 
the  upper  stirface,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  reniform,  greenish  glands,  usually 
at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  small,  short,  obtuse  or  conical,  pliamp,  free,  arranged  singly  and  in  clusters; 
leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers  white,  one  inch  across;  borne  in  nimier- 
ous,  dense  clusters,  in  twos,  threes  and  fours;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous, 
green;  calyx- tube  reddish,  campanulate;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  serrate,  reflexed; 
petals  roundish,  entire,  almost  sessile;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous, 
equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  very  late;  one  inch  in  diameter,  blunt-cordate,  somewhat  compressed; 
cavity  wide;  suture  shallow;  color  dark  red;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  to  two 
inches  long,  deeply  inserted;  flesh  amber-colored,  with  abimdant  juice,  tender,  rich, 
sprightly  subacid;  stone  semi-clinging,  medium  to  large,  roundish-ovate,  compressed. 


LATE  DUKE 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  1 57 

LATE  KENTISH 

Prunus  cerasus 

1.  Downing  Fr.  Trees.  Am.  197.     1845.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 
Kentish  Red.    3.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  249.     1817. 
Pie  Cherry.     4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  371.     1849. 
Red  Pie  Cherry.     5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  103.     1852. 
Kentish.     6.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  217.     1854. 

This  old  cherry  served  well  the  needs  of  Americans  in  colonial  times 
when  all  cherries  were  grown  from  pits  or  suckers.  Though  but  little 
improvement  on  the  wild  Prunus  cerasus,  the  trees  were  so  hardy,  vigorous, 
healthy  and  productive  that  any  who  had  a  bit  of  spare  land  could  have 
cherries.  This,  therefore,  became  preeminently  the  "  pie  cherry  "  of  New 
England  and  the  North  Atlantic  States.  The  trees  are  long-lived  and  even 
so  late  as  a  generation  ago  Downing  says  that  this  variety  is  "  better  known 
among  us  than  any  other  acid  cherry,  especially  abundant  on  the  Hudson 
and  near  New  York."  The  variety  is  never  planted  now,  having  long 
since  been  superseded  by  better  sorts,  Early  Richmond  and  Montmorency 
in  particular,  but  it  is  still  to  be  found  as  old  trees  or  self-sown  near  where 
a  tree  of  the  variety  formerly  stood. 

Late  Kentish  and  Early  Richmond,  the  latter  the  Kentish  of  some 
authors,  are  much  confused.  Late  Kentish  is  the  old  Pie  Cherry  of  Colonial 
times.  It  is  a  seedling  sort  belonging  to  America,  having  been  planted 
along  fences  and  roadsides  in  the  earliest  times.  This  cherry  is  mentioned 
by  the  Pilgrims  in  1620  and  this  and  the  May  Duke  were  listed  as  market 
varieties  in  Massachusetts.  Many  believe  it  to  be  a  seedling  of  Early 
Richmond,  sometimes,  as  we  have  seen,  called  Kentish,  but  this  variety 
being  two  weeks  later,  received  the  name  Late  Kentish.  The  name  was 
put  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1873.  The 
following  description  is  a  compilation: 

Tree  small,  bears  annually,  very  productive,  hardy. 

Fniit  matures  about  two  weeks  after  Early  Richmond;  medium  or  below  in  size, 
rotmdish,  flattened;  stem  one  inch  to  one  and  one-half  inches  in  length,  stout,  straight; 
color  deep,  lively  red;  flesh  light  colored,  with  abundant  colorless  juice,  very  tender,  sour, 
remaining  quite  acid  even  when  fully  ripe;  stone  does  not  adhere  to  the  stalk. 


158  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

LITHAUER 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  328.  1888.  2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  17:9.  1892.  3.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
245.  1894.  4.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:128.  1900.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt.  33.  1904-05.  6.  Am- 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

It  is  barely  possible  that  Lithauer,  if  the  trees  can  be  obtained,  may 
have  some  value  in  the  coldest  and  bleakest  parts  of  New  York  where 
less  hardy  sorts  cannot  be  grown.  The  variety  is  too  poor  in  quality  to 
be  worth  planting  where  the  better  but  less  hardy  cherries  will  grow. 
We  greatly  doubt  whether  it  is  worthy  a  place  in  the  recommended  list 
of  fruits  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  It  is  included  here  only 
because  of  the  prominence  given  it  by  a  place  in  the  fruit  list  named. 

This  is  one  of  the  varieties  imported  from  Russia  by  Professor  J.  L. 
Budd  of  Iowa,  who  reported  that  it  was  much  grown  in  southwest  Russia 
for  drying  and  in  making  cherry  wine.  As  tested  in  various  parts  of  this 
country  Lithauer  has  proved  of  little  value  except  in  the  extreme  north. 
The  American  Pomological  Society,  in  1909,  listed  this  sort  in  its  catalog 
of  recommended  fruits  for  northern  fruit  regions.  The  following 
description  is  compiled: 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  tall,  weeping,  hardy. 

Fniit  matures  from  the  middle  to  the  last  of  July;  small,  roundish,  slightly  oblate; 
stem  long,  averaging  one  and  one-half  inches,  slender;  color  dark  purplish-red  becoming 
almost  black  at  maturity;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  dark  red,  with  reddish  juice,  firm,  meaty, 
quite  acid  or  bitter  even  when  fully  ripe;  poor  in  quality;  stone  variable  in  size,  roundish. 

LOUIS  PHILIPPE 

Prunus  avium.  X  Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  218.  1854.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.  1862.  3.  Horticulturist  22:289,  290 
fig.  1867.  4.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  26,  195.  1876.  5.  Cult.  &  Count.  Gent.  42:378.  1877.  6.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Here  again  we  have  a  very  evident  hybrid  between  some  Sweet  Cherry 
and  a  Sour  Cherry  of  the  Morello  type  in  which  Morello  characters  are 
most  prominent.  If  the  description  and  color-plates  of  this  variety  and 
Olivet  be  compared  it  will  be  found  that  the  two  cherries  are  nearly  identi- 
cal. They  differ  only  in  season  of  ripening  and  in  minor  tree-characters 
which  may  be  best  summarized  by  the  statement  that  this  cherry  has  in 
the  tree  more  of  the  aspect  of  a  Morello  than  has  Olivet.  It  may  be  sus- 
pected that  one  or  the  other  of  the  two  varieties  on  otir  grounds  is  mis- 


LOUIS  PHILIPPE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 59 

named  but  the  descriptions  of  all  who  have  described  the  two  show  that  they 
are  very  similar,  if  not  identical.  The  history  of  Louis  Philippe,  long  known 
in  America  but  little  or  not  at  all  known  in  Europe,  throws  some  light  on  the 
question  of  its  distinctness  from  OHvet,  the  origin  of  which  is  known,  inas- 
much as  Louis  Philippe  seems  to  be  the  older  of  the  two.  The  value 
of  the  two  varieties  to  cherry-growers  is  the  same  and  is  indicated  in  the 
discussion  of  Olivet. 

Elliott,^  the  American  pomologist,  imported  Louis  Philippe  from  France 
in  1846  but  the  cherry  does  not  seem  to  have  been  known  at  that  time  in 
Etirope  and  it  is  possible  that  Elliott  gave  it  its  name.  For  the  first  few 
years  the  variety  was  not  given  the  recognition  it  deserved  but,  in  1862, 
it  was  recognized  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  by  a  place  on  its 
list  of  recommended  fruits  which  it  still  holds  under  the  name,  Philippe. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped;  trunk  and  branches  intermediate  in 
thickness;  branches  with  niunerous  very  large,  elongated,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  foiu-  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-eighth  inches  wide, 
oval  to  obovate,  thick,  leathery;  upper  stuiace  dark,  shiny  green,  smooth;  lower  surface 
olive-green,  with  a  large,  prominent  midrib;  apex  taper-pointed;  margin  finely  serrate, 
with  reddish-brown  glands;  petiole  one  inch  long,  usually  with  one  or  two  large,  globose, 
yellowish-red,  glands,  variable  in  position. 


•Elliott's  American  Fruit  Growers  Guide,  published  in  1858  and  dedicated  to  Professor  Jared  P. 
Kirtland,  was  one  of  the  notable  pomological  books  of  its  day.  Cherry  growers,  in  particular,  owe  Elliott 
a  debt  of  gratitude  for  the  publicity  that  he  gave  to  Kirtland's  cherries,  having  described  in  his  book  20 
of  the  sorts  originated  by  Professor  Kirtland.  Beside  his  fruit  book  he  pubUshed  Popular  Deciduous 
and  Evergreen  Trees  (1868),  Handbook  for  Fruil-growers  (1876)  and  Handbook  of  Practical  Landscape  Garden- 
ing (1877).  He  also  served  pomologists  well  for  many  years,  at  various  times,  from  1850  to  1873,  as  the 
secretary  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  Franklin  Reuben  Elliott  was  born  in  Guilford,  Con- 
necticut, April  27,  1817.  We  know,  from  complimentary  speeches,  accepted  by  Elliott,  that  he  was 
a  descendant  of  John  EHot,  "  The  Apostle  of  the  Indians."  As  a  young  man  he  engaged  with  a  brother 
in  New  York  as  an  importer  of  dry  goods,  the  firm  being  rated  at  half  a  million  dollars.  Financial  ruin 
came  through  a  disastrous  fire  and, in  1836,  Elliott  went  to  Newburgh  and  was  employed  by  A.  J.  Downing 
from  whom  he  imbibed  his  knowledge  and  much  of  his  love  for  pomology  and  horticulture.  A  roving 
disposition  and  dissipated  habits  led  him  to  leave  Downing  for  a  position  with  a  relative  near  Cincinnati 
who  was  a  market-gardener.  A  ready  pen  seems  from  this  time  on  to  have  been  his  chief  means  of  liveli- 
hood for  we  find  him  successively  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  in  newspaper  work;  after 
a  few  years  in  each  place  he  wandered  to  Washington  where  he  was  employed  in  the  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment of  the  Patent  OflSce  illustrating  American  fruits.  From  his  hand  in  the  Patent  Office  reports  and 
from  his  fruit  book,  came  some  of  the  most  accurate  and  beautiful  representations  of  the  fruits  of  this 
continent.  It  is  probable  that  while  in  Washington  he  began  work  on  his  Fruit  Growers  Guide,  the  time 
for  which,  he  tells  us  in  his  preface,  took  ten  years.  Social  infirmities  seem  to  have  cost  him  his  position 
in  Washington  and  his  last  employment  was  with  the  Cleveland  Herald,  after  which  comes  the  record  of 
his  death  and  burial  in  a  pauper's  grave  January  10,  1878.  One  of  the  most  brilliant  pomologists  of  his 
time,  his  career  seems  again  and  again  to  have  been  checked  by  the  weaknesses  of  his  life;  even  so,  he  rendered 
horticulture  valuable  services  for  which  we  must  give  him  gratitude  and  honor. 


l6o  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Flowers  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across,  white,  well  distributed,  mostly  in  threes; 
pedicels  one  inch  long,  thick,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  slightly  obovate, 
entire,  broad,  slightly  notched  at  the  apex;  stamens  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous, 
equal  in  length  to  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season  or  later;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  rovmdish-ovate; 
cavity  abrupt;  suture  very  shallow  to  a  mere  line;  apex  flattened,  depressed;  color  very 
dark  red;  dots  numerous,  unusually  small,  obsctire;  stem  one  and  one-fourth  inches  to 
one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  flesh  light  red,  with  much  wine- 
colored  juice,  fine-grained,  tender  and  melting,  sour  at  first,  becoming  pleasantly  tart 
at  full  maturity;  good  in  quality;  stone  separates  readily  from  the  flesh,  small,  roundish- 
ovate,  plimip;  ventral  suture  grooved;  dorsal  suture  with  a  small  ridge. 

LUTOVKA 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  328.  1885.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  17.  1897.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt. 
32,  33.     1904-05.     4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Galopin.     5.  Thomas  Giij'de  Prat.  21.     1876.     6.    Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  73:189.     1897. 

For  a  time  Lutovka  and  Galopin  were  listed  as  two  distinct  varieties. 
Unquestionably  they  are  the  same  despite  the  seeming  difference  in  origin. 
All  we  know  of  Galopin  is  that  it  was  said  to  have  been  originated  by  a 
nurseryman  in  Belgitun  whose  name  it  bears.  The  Lutovka  was  introduced 
into  this  country  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  Iowa,  in  1883,  and,  according  to  the 
introducer,  was  well  known  in  Poland  and  Silesia  as  a  roadside  tree.  Nothing 
is  said  of  it  in  foreign  literature.  As  was  the  case  with  many  of  Budd's 
importations,  this  variety  did  not  stand  the  test  of  culture.  It  is  a  shy 
bearer  and  is  now  seldom  recommended,  although  it  was  placed  on  the 
list  of  desirable  fruits  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1897  where 
it  still  remains.  The  variety  has  no  value  in  New  York.  In  1895,  this 
Station  sent  out  buds  which  they  had  been  led  to  believe  were  the  Lutovka 
and  which  they  later  found  to  be  Brusseler  Braune.  The  following 
description  is  compiled: 

Tree  large,  upright,  slightly  spreading;  leaves  large,  ovate,  leathery,  produced  from 
short  spurs  along  the  main  branches. 

Fruit  ripens  the  forepart  of  July;  medium  to  above  in  size,  roundish-oblate;  suture 
often  a  line,  sometimes  lacking;  stem  short,  stout,  set  in  a  large,  deep  cavity;  skin  dark, 
clear  red,  thin,  tough,  translucent;  flesh  colorless,  meaty,  juicy,  slightly  acid;  quality 
good;  pit  large,  roundish,  free. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  l6l 

LYONS 

Prunus  avium 

Bigarreau  de  Lyon.     l.  Mag.  Hort.  16:358.     1850.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61,  62  fig.     1854. 

Bigarreau  Jaboulay.  3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  74.  1866.  4.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:100  fig.  20,  loi. 
1866.  S.  MasLe  Verger  8:17,  18,  fig.  7.  1866-73.  6.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  16,  PI.  16.  1871.  7.  Leroy 
Did.  Pom.  5:213  fig.,  214.     1877.     8.  Flor.  6f  Pom.  117.     1878. 

Early  Lyons.     9.  F/or.  6"  Pom.  193,  fig.  i.     1875.     10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  294,  295.     1884. 

Early  Jaboulay.     11.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  294.     1884. 

Of  the  one  hiindred  and  twenty-five  cherries  tested  on  the  grounds 
of  this  Station  diiring  the  past  ten  years,  Lyons  is  one  of  the  best.  Though 
grown  for  nearly  a  century  in  Europe  it  seems  never  to  have  been  well 
tried  in  America  probably  because  it  has  not  been  considered  particularly 
valuable  in  the  Old  World.  From  its  behavior  at  this  Station  it  appears 
to  deserve  extensive  trial  as  an  extra  early  market  cherry  for  dessert 
purposes,  as  it  is  one  of  the  few  tender-fleshed  cherries  that  give  promise 
of  standing  handling  for  distant  markets.  Though  commonly  classed  as 
a  hard-fleshed  Bigarreau  it  is  really  an  intermediate  between  the  firm-of- 
flesh  cherries  and  the  soft-fleshed  Hearts.  In  the  tree  it  is  a  typical  Bigar- 
reau. Besides  being  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Heart-like  cherries  it  is  one 
of  the  largest,  handsomest  and  best  flavored.  Unfortunately,  because  of 
an  accident,  we  cannot  show  a  color-plate  of  this  splendid  cherry.  On 
these  grounds  the  tree-characters  are  about  all  that  could  be  desired, 
though  we  are  making  allowance  for  a  slight  lack  of  productiveness  in  the 
young  tree  which  is  one  of  the  faults  commonly  attributed  to  Lyons  by 
European  writers;  however,  all  agree  that  the  trees  become  fruitful  with  age. 
The  blossoms  of  this  variety  are  conspicuously  large  and  showy,  with 
pistils  unusual  in  being  longer  than  the  stamens.  The  merits  of  Lyons 
have  been  so  pronounced  in  the  several  years  we  have  watched  it  that  we 
feel  quite  warranted  in  recommending  it  for  both  home  and  commercial 
orchards. 

About  1822,  M.  Jabovday,  a  nurseryman  at  Oullins,  near  Lyons,  France, 
grafted  over  a  number  of  seedling  cherries  which  had  sprung  up  on  his 
grounds.  Five  years  later,  having  decided  to  dig  out  the  trees,  he  was 
attracted  by  the  superb  growth  made  by  one  of  them  upon  which  the  graft 
had  not  started  and  ordered  the  tree  to  be  saved.  This  tree  produced  a 
full  crop  of  exceedingly  large  and  attractive  fruit  which  matiu-ed  far  in 
advance  of  other  varieties.  Jaboulay  decided  to  save  all  the  grafts  for 
propagation  the  succeeding  year  but  found  upon  going  to  the  tree  the  fol- 


l62  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

lowing  spring  that  the  wood  had  been  stolen.  About  five  years  later  M. 
Riviere,  also  a  nurseryman  at  OuUins,  placed  upon  the  market  at  Lyons 
a  very  early  cherry  which  he  called  Bigarreau  Anglaise  but  which  was  recog- 
nized as  the  same  as  the  one  found  by  Jaboulay.  Thus  have  come  the 
several  names  given  in  the  synonyms.  Lyons  has  never  been  much  grown 
in  this  country.  Lewis  B.  Eaton  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  in  importing 
cherry  trees  from  France  in  1841  and  1842,  found  among  them  one  without 
a  label  which  turned  out  to  be  Bigarreau  de  Lyon,  later  the  Lyons.  Trees 
of  this  variety  were  received  for  testing  at  this  Station  from  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agricidture  under  the  name  Hative  de  Lyons. 
These,  as  grown  here,  have  proved  identical  in  both  tree  and  fruit  charac- 
ters with  the  many  descriptions  of  Bigarreau  Jaboulay,  or  Bigarreau  de 
Lyon. 

Tree  vigorous,  a  rapid  grower,  upright-spreading;  branches  straggUng,  reddish-brown; 
branchlets  thick,  long,  with  long  intemodes,  grayish-brown,  with  numerous  rather  large, 
conspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  nvtmerous,  variable  in  size,  averaging  five  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and 
one-half  inches  wide,  folded  upward,  long-elliptical  to  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  dark 
green,  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green,  with  few  hairs;  apex  distinctly  elongated,  base 
abrupt;  margin  coarsely  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  often  two  inches  long, 
thickish,  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  six  large,  reniform, 
reddish  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  large,  long,  conical,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  small,  scattering 
clusters;  leaf -scars  obscure;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  large,  often  one  and 
one-half  inches  across,  white;  borne  in  dense  clusters,  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  one 
inch  long,  glabrous,  green  with  a  trace  of  red;  calyx-tube  distinctly  reddish,  somewhat 
obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  strongly  tinged  with  red,  broad,  acute,  glabrous  within 
and  without,  reflexed;  petals  obovate,  entire,  tapering  to  distinct  but  short  claws;  apex 
entire  or  with  a  shallow,  wide  notch;  filaments  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  long;  pistil 
glabrous,  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  early;  one  inch  in  diameter,  cordate,  compressed;  cavity  flaring;  suture 
shallow,  or  a  mere  line,  often  extending  around  the  fruit;  apex  roundish  or  pointed;  color 
very  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet;  stem  thick,  one  and  one-half  inches  long; 
skin  thin,  rather  tender,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  reddish,  with  dark  colored  juice, 
meaty,  sprightly,  sweet;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  semi-clinging,  large,  ovate,  plump, 
with  smooth  surfaces;  ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 63 

MAGNIFIQUE 

Prunus  avium  X  Primus  cerasus 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Belle  et  Magnifigue.     2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  279,  280.     1832.     3.  Ibid.  239.     1841. 

Belle  Magnifique.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  193.  1845.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1852. 
6.  EUiott  Fr.  Book  191.  1854.  7.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  272.  1857.  8.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom. 
82  fig.,  83.     1904. 

Belle  de  Magnifique.     9.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  1:61,  fig.  i.     1853.     10.   Pom.  France  7:   No.  19,  PI.  19. 

1871. 

Belle  de  Chalenay.  11.  III.  Handb.  179  fig.,  180.  i860.  12.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:175-178,  fig. 
48.  1866.  12.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:57,  58,  fig.  27.  186&-73.  13.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  334,  343.  1889. 
14.  Guide  Prat.  9,  181.     1895. 

This  good,  old  cherry  has  never  been  considered  a  commercial  fruit 
in  the  United  States;  yet  it  is,  and  has  been,  surprisingly  popular  with  nur- 
serymen, most  of  whom  for  nearly  a  century  have  offered  it  for  sale.  A 
generation  ago,  when  American  fruit-growing  was  in  the  hands  of  con- 
noisseurs, Magnifique  was  more  popular  than  now.  It  has  failed  as  a 
commercial  cherry  because  the  crop  ripens  very  unevenly,  there  being 
sometimes  green  and  fvilly  ripe  cherries  on  the  tree  at  the  same  time,  though 
the  season  is  usually  given  as  very  late.  This  is  one  of  the  lightest  in 
color  of  the  hybrid  Dukes,  the  Sour  Cherry  parent  very  evidently  having 
been  an  Amarelle  —  a  conclusion  to  which  both  fruit  and  tree  point.  The 
quality  is  usually  counted  as  very  good  though  it  is  too  acid  to  be  a  first- 
rate  dessert  cherry  for  some.  The  trees  are  very  vigorous  and  usually 
are  fruitftd.  Magnifique  has  been  grown  so  long  that  its  place  in  the 
orchard  would  seem  to  have  been  fixed  by  experience;  yet  it  might  be  made 
more  than  a  cherry  for  the  home  orchard  if  some  commercial  grower  would 
plant  it  in  a  shaded  place  and  a  cool  soil  and  thereby  retard  ripening  time 
until  other  cherries  were  gone. 

This  valuable  cherry  was  brought  to  notice  in  1795  by  Chatenay, 
sumamed  Magnifique,  a  niirseryman  near  Paris.  It  seems,  at  first,  to 
have  been  quite  commonly  called  Belle  de  Chatenay  but  Belle  de  Mag- 
nifique became  the  commoner  appellation  ending  in  America  at  least  with 
the  universal  name  "  Belle  Magnifique."  The  variety  was  introduced 
into  America  from  France  sometime  before  1830,  by  General  H.  A.  S. 
Dearborn,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  President  of  the  Massachusetts  Horti- 
cultviral  Society.  The  cherry  is  typically  a  Duke  sort  and  is  so  listed  by 
most  writers,  though  Downing  in  1845  placed  it  with  the  Morello  cherries. 
Magnifique  was  placed  upon  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1 852  where  it  has  since  remained. 


1 64  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense,  productive;  trunk  and  branches  stocky, 
brown  overlaid  with  dark  gray;  branchlets  with  many,  small  conspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  obovate  to  oval, 
thickish;  upper  siuiace  dark  green,  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  finely  pubescent;  apex 
abruptly  pointed,  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands; 
petiole  one  inch  long,  tinged  with  dull  red,  grooved  on  the  upper  surface  and  with  a  few 
hairs,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  reniform,  greenish  glands  usually  at  the  base 
of  the  leaf. 

Buds  obtuse  or  conical,  plump,  free,  arranged  as  lateral  buds  or  in  rather  dense 
clusters  on  short  sptus;  leaf -scars  obscure;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers  white,  one  inch 
across,  wide  open;  borne  in  dense  clusters  on  short  spurs,  usually  in  threes  or  fours;  pedicels 
one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  Ught  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes,  broadly  and  shallowly  dentate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals 
obovate,  entire,  with  very  short  claws,  indented  at  the  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  inch 
long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  late;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  cordate;  cavity  rather  deep;  suture 
very  shallow;  color  pale  red  changing  to  bright  red;  dots  niunerous,  small,  russet,  con- 
spicuous; stem  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long;  skin  thick,  tough,  adherent  to  the  pulp; 
flesh  whitish,  with  abundant  colorless  juice,  fine-grained,  meaty  but  tender,  pleasantly 
tart,  sprightly;  very  good  in  quality;  stone  free,  small,  oval,  plump,  slightly  pointed,  with 
smooth  surfaces ;  slightly  notched  near  the  base  of  the  ventral  suture. 

MAY  DUKE 

Prunus  avium  X  Primus  cerasus 

1.  Bradley  Card.  211.  1739.  2.  Duha.mel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:1^4.  1768.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:133, 
134.  1832.  4.  Card.  Chron.  57.  1843.  5.  Cultivator  N.  S.  2:319  fig.  93.  1845.  6.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  191,  192  fig.  81.  1845.  7.  Bridgeman  Card.  Ass'l  Pt.  3:  53,  54.  1847.  8.  Proc.  Nat.  Con.  Fr.  Gr. 
52.  1848.  9.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  211.  1854.  lO-  Mcintosh  Bk.  Card.  2:542,  543.  1855.  11.  Mas  Le 
Verger  8:133,  134,  fig.  65.  1866-73.  i2-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  305,  306.  1884.  13.  Guide  Prat.  8,  195, 
196.     1895. 

Duke  Cherry.     14.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1540.     1688. 

May  Cherry.     15.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  1:1754.     ^6.  MortUlet  Le  Cerisier  2:138-140,  fig.  33.     1866. 

Rothe  Maikirsche.  17.  Christ  Handb.  669.  1797.  18.  Christ  Worlerb.  282.  1802.  19.  Truchsess- 
Heim  Kirschensort.  377-389.  1819.  20.  III.  Handb.  151  fig.,  152.  i860.  21.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:135, 
136,  fig.  66.  1866-73.  22.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  HI:  No.  16,  PI.  1882.  23.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  374. 
1889. 

Royale  Hative.  24.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  Nos.  23,  24,  PI.  1846.  25.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  4, 
PI.  4.     1871.     26.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:389  fig.,  390,  391.     1877. 

Royale  Cherry  Duke.     27.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:127,  128,  fig.  64.     1882. 

Esel  Kirsche.     28.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  22.     1892-93. 

Anglaise  Hative.     29.  Soc.   Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  78  fig.,  79.     1904. 

May  Dtike  is  one  of  the  oldest  and,  the  world  over,  one  of  the  most 
popular  cherries.  There  are  several  reasons  why  it  has  attained  and  holds 
its  popularity.     It  is  finely  flavored,  especially  when  prepared  for  the  table, 


MAY   DUKE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 65 

and  even  before  ripe;  it  is  also  delicious  to  eat  out  of  hand  if  the  cherries 
are  dead  ripe,  when  it  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  subacid  cherries;  while  one 
of  the  earliest  of  its  class,  it  may  be  left  to  hang  for  a  month  or  six  weeks, 
becoming  daily  sweeter  and  more  aromatic;  few  or  no  cherries  thrive  in 
greater  variations  of  soil  and  climates,  this  fact  accounting  in  greatest 
measure  for  its  world-wide  distribution  in  temperate  regions;  despite  its 
tender  flesh,  it  ships  well  though  it  is  grown  only  for  local  markets  since 
its  long  period  of  ripening  makes  necessary  several  pickings  —  a  fatal 
defect  for  a  canning  cherry  or  one  for  the  general  trade ;  lastly,  the  trees  are 
as  fniitful  as  any,  and  are  hardy,  vigorous  and  healthy.  The  fruit  is  remark- 
ably well  distributed  in  dense  clusters  on  trees  characteristically  upright 
and  vasiform  and  bearing  a  heavy  canopy  of  dark  green,  luxuriant  foliage. 
May  Duke  fills  a  particular  place  in  the  cherry  orchard  as  a  fruit  for  the 
local  market  and  hundreds  of  new-comers  have  not  been  able  to  supplant 
it.  The  fact  that  it  has  lost  none  of  its  pristine  vigor,  health  and  produc- 
tiveness in  the  two  hundred  and  more  years  it  has  been  known  contradicts 
the  idea  that  varieties  of  fruit  degenerate  or  wear  out  with  age.  When 
we  pass  in  review  all  of  the  varieties  of  cherries,  all  characters  and  purposes 
considered,  May  Duke  remains  one  of  the  best. 

This  variety  seems  to  have  been  first  mentioned  by  Ray  in  1688. 
May  Duke  is  supposed  by  some  English  writers  to  have  originated  in  a 
district  in  France  known  as  Medoc  and  the  name  to  have  been  derived 
from  the  place.  When  this  cherry  first  received  attention,  the  old  style 
of  reckoning  time  was  in  vogue  and  the  nth  of  June  was  the  last  day  of 
May.  It  may,  therefore,  be  presumed  that  the  variety  derived  its  name 
from  its  season  of  ripening  rather  than  from  a  corruption  of  Medoc.  A 
few  years  ago  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Iowa  imported  from  Russia  several 
cherries  among  which  was  one  called  Esel  Kirsche.  Later  this  cherry  was 
distributed  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  As  grown 
on  the  groimds  of  this  Station,  Esel  Kirsche  has  proved  to  be  May  Duke. 
In  Ohio  the  two  could  not  be  distinguished  and  with  this  evidence  we  have 
listed  Esel  Kirsche  as  a  synonym  of  May  Duke.  In  1832,  William  Prince 
mentioned  May  Duke  as  being  among  the  first  of  the  cherries  introduced 
to  America  from  Europe.  From  the  references  to  this  variety  in  the  horti- 
ciiltural  literature  and  in  the  nursery  catalogs  throughout  the  United 
States  we  may  say  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  and  best- 
known  cherries  in  the  country.  The  American  Pomological  Society  placed 
May  Diike  on  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1848. 


l66  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Tree  large,  upright  becoming  somewhat  vasiform  and  spreading  with  age,  open- 
topped,  very  productive;  trunk  of  medium  thickness,  somewhat  shaggy;  branches  smooth 
or  roughish,  reddish-brown  partly  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  nimierous  lenticels  variable 
in  size;  branchlets  short,  brown  partly  covered  with  Ught  gray,  smooth,  with  smaU,  incon- 
spicuous, raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
obovate;  upper  surface  very  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  sxirface  thinly  pubescent;  apex 
abruptly  pointed,  base  acute;  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  one 
inch  long,  slender,  tinged  with  red,  grooved,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose, 
brownish  glands,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  obtuse,  plump,  free,  in  large  clusters  on  short  spurs ;  leaf-scars  prominent ;  season 
of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  dense 
clusters,  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  with  a  tinge  of  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  rather  long, 
narrow,  acuminate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  broad-oval,  entire,  nearly 
sessile;  apex  crenate;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens 
in  length. 

Fruit  matures  early,  although  variable  in  habit;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
cordate  to  conical,  compressed;  cavity  abrupt,  regular;  suture  indistinct;  apex  roundish, 
with  a  small  depression  at  the  center;  color  Ught  changing  to  dark  red  at  full  maturity; 
dots  niomerous,  russet,  obscure;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adhering 
strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  medium  to  dark 
red,  with  pinkish  juice,  tender  and  melting,  sprightly  subacid,  pleasant  flavored;  of  very 
good  quality;  stone  nearly  free,  small,  roundish  to  elliptical,  with  smooth  surfaces;  slightly 
ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 

MERCER 

Prunus  avium 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  262,  PI.  5.  1892.  2.  Am.  Card.  14:39  fig.  1893.  3.  Can.  Hort.  17:322  fig. 
693.     1894.     4.  Black  &  Son  Cat.  22  fig.     1909. 

This  comparatively  new  Bigarreau  is  on  probation  in  many  parts  of 
the  State  and  country,  otherwise  we  should  not  give  it  prominence  in 
The  Cherries  of  New  York,  as  the  variety  is  all  but  worthless  as  it  grows 
on  the  grounds  of  this  Station.  The  trees  are  not  sufficiently  fruitful,  the 
cherries  are  too  small,  the  flavor  in  none  too  good  and  the  fruit  is  not  at  all 
resistant  to  brown-rot  —  four  fatal  defects  for  a  commercial  cherry. 

This  variety  is  reported  to  have  sprung  from  a  pit  of  a  Mazzard  tree 
and  was  introduced  several  years  ago  by  Black  &  Son  of  Hightstown,  New 
Jersey.  The  name,  Mercer,  after  the  county  in  New  Jersey  from  which 
it  was  introduced,  was  given  the  cherry  by  H.  E.  Van  Deman,  then  United 
States  Pomologist. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 67 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  not  always  productive;  branches  long,  grayish-brown, 
smooth,    with  a  few  small,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-fourth  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  long-oval,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  light 
green,  pubescent,  grooved  along  the  midrib;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt;  margin 
coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  tinged  with 
dull  red,  thick,  with  from  two  to  five  ven,-  large,  reniform,  reddish  glands,  variable  in 
position. 

Buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  plump,  free;  leaf -scars  rather  prominent; 
season  of  bloom  early;  flowers  one  and  one-foiu^h  inches  across,  in  scattering  clusters 
in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  three-fourths  inch  long,  glabrous;  calj'x-tube  green  or  faintly 
tinged  red,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  greenish  streaked  with  red  along  the  edges, 
long,  obtuse,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  broad-oval,  entire,  shghtly 
indented  at  the  apex,  tapering  to  short,  blunt  claws;  filaments  one-half  inch  long,  shorter 
than  the  petals;  pistU  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Frioit  matures  in  mid-season;  small,  cordate  to  blunt-conic,  compressed;  cavit}' 
shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  an  indistinct  hne;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  black; 
dots  small,  numerous,  obscure;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  adherent 
to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  rather  tender;  flesh  reddish,  with  dark  colored  juice,  tender,  meaty, 
crisp,  aromatic,  mild  flavored,  sweet ;  fair  to  good  in  quality ;  stone  free  or  semi-cUnging, 
variable  in  size,  ovate,  flattened,  blunt-pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces,  tinged  with  red. 

MEZEL 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Bigarreau  Monstrueux.     2.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.     46.     1831. 

Bigarreau  of  Mezel.     3.  Horticulturist  1:475  fig.,  476.     1846-47.     4.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:107   fig-> 
108.     1866.     5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  454.     1869.     6.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:218  fig.,  219.     1877. 
Great  Bigarreau.     "j.  Horticulturist  6:20  fig.,  21.     1851.     8.  Downing  Fr.  Treei  4r».  253.     1857. 
Monstreuse  de  Mezel.     9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.     1862. 
Schwarze  Knorpel  von  Mezel.     10.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  377.     1889. 

Mezel  seems  to  have  made  a  stir  in  pomological  circles  in  the  middle  of 
the  Nineteenth  Centtiry  by  reason  of  the  great  size  and  beautiful  appearance 
of  the  cherries.  Though  on  the  recommended  list  of  the  American  Pomologi- 
cal Society  and  frequently  spoken  of  in  the  pomological  works  of  the  day  and 
offered  by  some  nurserymen,  we  have  not  been  able  to  find  many  trees  of 
this  variety  now  growing  in  New  York.  We  glean  from  the  literature 
that  Mezel  pleased  the  eye  more  than  the  palate  and  that  the  trees,  while 
vigorous  and  healthy,  were  not  productive.  At  any  rate  after  a  decade  or 
two  of  much  advertising  and  what  would  seem  to  have  been  a  very  thorough 
trial,  Mezel  failed  to  receive  very  general  approbation  from  cherry-growers 
and  has  now  almost  passed  from  cultivation.     Contrary  to  the  general 


1 68  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

behavior  of  the  variety  in  New  York,  the  tree  and  fruit  from  which  the 
accompanying  description  was  made  have  so  many  merits  that  one  can  well 
wish  that  the  variety  will  not  wholly  pass  out  of  cultivation. 

This  variety  was  found  at  Mezel,  Puy-de-D6me,  France,  by  M.  Ligier 
sometime  prior  to  1846  when  it  was  brought  to  notice.  Even  so,  it  had 
grown  in  a  vineyard  at  that  place  for  thirty  years  and  was  only  made  public 
after  an  excursion  of  several  members  of  a  horticiiltural  society  to  the 
vineyard.  It  was  immediately  heralded  as  a  coming  variety  and  grafts 
were  distributed.  Great  Bigarreau,  which  made  its  appearance  a  few 
years  later,  is  here  included  as  a  synonym  though  many  writers  list  it  as 
a  distinct  sort.  Bigarreau  Monstrueux,  first  listed  in  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society  catalog  for  1 831,  is  held  by  many  pomologists  to  be  identical 
with  Mezel  which,  if  true,  casts  some  doubt  on  the  generally  accepted  history 
of  the  variety.  Mezel  appeared  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society  in  1862  but  was  discarded  in  1869;  it  was  replaced  in  1883 
and  is  still  on  the  list  though  it  is  scarcely  known  in  any  part  of  the  United 
States. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness;  trunk 
stocky,  nearly  smooth;  branches  thick,  smooth,  reddish-brown  partly  overspread  with 
dark  ash-gray,  with  lenticels  medium  in  number  and  size;  branchlets  of  average  thick- 
ness, variable  in  length,  with  intemodes  of  medivim  length,  brown  partly  covered  with 
ash-gray,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  small,  inconspicuous,  raised  lenticels  mediimi  in 
number. 

Leaves  numerous,  five  inches  long,  often  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  long-oval, 
thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  strongly  rugose  giving  a  crumpled  appearance;  lower 
surface  dull,  light  green,  with  slight  pubescence;  apex  varies  from  abrupt  to  taper-pointed, 
base  abrupt;  margin  glandular,  coarsely  serrate;  petiole  long,  averaging  one  and  one-half 
inches,  slender,  tinged  with  red,  with  from  one  to  four  reniform  glands  of  medium  size 
on  the  petiole. 

Buds  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  plimip,  pointed,  arranged  singly  as  lateral 
buds  or  in  clusters  of  various  sizes  on  both  long  and  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent; 
season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  one  and  seven-sixteenths  inches  across,  well  dis- 
tributed in  scattering  clusters  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  one  and  one-eighth  inches 
long,  medium  in  thickness,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  with  a  slight  tinge  of  red,  cam- 
panvilate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  long,  medium  in  width,  acute,  slightly  serrate,  glabrous 
within  and  without;  petals  somewhat  obovate,  crenate,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  very  shallow 
notch  at  the  apex;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  shorter  than  the  petals;  pistil  glabrous, 
shorter  than  the  stamens,  often  defective. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  large,  seven-eighths  inch  long,  thirteen-sixteenths  inch 
wide,  cordate,  compressed,  the  surface  markedly  irregular  and  broken  into  ridges;  cavity 
very  deep,  wide,  irregular,  abrupt;  suture  variable,  shallow  to  very  deep  and  wide  and 


MEZEL 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 69 

at  times  double;  apex  blunt-pointed,  usually  not  depressed;  color  attractive  purplish- 
black;  dots  numerous,  very  small,  somewhat  russet,  obscure;  stem  medium  in  thickness, 
long,  averaging  two  and  one-eighth  inches,  adheres  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  medium  in 
thickness,  rather  tender  but  not  inclined  to  crack,  adheres  sHghtly  to  the  pulp;  flesh 
purplish-red,  with  abundant  dark  red  juice,  tender,  meaty,  mild,  very  pleasant,  sweet; 
very  good  to  best  in  quality;  stone  clinging,  large,  strongly  ovate,  with  slightly  roughish 
surface. 

MONTMORENCY 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:181,  182.  1768.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:6,  Tab.  15  fig.  i.  1792. 
3.  Christ  Worterb.  292.  1802.  4.  Truchsess-Heira  Kirschensort.  656,  657,  691.  1819.  5.  Kenrick  .4m. 
Orch.  281.  1832.  6.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  14,  PI.  1846.  7.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:53,  54,  fig.  25. 
1866-73.  8.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  3,  PI.  3.  1871.  9.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:361,  362  fig.,  363,  364.  1877. 
10.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  369.  1889.  11.  Guide  Prat.  9,  196.  1895.  '2.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:112 
fig.  4,  113,  114.     1900.     13.  Am.  Card.  22:266,  267.     1901.     14.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Kleine  Glaskirsche  von  Montmorency.     15.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  463,  464,  465.     1819. 

Long  Stem  Montmorency.     16.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:139.     1832. 

Amarelle  Royale.     17.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:191-195,  fig.  53.     1866. 

Montmorency  Ordinaire.  18.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  17.  1897.  19.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:75,  fig.  15.  1903. 
20.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt.  33,  34,  PI.  2.     1904-05. 

Montmorency  is  the  most  popular  Sour  Cherry  grown  in  America. 
No  one  questions  its  supremacy.  Probably  half  of  the  cherry  trees  in 
New  York,  Sweet  or  Sour,  are  Montmorencies  and  at  least  three-fourths 
of  all  the  trees  of  the  Sour  Cherry  are  of  this  variety.  It  leads  in  the 
demands  for  this  fruit  in  the  markets,  for  the  cannery  and  for  home  use  as  a 
culinary  cherry.  Several  characters  give  it  first  place.  It  is  surpassed 
by  no  other  Soiu-  Cherry,  in  New  York  at  least,  in  vigor,  health  and  pro- 
ductiveness of  tree.  In  the  last  character,  in  particular,  it  is  supreme. 
Year  in  and  year  out,  Montmorency  trees  are  fruitful.  Possibly,  too,  no  other 
Sour  Cherry  is  adapted  to  a  greater  diversity  of  soils  than  Montmorency, 
which,  with  capacity  to  stand  heat  and  cold,  makes  the  variety  suitable 
to  wide  variations  in  environment.  The  cherries  are  in  no  way  remarkable 
—  not  much  above  the  average  for  an  Amarelle  in  size,  appearance  or 
quality,  in  aU  of  these  characters  being  much  inferior  to  Large  Mont- 
morency. The  fruit  has  the  advantage  of  being  presentable  in  appearance 
and  fit  for  culinary  purposes  several  days  before  it  is  fully  ripe  and  this 
adds  to  the  value  of  the  variety  for  the  market.  Brown-rot  takes  less 
toll  from  this  cherry  than  of  others  of  its  kind  probably  because  of  rela- 
tively firm  flesh  and  thick  skin.  These  characters,  also,  make  the  fruit 
stand  handling  well  in  harvesting,  shipping  and  on  the  markets.  The 
preserved  product,  whether  canned  at  home  or  commercially,  is  attractive 


170  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

in  appearance  and  very  good.  Montmorency  is  not  a  dessert  cherry  but 
for  those  who  like  Sour  Cherries  it  may  be  eaten  out  of  hand  with  relish 
when  it  is  fully  matured.  Some  maintain  that  the  variety  falls  short  in 
the  size  of  the  tree,  which  is  seldom  more  than  medium,  but  the  head  is 
spreading  and  much-branched  and  the  fruit  is  borne  in  clusters  thickly 
scattered  throughout  the  whole  head  so  that  the  total  yield  from  a  tree  is 
greater  than  would  be  thought  from  its  size.  For  any  and  all  purposes 
to  which  Sour  Cherries  are  put  Montmorency  may  be  recommended  as 
the  best  in  its  season. 

Unfortunately  several  quite  distinct  cherries  bear  the  name  Mont- 
morency and  it  has  been  most  difficiilt  to  separate  them  in  pomological 
literature.  To  make  matters  worse,  all  of  them  have  been  much  confused 
with  other  varieties,  Early  Richmond  in  particular.  The  different  Mont- 
morencies  and  Early  Richmond  originated  in  the  Montmorency  Valley, 
France,  several  centuries  ago,  at  least  before  the  Seventeenth  Century, 
probably  as  seedlings  of  Cerise  Hative  or  of  Cerise  Commune.  These  Mont- 
morency cherries  differ  from  each  other  principally  in  their  stems  and  fruit, 
one  having  long  stems  and  moderate-sized,  regular  fruit;  one  shorter  stems 
and  larger  fruit;  and  the  third,  very  short,  thick  stems  and  oblate,  irregular 
fruit  showing  a  distinct  suture.  The  first  cherry  has  been  generally  known, 
particularly  among  the  French,  as  Montmorency  a  Longue  Queue  or  some- 
times Cerise  de  Montmorency.  This  is  the  Montmorency  of  this  sketch. 
Duhamel,  in  1768,  was  the  first  writer  to  mention  this  cherry  directly  and 
according  to  his  statement  it  was  then  esteemed  around  Paris,  being  superior 
in  productiveness  to  the  Large  Montmorency. 

Montmorency  early  found  its  way  into  England,  where  it  soon  became 
confused  with  its  probable  parent,  the  French  Cerise  Hative  or  the  English 
Kentish.  In  a  short  time  it  had  replaced  Kentish  in  many  nurseries  and 
came  to  be  called  Kentish  in  much  of  the  literature  of  the  time.  Just 
when  Montmorency  was  introduced  to  this  country  is  not  known  but  it 
has  been  cultivated  here  under  various  names  for  many  years.  William 
Prince  spoke  of  it  in  1832  as  the  Long  Stem  Montmorency  and  it  has  long 
and  commonly  been  known  here  as  Montmorency  Ordinaire.  Mont- 
morency is  to  be  found  in  nearly  every  nursery  in  the  United  States  under 
various  names,  some  nurserymen  using  the  French  name,  others  the  English, 
while  still  others  are  selling  the  variety  as  Large  Montmorency.  Many 
supposed  strains  have  been  given  new  names  but  it  is  doubtful  if  any  dis- 
tinct strains  of  this  cherry  exist.     The  American  Pomological  Society  added 


r 


MONTMORENCY 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  171 

Montmorency  to  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1897  using  the  qualifying  term 
Ordinaire  which  was  dropped  in  1909. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  with  the  lower  branches  inclined  to  droop, 
round-topped,  productive;  trunk  and  branches  smooth;  branches  reddish-brown  tinged 
with  light  ash-gray,  with  a  few  lenticels  of  medium  size;  branchlets  slender,  reddish-brown 
partly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  a  few  smaU,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  three  inches  long,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded  upwards  or  flattened, 
oval  to  obovate,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green, 
with  a  few  scattering  hairs;  apex  and  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  doubly  crenate, 
glandular;  petiole  one  inch  long,  tinged  with  duU  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three 
small,  globose,  brownish  or  yellowish  glands,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  or  in  clusters  on  short  sptirs;  leaf -scars 
obscure;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across; 
borne  in  scattered  clusters  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish; 
caljTc-tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  tinged  with  red,  broad,  serrate,  glabrous 
within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  rotindish  to  obovate,  crenate,  with  short,  blunt  claws 
and  shallow,  crenate  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  or 
slightly  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-oblate, 
slightly  compressed;  cavity  abrupt;  suture  very  shallow;  apex  roundish;  color  light  to 
rather  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  thick,  usually  with 
a  faint  tinge  of  red,  one  inch  long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating 
from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yeUow,  with  a  reddish  tinge,  with  abundant  light  pink  juice, 
tender  and  melting,  sprightly,  tart;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  free,  small,  roundish- 
ovate,  flattened,  pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces  which  are  tinged  with  red. 

NAPOLEON 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  30.  1828.  2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  273,  274.  1832.  3.  Downing  Ft.  Trees 
Am.  183.  1845.  4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  365.  1849.  5.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  1:27,  28,  fig.  2.  1853. 
6.  Elliott  Fr.  Booi^  215.  1859.  "j.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  52y.  1859.  Z.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. -Jj^.  1862. 
9.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:132.  1866.  10.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  470.  1869.  11.  Pom.  France  7: 
No.  9,  PI.  9.  1871.  12.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:219,  220  fig.,  221.  1877.  13.  Flor.  &  Pom.  57,  PI.  465. 
1878.  14.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:109,  "".  fig-  55-  1882.  15.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  98:493,  fig.  87.  1895. 
16.  Onl.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.  5:38  fig.     1898. 

Gros  Bigarreau  Blanc.  17.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:165.  1768.  18.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschen- 
sort.  308-310.  1819.  19.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:123-126,  fig.  29.  1866.  20.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:179, 
180  fig.,  181.     1877.     21.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  354.     1889. 

Lauermannskirsche.  22.  Chnst  Handb.  664.  1797.  23.  Christ  W6>ter&.  280.  1802.  24.  Truchsess- 
Heira  Kirschensort.  292-295,  323-328.     1819.     25.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  367.     1889. 

Lange  Marmorkirsche.  26.  Christ  Handb.  655.  1797.  27.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  330-333- 
1819. 

Holldndische  Crosse  Prinzessinkirsche.  28.  Christ  Worterb.  281 .  1802.  29.  Trachsess-Heim  Kirsch- 
ensort.  295-299.  1819.  30.  ///.  Handb.  125  fig.,  126.  i860.  31.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:117,  118,  fig.  59. 
1882.     32.  Mathieu   Nom.  Pom.  357.     1889. 


172  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Harrison's  Heart.  33.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  42.  1803.  34.  Brookshaw  Hort.  Reposit.  1:69,  70, 
PI.  34  fig.  2.     1823.     35.  Mas  Le   Verger  8:145,  H^,  fig.  71-     1866-73.     36.  Mathieu   Norn.  Pom.  362. 

1889. 

Grosse  Weisse  Marmorkirsche.     yj.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  316,  317,  682.     1819. 

Holland  Bigarreau.     38.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  181  fig.,  182.     1845. 

Bigarreau  d'Esperen.  39.  Mortillet  ie  Cerisier  2:119,  120  fig.,  121.  1866.  40.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  463.  1869.  41.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:11,  12,  fig.  4.  1866-73.  42-  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:198  fig.,  199. 
1877.     43-  Mathieu   Norn.  Pom.  347.     1889.     44.  Rev.  Hort.  321,  322.     1912. 

Bigarreau  Gros  Coeuret.  45.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:126-129,  fig.  30.  1866.  46.  Pom.  France  7: 
No.  23,  PI.  23.     1871.     47.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:208,  209  fig.,  210.     1877. 

Royal  Ann.  48.  Cat.  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt.  59,  PI.  18.  1893-94.  49-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  192.  1907. 
50.   Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:31,  fig.  8.     1910. 

Napoleon  is  the  leading  firm-fleshed  Sweet  Cherry.  It  takes  its  place 
by  virtue  of  the  large  size,  handsome  appearance  and  high  quality  of  the 
fruit  and  the  phenomenal  productiveness  of  the  trees.  The  accompanying 
plate  shows  well  the  large  size  and  beautiful  color  of  the  cherries  —  unsur- 
passed in  either  character  by  any  other  Bigarreau  and  possibly  by  any 
other  cherry.  The  flavor  is  rich  and  sweet  which,  with  the  abundant 
juice  and  firm,  crackling  flesh,  makes  this  a  most  delicious  and  refreshing 
cherry  for  dessert  and,  with  the  great  size  and  attractive  color,  gives  it 
preference  over  all  other  Sweet  Cherries  for  culinary  purposes.  In  partic- 
ular, cherry-canners  find  that  Napoleon  makes  a  finely  finished  product. 
The  cherries  carry  well  and  keep  long  and  are,  therefore,  well  thought  of 
by  fruit-dealers.  Besides  being  very  productive,  the  trees  come  in  bearing 
early  and  are  as  vigorous,  hardy  and  healthy  as  those  of  any  other  Sweet 
Cherry.  They  may  usually  be  known  by  their  upright  growth  and  large, 
sttirdy  limbs.  Napoleon,  however,  is  not  without  its  faults.  The  cherries 
crack  badly  in  wet  weather  and  the  variety  can  be  grown  with  certainty 
only  in  the  dry  summer  climate  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  where,  especially  in 
Oregon  and  Washington,  it  reaches  truly  wonderful  perfection.  In  the 
East,  too,  Napoleon  is  more  susceptible  to  brown-rot  than  several  of  its 
rivals.  Possibly  the  greatest  fault,  however,  is  in  the  tree,  which  is  very 
fastidious  as  to  soils,  thriving  only  in  choice  cherry  land  and  in  a  congenial 
cherry  climate.  Despite  these  rather  serious  faults,  cherry-growers  agree 
that  Napoleon  takes  first  place  among  Sweet  Cherries  for  both  home  and 
commercial  plantings. 

Napoleon  is  of  unknown  origin.  Early  in  the  Eighteenth  Century 
it  was  grown  by  the  Germans,  French,  Dutch  and  English,  proof  that  it 
is  a  very  old  variety.  Leroy  believes  that  it  was  described  by  Merlet  in 
1667  but  under  another  name.  The  great  number  of  synonyms  in  several 
languages  gives  some  idea  of  the  countries  in  which  the  variety  has  been 


^ 


%  f 


NAPOLEON 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 73 

grown  as  well  as  the  esteem  in  which  it  has  been  held.  There  are  several 
accounts  as  to  when  the  cherry  was  given  the  name  Napoleon.  Probably 
the  best  authenticated  is  that  in  which  it  is  held  that  Parmentier,  a  Belgian, 
gave  the  cherry  the  name  of  the  famous  emperor  in  1820.  When 
the  variety  was  taken  to  England,  where  at  that  time  Napoleon  was 
not  in  good  repute,  the  name  of  his  conqueror,  Wellington,  was  sub- 
stituted but  seems  to  have  been  Httle  used.  As  if  not  content  with  the 
score  or  more  of  European  names,  cherry-growers  in  America  have  added 
at  least  two  more.  In  many  parts  of  the  country  it  is  locally  called  the 
Ox  Heart.  On  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is  grown  and  sold  by  nurserymen  and 
fruit-growers  alike  as  Royal  Ann,  a  name  given  it  by  its  introducer,  Seth 
LewelUng,  of  Milwaiokee,  Oregon,  who  lost  the  label  bearing  the  old  name 
in  taking  it  across  the  Continent  in  early  days  and  gave  it  a  new  name. 
With  incomprehensible  persistency  Western  horticulturists  maintain  this 
synonym  to  the  confusion  of  horticultioral  nomenclature.  The  American 
Pomological  Society  placed  Napoleon  on  its  fruit  list  in  1862,  it  having 
been  grown  in  America  for  at  least  40  years  before  receiving  this  honor. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  very'  productive;  trunk  thick, 
shaggy;  branches  thick,  roughened  by  the  lenticels,  dull  brown  overlaid  with  ash-gray, 
with  numerous  large,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  long,  light  brown  overspread 
with  gray,  smooth,  with  a  few  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  five  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  elliptical  to  obovate;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface  light 
green,  somewhat  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  doubly  serrate, 
with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  thick,  tinged  with  dull 
red,  hairy  along  the  upper  surface,  with  from  one  to  three  large,  reniform,  reddish-orange 
glands,  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  variable  in  size,  conical,  free,  arranged  singly  or  in  thin  clusters  from  lateral 
buds  and  from  spurs;  leaf-scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white, 
one  and  one-half  inches  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  in  ones  or  in  twos;  pedicels 
variable  in  length,  averaging  one  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  cam- 
panulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  tinged  with  red,  long,  rather  narrow,  acuminate,  serrate, 
reflexed;  petals  oval,  entire,  dentate  at  the  apex,  with  short,  narrow  claws;  filaments  one- 
half  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens,  often  defective. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  over  one  inch  in  diameter,  conical  to  long-cordate, 
compressed;  cavity  deep,  wide,  flaring;  suture  a  distinct  line;  apex  much  pointed;  color, 
varying  shades  of  bright  red  over  a  yellowish  backgrovmd,  distinctly  mottled;  dots  obscure; 
stem  slender,  more  than  one  inch  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  rather  adherent; 
flesh  whitish,  with  a  faint  yellow  tinge,  with  colorless  juice,  tender,  meaty,  crisp,  mild, 
the  flavor  improving  as  the  season  advances,  sweet;  good  to  very  good  in  quality;  stone 
semi-clinging,  small,  ovate,  flattened,  pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces. 


174  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

NOUVELLE  ROYALE 

Primus  avium  X  Pninus  cerasus 

T.  Flor.  &  Pom.  72,  PI.  1862.  2.  Card.  Mon.  7:248.  1865.  3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  70,  88.  1866. 
4.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:147,  148,  fig.  72.  1866-73.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  484.  1869.  6.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.  31.     1875.     7.  Gaucher  Pom.   Prak.  Obst.  No.  80,  Tab.  33.     1894.     8.  Guide  Prat.  9.     1895. 

If  this  cherry  were  to  be  judged  by  its  behavior  on  the  grounds  of  this 
Station,  it  would  be  called  one  of  the  best  of  the  hybrid  Dukes.  In  par- 
ticiilar,  it  wotild  be  commended  by  its  product,  the  trees  not  making  as  good 
a  showing  as  the  fruit.  The  cherries  are  distinguished  by  their  large  size, 
dark  red  color,  glossy  surface,  good  quality,  lateness  in  maturity  and, 
even  more  particularly,  sweetness,  keeping  in  mind  that  the  variety  is  a 
hybrid  and  not  a  true  Sweet  Cherry.  The  shape,  too,  offers  a  distin- 
guishing character,  the  fruits  being  more  oblate  than  in  any  other  Dvike. 
The  long,  stout  stem  is  still  another  characteristic.  Unfortunately  the 
tree,  while  satisfactory  in  all  other  respects,  is  unproductive  —  a  fatal  fault  in 
these  days  of  commercial  fruit-growing.  Nouvelle  Royale  is  not  widely  known 
in  America  and  may  well  be  given  trial  by  those  who  want  a  late  Diike. 

This  variety  is  supposed  from  its  f rtiit-  and  tree-characters  to  be  a  hybrid 
between  Early  Richmond  and  May  Duke  but  where,  how  and  when  it 
came  to  light  is  not  known.  Downing,  in  1869,  mentions  the  Nouvelle 
Royale  as  having  recently  been  introduced  into  this  country  and  it  was 
noted  in  the  Report  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  for  1875  but 
has  never  received  a  place  upon  the  Society's  fruit  catalog  list. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  compact,  moderately  productive;  trunk  of  medium 
size;  branches  upright,  thickish;  branchlets  slender,  long,  brown  partly  covered  with  ash- 
gray,  with  very  nvunerous  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
obovate;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  rugose;  lower  surface  light  green,  lightly 
pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base  acute;  margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular; 
petiole  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  slender,  tinged  with  duU  red,  grooved  and  with 
few  hairs  along  the  upper  surface,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  fotir  globose,  greenish- 
yellow  or  reddish  glands  variable  in  size  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  on  short  spurs 
in  clusters  variable  in  size;  leaf -scars  obscure;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white, 
one  inch  across;  borne  in  dense  clusters  in  threes  and  fours;  pedicels  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  caljoc-tube  with  a  tinge  of  red,  obconic,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  somewhat  reddish,  broad,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed; 
petals  roundish,  entire,  nearly  sessile,  apex  entire;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil 
glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 


•  • 


NOUVELLE   ROYALE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  175 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  oblate,  strongly  compressed; 
cavity  deep,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow;  apex  flattened  or  sUghtly  depressed;  color 
dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  one  and  three-fourths  inches 
long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yellowish 
or  with  a  tinge  of  red,  with  Ught  pink  juice,  slightly  stringy,  tender  and  melting,  pleasantly 
flavored,  mildly  tart ;  of  very  good  quality ;  stone  free,  roundish-oval,  plump,  blunt,  oblique, 
with  smooth  surfaces  often  tinged  with  red,  with  small  ridges  radiating  from  the  base. 

OLIVET 

Prunns  avium  X    Prunus  cerasus 

1.  Gard.  Mon.  19:19.  1877.  2-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  20.  i88i.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd 
App.  164.  1881.  4.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  17:11.  1892.  $.  Cal.  Sla.  .An.  Rpt.  ^16.  1895-97.  6.  Va. 
Sta.  Bui.  133:27.  1902.  7.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:76,  77.  1903.  8.  .4m.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt.  24.  1904-05. 
9.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:21.     1910. 

Olivet  is  a  large,  globular,  deep  red,  glossy  cherry  with  a  rich,  vinous, 
subacid  flavor.  Some  writers  caU  Olivet  a  Duke  while  others  place  it 
with  the  Morellos.  The  fruit,  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station,  shows  many 
characteristics  of  the  Morellos  while  the  tree  appears  to  be  a  Duke,  sug- 
gesting that  it  is  a  hybrid  between  trees  of  the  two  groups.  The  fruit, 
eaten  out  of  hand,  would  be  rated  as  a  very  good  Morello  or  a  subacid 
and  somewhat  mediocre  Duke,  a  frmt  hardly  good  enough  for  dessert  and 
not  as  good  as  some  of  the  sourer  cherries  for  ctdinary  purposes.  It  is 
one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Morello-like  cherries  and  this  may  give  it  a  place 
in  the  cherry  flora  of  the  coimtry.  The  trees  are  large  and  vigorous  and 
their  much-branched,  roimd  tops  would  seem  to  give  the  maximum  amount 
of  bearing  surface,  but,  unfortunately,  the  cherries  do  not  set  abundantly. 
On  the  grounds  of  this  Station  the  variety  is  not  frmtful,  this  being  its  chief 
defect.  In  other  parts  of  the  country,  however,  it  is  reported  to  be  either 
very  productive  or  moderately  so.  The  descriptions  of  this  cherry  as  given 
by  American  experiment  stations  and  nurserymen  show  plainly  that  there 
are  several  distinct  sorts  passing  under  the  name  Olivet  in  this  country. 

Olivet,  of  comparatively  recent  origin,  was  found  at  Olivet,  Loire, 
France.  American  ntirserymen  introduced  this  variety  sometime  previous 
to  1877,  for  in  that  year  the  Gardener's  Monthly  mentioned  the  cherry  as 
being  "  a  valuable  Duke  sort  filling  an  unoccupied  place  among  the  list 
of  early  cherries  in  central  New  York."  Olivet  was  entered  on  the  Amer- 
ican Pomological  Society's  catalog  list  of  fruits  in  1881  where  it  is  still 
retained. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  round-topped,  unproductive;  trunk  thickish, 
rather  rough;  branches  thick,  smooth,  reddish-brown  partly  overspread  with  ash-gray, 


176  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

with  numerous  small  lenticels;  branchlets  short,  brown  partly  overspread  with  ash-gray, 
smooth,  with  numerous  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  obovate  to  oval,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface 
light  green,  glossy,  with  a  few  scattering  hairs;  apex  acute;  margin  doubly  serrate, 
glandular;  petiole  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  greenish,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two 
globose,  brownish  glands  variable  in  position. 

Buds  usually  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  small 
clusters  on  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white, 
one  inch  across;  borne  in  dense  clusters,  usually  in  threes;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long, 
glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- tube  with  a  tinge  of  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  with 
a  trace  of  red,  long,  of  medium  width,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed; 
petals  oval  to  sHghtly  obovate,  entire,  nearly  sessile;  apex  entire;  filaments  one-fourth 
inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish  to  sUghtly  oblate, 
somewhat  compressed;  cavity  abrupt,  regular;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish,  with  a  small 
depression  at  the  center;  color  bright  red;  dots  russet,  obscure;  stem  thickish,  one  and 
one-foiuth  inches  long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  separating  from  the  pulp; 
flesh  light  red,  with  abundant  light  red  or  wine-colored  juice,  tender  and  melting, 
sprightly,  astringent,  tart;  of  fairly  good  quality;  stone  free,  small,  roundish,  slightly 
flattened,  somewhat  pointed  at  the  apex,  with  smooth  surfaces;  somewhat  ridged  along 
the  ventral  suture. 

OSTHEIM 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Christ  Obslbaume  159.  1791.  2.  Christ  Handb.  676.  1797.  3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort. 
512-517.  1819.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:145.  1832.  5.  Dochnahl  Fii/ir.  Oftj/^ande  3:60.  1858.  6.111. 
Handb.  187  fig.,  188.  i860.  7.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:295,  296  fig.  1877.  8.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  371. 
1889.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  25.  1899.  10.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:121,  122.  1900.  11.  la.  Sta.  Bui. 
73:78  fig.  18,  79.     1903.     12.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:14,  21,  22.     1910. 

Ostheim  finds  considerable  favor  in  the  prairie  states  of  the  Middle 
West  but  is  all  but  worthless  as  grown  in  New  York  and  other  eastern 
states.  It  is  one  of  the  Morellos  and  falls  far  short  of  the  best  of  its  group, 
the  cherries  being  too  small  and  of  but  mediocre  quality.  The  trees  are 
typical  Morellos,  round-headed,  with  slender,  drooping  branches  and  branch- 
lets  and  very  dark  green  foliage.  The  fruit  is  borne  toward  the  ends  of 
short  branches  which  are  not  well  distributed  over  the  main  branches, 
leaving  much  bare  wood.  Like  all  Morellos  the  fruit  hangs  long  after 
maturity  and  since  the  ripening  season  is  late  the  variety  may  be  worth 
growing  because  of  its  lateness;  as  it  may,  also,  in  cold  climates  because 
of  great  hardiness.  The  trees  on  their  own  roots  throw  up  many  suckers 
which  are  often  used  in  propagation.  The  variety  has  the  reputation, 
too,  of  coming  true  to  name  from  seeds. 


r- 


OLIVET 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I77 

Ostheim  is  a  native  of  Spain  and  not  of  Germany  as  many  have 
supposed.  The  trees  were  found  in  the  region  of  the  Sierra  Morena  Moun- 
tains, Spain,  and  were  taken  to  Germany  by  a  Dr.  KUnghammer  after  the 
Wars  of  the  Succession,  1701-1713.  The  cherry  took  the  name  Ostheim  from 
the  German  town  of  that  name  where  it  was  widely  grown.  The  variety, 
being  easily  propagated,  spread  throughout  Germany  and  soon  became 
one  of  the  best-known  cherries.  Later,  the  name  seems  to  have  come  to 
be  a  class  term  for  all  cherries  similar  to  the  original  Ostheim.  The  names 
Ostheim,  Ostheimer,  Griotte  Ostheim  and  Ostheimer  Weichsel  are  used 
interchangeably  by  foreign  writers  for  this  variety.  American  writers, 
however,  have  given  these  names  to  two  very  similar  but  distinct  varieties. 
Ostheim  was  brought  to  the  United  States  by  William  Robert  Prince  of 
the  Linnean  Botanical  Gardens  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  It 
has  proved  very  satisfactory  in  some  sections  of  the  West  and  Canada, 
while  in  the  East  it  is  but  a  mediocre  variety  at  best.  At  different  times 
either  buds  or  trees  of  so-called  Ostheims  have  been  imported  to  this 
country  which  have  turned  out  not  to  be  the  true  variety.  What  these 
sorts  really  are  will  remain  uncertain  until  the  several  forms  can  be  brought 
together  and  compared.  Professor  Budd  imported  a  variety  in  1883, 
which  since  has  become  known  as  Ostheim,  carrying  Griotte  d'Ostheim 
as  a  synonym.  Whether  or  not  this  is  the  old  variety  or  a  distinct  strain 
of  the  Ostheim  class  we  are  unable  to  say.  The  Cerise  d'Ostheim  received 
by  this  Station  has  proved  identical  with  this  variety.  Ostheim  was  first 
listed  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1899.  A  cherry  known 
as  Minnesota  Ostheim,  introduced  into  Minnesota  from  Germany,  is  now 
recognized  as  a  distinct  sort.  The  variety  as  it  is  known  in  Kansas 
and  Missouri  is  often  called  the  German  Ostheimer  though  some  believe 
this  to  be  different  from  the  true  sort. 

Tree  below  medium  in  size,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  with  drooping  branchlets, 
dense,  very  productive;  trunk  smooth;  branches  rather  slender,  smooth,  dark  ash-gray 
partly  overspreading  reddish-brown,  with  small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  willowy, 
long,  brown  partly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  small,  inconspicuous 
lenticels. 

Leaves  very  numerous,  three  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  one  and  one-half  inches 
wide,  folded  upward,  obovate  to  oval;  upper  surface  very  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  sur- 
face pale  green,  with  a  few  scattering  hairs;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  variable  in  shape; 
margin  finely  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  slender,  one-half  inch  long,  short, 
tinged  with  dull  red,  grooved,  with  a  few  scattering  hairs,  with  from  one  to  three  small, 
globose,  greenish-yellow  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 


178  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Buds  small,  short,  usually  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  as  lateral  buds  and  in  small 
clusters  on  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  medium;  flowers  one  inch 
across,  white;  borne  in  scattering  clusters,  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  long,  rather  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green  with  a  faint  tinge  of 
red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  rather  long,  serrate,  glabrous  within 
and  without,  reflexed;  petals  obovate,  entire,  nearly  sessile,  apex  entire;  filaments  one- 
fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  nearly  equal  in  length  to  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  very  late;  nearly  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  roundish  to 
slightly  oblate,  compressed;  cavity  very  shallow  and  narrow,  flaring;  suture  indistinct; 
apex  roundish  with  a  small  depression  at  the  center;  color  very  dark  red  approaching 
black;  dots  numerous,  small,  dark  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-fourth 
inches  long,  but  slightly  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  readily  from 
the  pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  with  much  very  dark  colored  juice,  tender  and  melting,  sprightly, 
tart,  losing  its  astringency  when  fully  ripe;  of  fair  quality;  stone  free,  nearly  one-half  inch 
in  diameter,  roundish-oblate,  somewhat  pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces  slightly  stained 
with  red. 

OX  HEART 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Miller  Gard.  Kal.  154.  1734.  2.  Chn&t  Handb.  663.  1797.  3.  Brookshaw  Hort.  Reposit.  1:36, 
PI.  18  fig.  2.  1817.  4.  Coxe  Cull.  Fr.  Trees  249.  1817.  5.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  132-135. 
1819.  6.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  176.  1845.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  244.  1858.  8.  Mas  Pom.  Gen. 
":57i  58,  fig.  29.  1882.  9.  Oberdieck  Obsl-Sort.  365,  366.  1882.  lo.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  339,  371. 
1889. 

Bigarreau  Gros  Commun.     11.  Mag.  Hort.  9:207,.     1843. 

Ox  Heart  is  very  commonly  used  as  a  class  name  for  the  large,  meaty 
varieties  of  cherries  which  are  cordate  in  shape.  In  America  the  name  is 
most  often  given  to  the  light-fleshed  cherries,  such  as  Yellow  Spanish, 
Napoleon  or  White  Bigarreau.  At  one  time,  however,  the  name  was 
applied  to  a  distinct  variety  known  throughout  England,  Germany  and 
America,  being  first  mentioned  by  Miller,  an  Englishman,  in  1734.  Coxe, 
in  1 817,  was  the  first  American  writer  to  list  the  variety  but  it  never 
became  popular  in  the  New  World.  Ox  Heart  appeared  among  the  fruits 
rejected  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1858  and  from  then  on 
it  gradually  gave  way  to  better  varieties.  The  synonyms  of  the  true  Ox 
Heart  are  badly  confused  not  only  with  other  dark-fleshed  varieties  but 
with  those  of  the  Yellow  Spanish  type.  As  some  of  these  varieties  are 
merely  listed  while  others  have  but  a  meager  description,  it  is  impossible 
to  separate  or  group  them  with  any  degree  of  certainty.  In  the  1909 
catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  there  appears  an  Ox  Heart 
of  American  origin  and  of  recent  introduction,  known  in  the  West  as  Major 
Francis.     There  are  also  in  several  nursery  catalogs  a  "  white-fleshed  Ox 


OSTHEIM 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 79 

Heart."     What  this  variety  is  we  are  tinable  to  say.     The  following  is  a 
description  of  Ox  Heart  compiled  from  European  fruit  books: 

Tree  medium  in  \^go^,  round-topped,  spherical,  productive;  branches  somewhat 
curved;  internodes  of  medium  length;  leaves  obovate,  obtusely  pointed,  margin  finely 
serrate;  petiole  short,  rather  slender,  flexible,  tinged  red,  with  two  reniform  glands;  flowers 
small;  petals  irregularly  elliptical. 

Fruit  matures  the  last  of  June  or  early  in  Jvdy;  medium  to  large,  cordate,  pointed, 
sides  imevenly  compressed;  color  lively  red  changing  to  intense  purple  or  nearly  black; 
stem  of  medium  length  and  thickness,  usually  tinged  red,  inserted  in  a  broad,  deep  cavity; 
skin  tough;  flesh  dark  red,  with  abundant  colored  juice,  half -tender  but  firmer  than  most 
Hearts,  sweet  though  slightly  bitter  before  complete  maturity;  quality  good;  stone  medium 
in  size,  broadly  cordate,  adhering  to  the  flesh  along  the  ventral  suture. 

REINE  HORTENSE 

Prunus  avium  X   Primus  cerasiis 

I.  Gen.  Farmer  11:191  fig.  1850.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  55.  1856.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  211. 
1856.  3.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3:54.  1858.  4.  ///.  Handb.  167  fig.,  168.  i860.  5.  Thomas 
Guide  Prat.  17,  204.     1876.     6.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:379-382,  fig      1877. 

D'Aremberg.     7.  Lond.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  45.     1831.     8.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  215.     1835. 

Hortense.     9.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  196,  197  fig.     1854.     10.  .Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Were  there  not  so  many  good  Duke  varieties  of  its  season  Reine  Hor- 
tense would  take  high  rank  among  hybrid  cherries.  Several  qualities  fit 
it  admirably  for  home  and  somewhat  for  commercial  plantations.  To 
begin  with,  it  is  most  excellent  in  quality,  its  flavor  being  a  commingling 
of  the  refreshing  acidity  of  the  Soior  Cherry  and  the  richness  of  the  Sweet 
Cherry,  though  to  some  there  may  be  a  little  too  much  acidity  for  a  first- 
class  dessert  fruit.  The  cherries  are  also  handsome  —  large,  rotind,  bright, 
glossy  red  with  a  shade  of  amber  and  very  uniform  in  size,  color  and 
shape.  The  fruit  is  especially  attractive  on  the  tree  as  it  hangs  on  long 
stems  in  twos  and  threes  thickly  scattered  and  never  much  clustered. 
Unforttuiately  the  fruit  does  not  stand  handling  in  harvesting  and  marketing 
quite  as  well  as  that  of  some  other  Dukes  and  is  a  little  too  susceptible  to 
brown-rot  for  a  good  commercial  cherry.  The  chief  faults  of  the  variety, 
however,  are  in  the  trees  rather  than  in  the  fruit.  The  trees  are  but  of 
medium  size,  are  not  as  productive  as  some  others  of  the  hybrid  sorts,  are 
at  their  best  only  in  choice  cherry  soils  and  demand  good  care.  In  Europe, 
Reine  Hortense  is  much  used  as  a  dwarf  and  for  training  on  walls.  It 
would  seem  that  its  merits  and  faults,  as  it  grows  in  America,  are  such  as 
fit  it  preeminently  well  only  for  the  amateur. 

Of  the  several  accounts  of  the  origin  of  Reine  Hortense  the  one  giving 


l8o  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

France  as  its  home  and  Larose  as  its  originator  is  here  accepted  as  authentic. 
M.  Larose  of  Neuilly-sur-Seine,  Seine,  a  gardener  of  the  imperial  court, 
grew  the  original  tree  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  from  a  seed  of  the 
Cerise  Larose,  a  seedling  of  his  introduction.  Soon  after  the  first  mention 
of  this  variety,  about  1841,  there  appeared  the  Louis  XVIII,  Morestin, 
Guigne  de  Petit-Brie  and  several  others.  The  variety  was  seemingly 
rechristened  by  every  nurseryman  who  got  hold  of  it.  At  one  time  the 
name  Monstreuse  de  Bavay  was  acceptable  to  many,  it  having  been  given 
to  the  variety  by  a  Mr.  Bavay  of  Vilvorde,  Brabant,  Belgiiom,  about  1826. 
The  theory  that  Reine  Hortense  comes  true  to  seed  and  therefore  has 
several  strains  has  been  discredited.  The  American  Pomological  Society 
recognized  Reine  Hortense  in  1856,  only  a  few  years  after  being  intro- 
duced into  this  country,  by  placing  it  on  the  recommended  fruit  list.  In 
1909,  the  Society  shortened  the  name  from  Reine  Hortense  to  Hortense 
but  in  this  text  we  prefer  to  use  the  full  name,  thereby  indicating  clearly 
the  person  for  whom  the  cherry  was  christened. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright-spreading,  productive;  trunk  shaggy;  branches  smooth, 
dark  reddish-brown  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  a  few  large  lenticels;  branchlets  rather 
slender,  with  short  intemodes,  brown  partly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with 
inconspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded 
upward,  oval  to  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  lower  surface  light  green, 
pubescent  along  the  midrib;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt;  margin  coarsely  serrate, 
with  dark  glands;  petiole  one  inch  long,  tinged  with  red,  pubescent  along  the  grooved 
upper  surface,  with  none  or  with  from  one  to  four  small,  globose,  greenish-yellow  or 
brownish  glands,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  large,  long-pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  small 
clusters  on  few  long  spurs;  blooms  appearing  in  mid-season;  flowers  white,  one  and  one- 
fourth  inches  across;  bome  in  dense  clusters  usually  in  threes;  pedicels  one  inch  long, 
slender,  glabrous;  caly.x-tube  with  a  tinge  of  red,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  long, 
actmiinate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  sessile,  with 
entire  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  oblong-conic  to  obtuse- 
conic,  compressed;  cavity  somewhat  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt,  often  lipped;  suture  indis- 
tinct; apex  roundish  with  a  small  depression  at  the  center;  color  amber-red;  dots  nimierous, 
light  russet,  conspicuous;  stem  tortuous,  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent 
to  the  fruit;  skin  tender,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yellow,  with  colorless  juice, 
tender  and  melting,  sprightly  subacid;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  free,  rather  large,  oblong 
to  oval,  flattened,  blunt,  with  smooth  surfaces. 


^      A 


REINE  HORTENSE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  l8l 

REPUBLICAN 
Prunus  avium 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Black  Republican.  2.  Cult.  &  Count.  Cent.  35:534.  1870.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  20.  1875. 
4.  .4m.  Card.  9:357  fig.     1888.     5.  Wickson  Ca/.  FrMt^s  289.     1889.     6.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:2$,  2$.     1910. 

Lewclling.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  127.  1875.  8.  Card.  Mon.  17:336.  1875.  9.  .4m.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  26.     1909.     10.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:28,  29,  fig.  7.     1910. 

For  some  reason  Republican  does  not  make  headway  in  the  favor 
of  cherry-growers  though  all  who  have  described  it  speak  well  of  it.  Judged 
by  the  palate,  Republican  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  Bigarreaus.  The  cherries 
are  rich  and  sweet  in  flavor,  firm  of  flesh  and  with  an  abundance  of 
refreshing  juice.  Judged  by  the  eye,  too,  it  holds  its  own  with  the  best  of 
its  class,  the  frioit  having  a  pleasing  rotundness  of  shape  and  a  beautiful 
dark  red,  almost  black,  glossy  color.  In  size  the  variety  very  often  falls 
short;  for,  though  often  given  as  one  of  the  largest,  it  turns  out  to  be,  in 
many  orchards,  but  of  medium  size  and  sometimes  is  small.  Here  seems 
to  be  its  fatal  defect.  It  is  exceedingly  capricious  as  to  soils,  failing  wholly 
or  in  part  in  all  but  the  very  choicest  cherry  environments.  The  trees 
are  large,  spreading  and  vigorous  but  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  are 
more  susceptible  to  the  shot-hole  fungus  than  any  other  Sweet  Cherry. 
It  has  been  reported  to  be  very  subject  to  this  disease  at  the  Washington 
Station  also.  The  failtire  of  this  cherry  to  meet  the  demands  of  commercial 
cherry-growers  during  a  probationary  period  of  nearly  a  half  a  century 
means  that  it  is,  at  most,  of  but  local  value. 

This  variety,  known  under  two  other  names,  Black  Republican  and 
Lewelling,  originated  about  the  middle  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  in  the 
orchard  of  Seth  Lewelling,  Milwaukee,  Oregon.  In  traveling  across  the 
continent  in  1849,  Mr.  Lewelling  took  with  him  to  Oregon,  Bigarreau, 
Morello  and  Mahaleb  cherries  and  from  seeds  of  one  of  the  Bigarreaus 
sprang  several  seedlings,  among  them  one  which  was  named  Black 
Republican.  The  parentage  of  the  sort  is  not  known  though  it  was  thought 
to  be  a  cross  between  Napoleon  and  Black  Tartarian,  having  sprting 
up  near  these  two  trees.  Some  cherry-growers  and  nurserymen  describe 
a  cherry  which  they  call  Lewelling  but  in  every  case  the  descriptions  agree 
very  closely  with  Republican.  Many  list  the  two  names  separately  as 
designating  two  distinct  varieties  of  diverse  origin.  Of  these,  some  have 
supposed  Republican  to  be  a  seedling  of  Eagle  originating  in  i860.  The 
American  Pomological  Society  for  many  years  listed   Black   Republican 


1 82  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

alone  beginning  in  its  catalog  of  1875  but  in  1909  the  catalog  contained 
the  two  names,  Repubhcan  and  Lewelhng.  Inasmuch  as  the  consensus 
of  opinion  is  that  both  names  apply  to  a  single  cherry  this  Station  has 
decided  to  list  Republican  only. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  very  productive;  trunk  thick, 
somewhat  shaggy;  branches  stout,  roughened,  brown  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  large, 
raised  lenticels ;  branchlets  stout,  with  long  intemodes,  brown  nearly  overspread  with  ash- 
gray,  smooth  except  near  the  base,  with  a  few  small,  raised,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  five  inches  long,  two  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
obovate  to  oval,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  slightly  hairy; 
apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  one  and 
one-fourth  inches  long,  tliick,  tinged  with  dull  red,  with  two  or  three  large,  reniform,  light 
green  or  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  pointed  or  obtuse,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  on  the  branchlets,  or  in  small 
clusters  on  spurs  of  medium  length;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white,  one 
and  one-half  inches  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  in  ones  and  twos;  pedicels  variable 
in  length,  averaging  one  inch  long,  characteristically  thick,  glabrous;  calyx-tube  tinged 
with  red,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  variable  in  width,  tinged  with  red,  long- 
obovate  to  acute,  finely  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  obovate, 
entire,  with  short,  blunt  claws,  with  shallow,  notched  apex;  filaments  five-sixteenths  of 
an  inch  long;  pistU  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length,  often  defective. 

Fruit  matures  late;  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  wide,  variable  in  shape,  cordate  or 
roundish-cordate,  compressed,  with  angular  and  uneven  surfaces;  cavity  deep,  wide,  flaring; 
suttire  a  shallow  groove,  often  extending  around  the  frmt;  apex  with  a  small  depression 
at  the  center;  color  purplish-black;  dots  numerous,  small,  dark  russet,  inconspicuous; 
stem  thick,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit ;  skin  thin ;  flesh  purplish- 
red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  tender,  meaty,  crisp,  mild,  sweet  or  with  slight  astringency 
before  fully  mature;  of  good  quality;  stone  semi-free,  small,  ovate,  flattened,  rather  blimt, 
with  smooth  surfaces. 

ROCKPORT 
Prunus  avium 

I.  Horticulturist  2: sg  fig.,  60.  1847-48.  2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  201,  202  fig.  1854.  3.  Hooper  W.  Fr. 
500/6270,271.  1857.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.^^.  1862.  5.  MortilletLe  Cemter  2: 131.  1866.  6.  Ober- 
dieck  Obst-Sort.  372.     1881. 

Rockport  is  of  very  doubtful  commercial  value  and  has  too  many 
fatilts  to  be  included  with  the  best  sweet  sorts  for  a  home  orchard.  It 
is  more  easily  characterized  by  its  faults  than  its  merits.  Compared 
with  the  well-known  Yellow  Spanish,  of  which  it  is  a  seedling  and  to  which 
it  is  similar,  the  cherries  are  smaller  and  the  pits  are  larger  than  those  of 
the  parent  variety, —  quite  too  large  for  the  amount  of  pulp.  Worst  of 
the  faults  of  the  variety  is,  however,  that  the  cherries  are  not  sufficiently 


REPUBLICAN 


•  • 


"T 


ROCKPORT 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 83 

firm  of  flesh  to  withstand  harvesting,  shipping  and  the  attacks  of  the 
brown-rot  fungus.  To  offset  the  defects  of  the  fruit  the  flesh  is  rich,  sweet 
and  tender,  making  it,  all  in  all,  as  good  as  any  other  Sweet  Cherry  for 
dessert.  The  trees,  too,  are  very  satisfactory,  being  large,  vigorous  and 
very  fruitful,  though  with  the  reputation  of  requiring  good  soil  and  the 
best  of  care,  of  lacking  a  little  in  hardiness  to  cold,  and  of  having  the  period 
of  maturing  the  crop  more  or  less  changed  by  soil  and  culture.  Rockport 
has  been,  and  is,  more  or  less  popular  in  New  York  but  it  can  be  recom- 
mended only  for  a  home  orchard. 

Rockport  is  another  of  Professor  Kirtland's  introductions,  having  been 
raised  by  him  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  about  1842,  from  a  seed  of  Yellow  Spanish. 
It  soon  won  a  place,  in  1862,  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  where  it  still  remains.  It  is  mentioned  by  several  foreign  authors 
and  many  American  nurserymen  offer  it  for  sale.  Swedish  is  given  as  a 
synonym  of  Rockport  by  Hooper. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  very  productive;  trunk  somewhat  slender,  roughish; 
branches  smooth,  reddish-brown,  with  numerous  small  lenticels;  branchlets  stout,  variable 
in  length,  with  long  intemodes,  brown  almost  entirely  overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth, 
with  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide, 
folded  upward,  long-oval  to  obovate;  upper  surface  dark  green,  somewhat  rugose;  lower 
surface  dull,  light  green,  pubescent  along  the  veins ;  apex  acute  to  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt ; 
margin  coarsely  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  two  inches  long,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  few 
hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  large,  renifonn,  reddish 
glands  variable  in  position. 

Buds  large,  long,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  and  in  clusters  from  lateral 
buds  and  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white, 
one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  clusters  usually  in  twos;  pedicels  one  inch  long, 
glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  acute,  glabrous 
within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  dentate  at  the  apex,  nearly  sessile; 
filaments  nearly  one-half  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens,  often 
defective. 

Fruit  matures  early;  one  inch  in  diameter,  cordate  to  conical,  compressed;  cavity 
shallow,  wide,  flaring,  regular;  suture  a  distinct  line;  apex  roundish,  with  a  small  depression 
at  the  center;  color  bright  red  over  an  amber-yellow  background,  mottled;  dots  very 
numerous,  small,  light  yellowish,  somewhat  conspicuous;  stem  one  and  one-half  inches 
long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender;  flesh  pale  yellowish- white,  with  color- 
less juice,  tender,  somewhat  melting,  aromatic,  mild,  sweet;  good  to  very  good  in  quality; 
stone  free,  ovate,  plump,  with  smooth  surfaces. 


184  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

ROYAL  DUKE 

Prunus  avium  X  Prunus  cerasus 

1.  Mag.  Hort.  9:204,  205.  1843.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  192.  1845.  3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit 
Cm//.  369.  1849.  4.  Mcintosh  S*.  Gard.  2:543.  1855.  5.  Thompson  Gard.  ^ii7  530.  1859,  6.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  12.  1871.  7.  Was  Pom.  Gen.  11:125,  126,  fig.  63.  1882.  8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  311. 
1884. 

Royale  d'Angleterre.     g.  Christ  Obslbdume  15<).     1791. 

Cerise  Royale.     10.  Christ  Worlerb.  284.     1802.     11.   Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  40  fig.     1906. 

Konigskirsche.     12    Truchsess-Heim  Kirsckensort.     422,  423,  424.     1819. 
Ungarische  Siissweichsel.     13.  Dochnahl  Fw/zr.  OAs(*M«(fe  3:51.     1858. 

Anglaise  Hdtive  14.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:161-163,  fig.  42.  1866.  15.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:83,  84, 
fig.  40.     1866-73.     16.   Pom.  France  7:  No.  24,  PI.  24.     1871.     17.  Guide  Prat.  17,  180.     1895. 

Belle  de  Worsery.  18.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:181.  1866.  19.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:39,  40,  fig.  20. 
1882. 

Royal  Duke  has  a  place  in  the  cherry  flora  to  follow  in  season  the 
well-known  May  Dtike  and  to  precede  another  standard  sort,  Late  Duke. 
It  is  so  nearly  like  these  two  sorts,  except  in  season,  and  so  similar  to  Arch 
Duke,  as  well,  that  there  is  much  difficulty  in  getting  the  variety  true 
to  name.  It  is  more  often  taken  for  May  Duke  than  for  the  other  kinds 
named  but  it  differs  from  this  well-known  sort  in  being  a  little  later  in 
season,  and  the  cherries  are  larger,  a  little  lighter  in  color,  do  not  hang  as 
thickly,  being  scattered  along  the  branches,  often  singly,  and  are  more 
oblate.  The  trees  are  markedly  upright  and  the  foliage  is  very  dense. 
None  of  the  Dukes  are  popular  in  America  for  market  fruits  and  this  is 
no  exception  though,  among  all,  Royal  Duke  is  as  good  as  any  —  pleasantly 
flavored,  juicy,  refreshing  and  very  good.  The  trees,  too,  are  very  satis- 
factory. The  variety  has  a  place  in  home  orchards  and  for  local  markets. 
The  French  say  that  the  tree  makes  a  very  weak  growth  budded  on  the 
Mahaleb  and  that  it  should  be  worked  on  the  Mazzard,  which  is  generally 
true  of  all  Dukes.  The  buyer  will  have  difficulty  in  getting  the  true  Royal 
Duke  in  America. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  unknown  but  the  Royale  d'Angleterre, 
mentioned  by  Christ  in  1791,  was  probably  the  variety  now  known  as 
Royal  Duke,  although  the  description  is  too  meager  to  be  certain. 
According  to  Thompson,  Royal  Duke  was  one  of  the  varieties  formerly  cul- 
tivated in  England  under  the  names  Late  Dtike,  Arch  Duke,  or  Late  Arch 
Duke  and  was  probably  introduced  by  the  London  Horticultural  Society 
from  France  under  the  name  of  Anglaise  Tardive.  When  or  by  whom 
this  variety  was  introduced  into  America  is  not  known  but  according  to 
Downing  it  was  very  rarely  found  here  in  the  first  half  of  the  Nineteenth 


ROYAL   DUKE 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 85 

Century.     The  American  Pomological  Society  placed  Royal  Duke  upon 
its  catalog  list  of  recommended  fruits  in  1871. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  vigorous,  upright,  vasiform,  improductive  at  this  Station ;  trunk 
slender,  roughish;  branches  stocky',  with  roughened  surface,  dark  reddish-brown  covered 
with  ash-gray,  with  lenticels  of  medium  number  and  size;  branchlets  stout,  long,  brown 
partly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  lenticels  which  are  inconspicuous. 

Leaves  numerous,  variable  in  size,  averaging  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  two 
inches  wide,  folded  upward,  oval  to  obovate;  upper  surface  dark  green,  slightly  rugose; 
lower  surface  medium  green,  pubescent  along  the  midrib;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base 
acute;  margin  serrate  or  crenate;  petiole  variable  in  length,  often  one  and  one-half  inches 
long,  not  uniform  in  thickness,  tinged  with  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  reniform, 
greenish-yellow  or  reddish  glands,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  rather  small,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  very 
dense  clusters  on  numerous  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  obscure;  time  of  bloom  mid-season; 
flowers  white,  one  inch  across ;  borne  in  very  dense  clusters,  closely  grouped  in  fours  and 
fives;  pedicels  over  one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  green  or  with  a  tinge 
of  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  cal>TC-lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  witliin 
and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  sessile,  apex  entire;  filaments  nearly  one- 
fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  early;  three-fourths  inch  in  diameter,  oblate,  compressed;  cavity  rather 
narrow,  abrupt,  regular;  suture  a  mere  line;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  bright 
red  becoming  darker  at  maturity;  dots  few,  small,  obscure;  stem  one  and  one-half  inches 
long,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  rather  tough,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale 
yellowish-white  with  tinge  of  red,  pinkish  juice,  tender,  sprightly,  pleasantly  acid;  good 
to  very  good  in  quality;  stone  semi-free,  small,  ovate,  slightly  flattened,  with  smooth 
siu^aces. 

SCHMIDT 
Prunus  avium 

1.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obslkunde  3:38.  1858.  2.  III.  Handb.  37  fig.,  38.  1867.  3.  Jour.  Hort.  N.  S. 
23:169  fig.  1872.  4.  Flor.  &  Pom.  121,  fig.  2.  1874.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  17.  1897.  6.  Budd- 
Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:290.     1903. 

Smith.     7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Schmidt,  shortened  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  from  Schmidt's  Bigarreau,  is  not  new  nor  can  it  be 
said  to  be  little  known,  since  it  has  been  rather  widely  planted  in  America 
for  a  score  of  years.  Yet  in  New  York,  at  least,  it  is  not  receiving  the 
attention  that  it  deserves  from  commercial  cherry-growers,  being  relegated 
to  the  rear  of  ten  or  a  dozen  kinds  when  it  should  be  in  the  front  rank. 
Indeed,  about  Geneva,  where  many  Sweet  Cherries  are  grown,  while  not 
the  leading  market  variety,  it  is  one  of  the  best.  The  characters  which 
entitle  it  to  a  high  place  as  a  money-maker  are:  large  size,  being  unsurpassed 


1 86  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

in  this  respect  by  any  other  black  cherry  in  this  region;  its  round,  plump 
form  and  glossy,  black  color  which  tempt  the  eye;  crisp,  firm,  juicy  flesh 
and  sweet,  rich  flavor,  deUcious  to  the  taste;  dark  ruby-red  color  under 
the  skin  which  makes  it  as  pleasing  inwardly  as  outwardly;  freedom  from 
brown-rot,  in  this  respect  excelling  any  other  market  sort;  and  a  vigorous, 
healthy,  productive  tree.  The  tree  is  further  characterized  by  its  abun- 
dant, large  leaves  of  dark,  luxuriant  green.  The  fruit  is  often  picked  before 
it  is  ripe,  at  which  time  it  is  dark  red  and  not  black.  There  is  a  good 
deal  of  enthusiasm  in  New  York  over  several  new  Sweet  Cherries  from 
the  Pacific  Coast  but  in  this  vicinity  none  of  these  is  equal  to  Schmidt. 

Schmidt  is  a  seedling  of  Festfleischige  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche  and 
was  raised  by  Herr  Schmidt,  Forester  at  Casekow,  Prussia,  Germany, 
about  1 84 1.  It  was  introduced  into  England  by  Thomas  Rivers  of  Saw- 
bridgeworth  and  eventually  found  its  way  to  America  but  how  and  when 
is  not  known.  Schmidt  appeared  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society  in  1897  but  only  for  two  years  when  for  some  reason  it  was 
dropped.  In  1909,  a  Smith  was  listed,  with  Smith's  Bigarreau  as  a  synonym. 
Budd-Hansen  in  the  publication  of  1903  also  mentioned  a  Smith  which  is 
probably  Schmidt.     We  are  inclined  to  hold  to  the  German  spelling,  Schmidt. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  trunlc  and  branches 
stocky,  smooth;  branches  dull  reddish-brown  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  numerous  lenti- 
cels;  branchlets  thick,  short,  smooth,  with  rather  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  six  inches  long,  three  inches  wide,  folded  upward,  obovate;  upper 
surface  light  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent  along  the  midrib  and 
larger  veins;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  one  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  thick,  dull  red,  with  a  narrow,  deep  groove  along  the  upper  surface, 
glandless  or  with  one  or  two  large,  reniform,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  large,  long,  obtuse  to  conical,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and 
in  numerous  small  clusters;  leaf-scars  prominent;  time  of  blooming  mid-season;  flowers 
white,  one  and  one-half  inches  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  in  twos  and  threes; 
pedicels  one  inch  long,  thick,  glabrous ;  calyx-tube  green  or  with  a  tinge  of  red,  campanu- 
late,  glabrous ;  calyx-lobes  long,  broad,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed ; 
petals  oval,  crenate,  with  short,  narrow  claws;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil 
glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  one  inch  in  diameter,  cordate,  compressed,  often  slightly 
oblique;  cavity  deep,  wide,  flaring;  suture  indistinct;  apex  bluntly  pointed;  color  purplish- 
black;  dots  numerous,  small,  dark  russet,  obscure;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches 
long,  strongly  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  purplish- 
red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  very  meaty,  crisp,  firm,  mild,  sweet;  of  good  quality;  stone 
semi-clinging,  ovate,  slightly  oblique,  with  smooth  surfaces;  ventral  suture  prominent. 


SCHMIDT 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 87 

SHORT-STEM  MONTMORENCY 

Prunus  cerasHS 
I.  Christ.    Handb.    679.     1797.     2.  Prince    Pom.    Man.    2:141,    142.     1832.     3.  Leroy    Diet.    Pom. 

5:365.  366  fig-.  367-     i«77- 

Gobet  d  Courte  Queue.  4.  Duliamel  Trail.  Arb.  Fr.  1:180,  181,  PI.  VHI.  1768.  5.  Kraft  Pom. 
Aust.  1:7,  Tab.  18  fig.  I.     1792. 

Gros  Gobet.  6.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  634-638.  1819.  7.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:71, 
72.  1858.  8.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:204,  308.  1866.  9.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:51,  52,  fig.  24.  1866-73. 
10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  299,  300.     1884.     11.  Mathieu   Nom.   Pom.  358.     1889.     12.  Guide  Prat.  9,   190. 

1895- 

Flemish.     13.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  A>n.  195  fig.  85,  196.     1845. 

Cerise  a  Courte  Queue.     14.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  15,  PI.     1846. 

Cerise  Gros  Fruit.     15.   Pom.  France  7:  No.  11,  PI.  11.     187 1. 

In  tracing  the  history  of  the  Montmorency  cherries  from  Duhamel's 
time  to  the  present  we  have  been  led  to  conclude  that  three  distinct  types 
are  now  being  cultivated.  Of  these  closely  related  strains,  all  of  which 
probably  originated  about  the  same  time  in  Montmorency  Valley,  France, 
Montmorency  is  by  far  the  most  important  and  the  one  now  grown  com- 
mercially in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Large  Montmorency,  while  quite 
similar  to  Montmorency,  is  much  less  grown  because  of  its  unproductive- 
ness, although  in  quality  it  is  quite  equal  or  perhaps  superior  to  Mont- 
morency. Short-Stem  Montmorency,  vmder  discussion  here,  varies  con- 
siderably both  in  tree  and  fruit  from  either  of  the  other  two,  although 
it  is  frequently  taken  for  Large  Montmorency.  The  tree  is  smaller  and 
more  drooping  but  usually  very  productive.  The  fruit,  similar  in  size  to 
Large  Montmorency,  differs  from  it  by  being  more  oblate  and  irregular, 
and  in  having  a  very  deep,  wide  suture  which  becomes  an  indistinct  line 
towards  the  apex.  The  skin  seldom  becomes  as  dark  red  even  at  perfect 
maturity.  The  flavor  is  more  sprightly  but  its  quality  is  not  as  high. 
All  three  varieties  have  long  lists  of  synonyms,  many  of  which  have  been 
used  for  each  of  the  three  sorts.  Many  writers  believe  that  only  two 
distinct  strains  of  Montmorency  exist  and  that  Short-Stem  Montmoi'ency 
is  identical  with  Large  Montmorency.  The  variety  is  little  grown  in 
North  America  and  is  not  as  worthy  for  any  purpose  as  either  of  the  other 
two  better-known  sorts. 

Tree  upright-spreading,  round-topped,  productive;  trunk  shaggy;  branches  roughish, 
reddish-brown  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  ntunerous  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  long, 
brown  partly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  conspicuous,  numerous,  small, 
raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  variable  in  size,  averaging  four  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths 


1 88  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

inches  w-ide,  long-oval  to  obovate,  tlaick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface 
medium  green,  with  a  prominent  midrib;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  acute;  margin  doubly 
crenate,  glandular;  petiole  one  inch  long,  tinged  with  dull  red,  variable  in  tliickness,  lightly 
pubescent,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  large,  raised,  reniform  glands  on  the 
stalk. 

Buds  small,  short,  variable  in  shape,  free,  arranged  as  lateral  buds  and  on  few,  if  any, 
spurs;  leaf -scars  obscure;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers  white,  one  inch  across;  borne  in 
a  few  scattering  clusters,  variable  in  nimiber  of  flowers  per  cluster;  pedicels  one-half  inch 
long,  thick,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green  or  with  a  tinge  of  red,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx- 
lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  obtuse,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals 
roundish-oval,  crenate,  sessile,  with  a  distinctly  notched  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  inch 
long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length,  often  defective. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  over  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  decidedly 
oblate,  irregular  in  outline,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  deep,  wide,  irregular,  flaring; 
suture  very  deep  near  the  stem  but  shallow  at  the  apex  which  is  flattened  or  depressed; 
color  light  to  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  very  thick,  less 
than  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  adhering  strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  rather  tender, 
separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yeUow,  with  colorless  juice,  tender  and  melting, 
sprightly,  sour;  of  fair  quality;  stone  clinging  along  the  ventral  suture,  small,  roundish, 
plimip,  bltmt,  with  smooth  surfaces,  faintly  tinged  with  red ;  ventral  suture  very  prominent. 

SKLANKA 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  330.     1885.     2.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpl.  327.     1888.     3.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt. 
40,  41.     1895.     4.   Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:116  fig.  6,  117.     igoo.     5.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:83  fig.  21,  84.     1903. 

Sklanka  is  evidently  a  cross  between  a  cherry  of  the  Amarelle  group 
and  one  of  the  Morellos  —  another  indication  of  the  frequency  of  hybrid- 
ization in  this  fruit.  The  cherries  of  Sklanka  have  the  light-colored  skin 
and  juice  of  the  Amarelles  while  the  dwarfish,  round-topped  trees  with 
pendant  branches  and  abundant,  small  leaves  are  typical  of  the  Morellos. 
The  variety  is  in  no  way  remarkable  unless  it  be  in  hardiness,  the  pomolo> 
gists  of  the  colder  parts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  holding  that  it  is  one 
of  the  hardiest  of  cherries.  The  fruit  is  not  on  a  par  with  that  of  a  score 
of  other  Amarelles  and  the  trees,  in  New  York  at  least,  are  too  small  and 
unproductive  to  be  worth  planting.  The  cherry  has  value,  then,  only 
where  hardiness  is  a  prime  requisite. 

Sklanka  was  imported  to  this  cotmtry  from  Russia  in  1883  by  Pro- 
fessor J.  L.  Budd  of  Ames,  Iowa.  Its  parentage  and  origin  are  uncertain. 
It  does  not  seem  to  have  been  grown  in  continental  Europe  outside  of 
Russia  but  in  certain  sections  of  that  country  it  is  reported  as  being  one 
of  the  hardiest  and  most  productive  of  the  Sotu-  Cherries.     As  grown  in 


SHORT-STEM  MONTMORENCY 


SKLANKA 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 89 

otir  Northern  Central  States  it  has  proved  one  of  the  hardiest  of  all  varieties 
but  has  not,  as  yet,  gained  much  reputation  commercially  even  in  these 
cold  regions.  It  is  mentioned  but  seldom  in  the  Hterature  and  is  listed  by 
but  few  nvirserymen. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  vigorous,  spreading,  with  drooping  branchlets,  open-topped, 
unproductive;  trunk  thick  and  smooth;  branches  rather  slender,  long,  sUghtly  roughened, 
reddish-browTi  partly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  with  ntimerous  rather  small  lenticels; 
branchlets  slender  and  willowj',  with  short  intemodes,  brown  nearly  covered  vnth  ash- 
gray,  smooth  except  for  the  lenticels,  which  are  small,  numerous,  raised,  conspicuous. 

Leaves  of  medium  number,  three  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths 
inches  wide,  folded  upward,  obovate  to  elliptical,  thick,  stiff;  upper  surface  very  dark 
green,  glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface  medium  green,  finely  pubescent  along  the  midrib  and 
larger  veins;  apex  and  base  acute;  margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands; 
petiole  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  thick,  tinged  with  dviU  red,  grooved,  with  a  few  hairs 
along  the  upper  surface,  with  from  one  to  four  small,  globose,  orange-colored  glands  usually 
at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  smaU,  short,  variable  in  shape,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and 
in  few,  very  small  clusters;  time  of  blooming  mid-season;  flowers  one  and  three-sixteenths 
inches  across,  white;  borne  in  dense  clusters  usually  at  the  ends  of  branches  or  spurs,  well 
distributed,  usually  in  threes;  pedicels  over  one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and 
without,  reflexed;  petals  roimdish,  entire,  nearly  sessile,  with  almost  entire  apex;  filaments 
one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  matures  early;  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  oblate,  not  compressed; 
cavity  of  mediimi  depth,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  lacking;  apex  flattened  or  strongly 
depressed;  color  bright  currant-red;  dots  numerous,  light  colored,  slightly  conspicuous ;  stem 
thick,  less  than  one  inch  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit ;  skin  rather  tough,  separating  from  the 
pulp;  flesh  pale  yellow,  with  colorless  juice,  tender  and  melting,  sour;  of  good  quality; 
stone  semi-free,  clinging  only  along  the  ventral  suture,  about  one-third  inch  in  diameter, 
roundish,  slightly  flattened,  bltmt,  with  smooth  surfaces. 

SPARHAWK 

Prunus  avium 

1.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  219,  220.     1835. 

Sparhawk's  Honey.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  177.  1845.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.  1862. 
4.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:143,  144,  fig.  70.     1866-73. 

Honey  Heart.     5.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  234  fig.  37,  235.     1849. 

Sparhawk  has  little  to  recommend  it  for  either  a  home  or  commercial 
orchard;  but  the  rich  and  honeyed  sweetness  of  the  cherries,  scarcely  sur- 
passed in  flavor,  might  make  it  worth  planting  by  plant-breeders  and 
connoisseurs  of  choicely  good  fniits.  The  name  "  honey  "  which  appears 
in  several  of  the  synonyms  is  indicative  of  the  flavor  of  the  fniit.     The 


190  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

cherries  are  qvdte  too  small  and  the  pits  altogether  too  large  for  a  com- 
mercial product.  The  tree  is  upright-spreading,  with  niomerous  thick 
branches  over  which  the  cherries  are  rather  thickly  scattered  in  ones,  twos 
and  threes  and  never  in  clusters.  The  fruit-stems  are  characteristically- 
long  and  slender.  Though  of  the  Bigarreau  group  the  flesh  is  too  tender 
to  well  withstand  harvesting,  shipping  and  the  brown-rot. 

This  cherry  was  introduced  by  Edward  Sparhawk,  for  whom  it  was 
named,  of  Brighton,  Massachusetts.  The  variety  has  been  known  under 
a  number  of  different  names,  the  number  being  no  measure  of  its  merit, 
however,  for  it  has  never  been  extensively  cultivated.  The  American 
Pomological  Society  placed  it  in  its  fruit  catalog  list  of  recommended 
varieties  in  1862  but  dropped  it  in  1871  and  for  many  years  but  little 
attention  has  been  given  it.  It  is  now  for  sale  in  but  few  of  the  nurseries 
of  the  country. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  rather  open-topped,  hardy,  unproductive;  trunk  stocky, 
slightly  shaggy;  branches  thick;  branchlets  medium  in  thickness  and  length;  leaves 
numerous,  five  inches  long,  two  and  one-fourth  inches  wide,  long-oval  to  obovate,  thin, 
medium  green;  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  two  inches  long,  thick, 
overlaid  with  red,  with  one  or  two  large,  reniform,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk;  buds  inter- 
mediate in  size  and  length;  season  of  bloom  intermediate,  average  length  five  days;  flowers 
one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  pistil  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season,  average  length  about  nineteen  days;  nearly  seven-eighths 
inch  in  diameter,  somewhat  conical,  compressed;  color  dark  red  over  a  yellowish  back- 
ground, finely  mottled;  stem  of  mediimi  thickness,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  long, 
adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  separates  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yellowish-white, 
with  colorless  juice,  tender,  crisp,  highly  flavored,  mild,  aromatic,  sweet;  very  good  in 
quality;  stone  nearly  free,  large  for  the  size  of  the  fruit,  ovate,  flattened,  slightly  oblique, 

with  smooth  surfaces. 

SPATE   AMARELLE 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  Christ  Handb.  6jg.  1797.  2.  Christ  H'drterJ.  294.  1802.  3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensorl.  62q- 
632.  1819.  4.  Dochna.h\  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3:6t,  6S.  1858.  5.  ///.  ifandi.  541  fig.,  542.  1861.  6.  Mas 
Le  Verger  8:149,  150,  fig.  73.  1866-73.  7-  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  Ill:  No.  24,  PI.  1882.  8.  Am.  Card. 
5:264.     1888.     9.  la.  Sta.  Bill.  2:36.     1888.     10.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:126,  127.     1900. 

Spate  Morello.  11.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  78.  1890.  12.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:282,  283. 
1903- 

This  is  another  variety  with  Amarelle  fruit  and  a  Morello-like  tree 
and  is  unquestionably  a  hybrid  between  varieties  of  the  two  groups.  Sev- 
eral references  from  the  Middle  West  mention  Spate  Amarelle  as  very 
promising  but  in  New  York,  where  such  sorts  as  Early  Richmond  and 
the  Montmorencies  thrive,  it  is  unpromising  for  any  ptupose.     The  cherries 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  191 

are  quite  too  poor  in  quality,  being  very  sour,  and  the  trees  too  unpro- 
ductive to  make  the  variety  even  a  poor  rival  of  a  score  or  more  of  Amarelles 
and  Dukes  with  which  it  would  have  to  compete  in  this  State. 

The  origin  of  this  cherry  is  unknown  but  according  to  Truchsess  it 
was  sent  out  from  Hanover  as  Spate  Morelle  in  1785.  In  1797,  Christ 
mentions  a  cherry  under  this  name  the  description  of  which  agrees  with 
that  of  Spate  Amarelle.  Lauche  states  that  Truchsess  received  the  variety 
from  Hanover  under  the  name  Spate  Morelle  and  later  changed  the  name 
to  Spate  Amarelle.  This  cherry  was  grown  in  the  Paris  National  Nur- 
sery under  the  name  Cerise  Amarelle  Tardive  and  at  one  time  was  com- 
monly grown  in  gardens  in  France.  In  the  spring  of  1883,  Professor  J.  L. 
Budd  of  Iowa  brought  to  America  a  large  number  of  cherries  from  central 
and  eastern  Europe.  Somehow  there  was  confusion  in  the  description 
of  these  imported  cherries  and  two  kinds  were  described  imder  the  name 
Spate  Amarelle,  one  a  light-fieshed  sort,  the  other  with  red  flesh  and  colored 
juice.  The  true  variety  has  light  flesh  and  juice  and  a  pleasant,  acid  flavor 
and  is  probably  identical  with  the  old  French  sort,  Cerise  Amarelle  Tar- 
dive. The  cherry  sometimes  called  Spate  Morello  can  be  no  other  than 
the  Spate  Amarelle. 

Tree  of  medivun  size,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  round- topped,  rather  unproductive; 
trunk  stocky,  somewhat  shaggy;  branches  smooth,  dark  brown  overspread  by  ash-gray, 
with  numerous  lenticels  variable  in  size;  branchlets  slender,  rather  short,  brown  nearly 
covered  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  slightly  raised,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous,  small,  folded  upward,  oval  to  somewhat  obovate,  rather  stiff;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  medium  green,  pubescent  only  on  the  midrib 
and  larger  veins;  apex  acute,  base  variable  in  shape;  margin  finely  serrate,  glandular; 
petiole  greenish  or  with  a  slight  bronze  tinge,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  small, 
globose,  brown  or  yellowish  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  small,  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  clusters  on 
long  or  short  spurs;  leaf-scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  late;  flowers  one  inch  across, 
white;  borne  in  scattered  clusters,  usually  in  threes;  pedicels  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green  with  a  tinge  of  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx- 
lobes  with  a  trace  of  red,  rather  narrow,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  within  and  without, 
reflexed;  petals  broad-oval,  entire,  slightly  crenate  at  the  apex;  filaments  one-fourth  inch 
long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  one-half  inch  long,  oblate,  slightly  compressed;  cavity 
shallow,  narrow;  suture  indistinct;  apex  roundish  or  depressed;  color  dark  red;  dots 
numerous,  very  small,  obscure;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  long;  skin  thin,  tender; 
flesh  light  red,  with  light  colored  juice,  tender,  tart;  of  good  quality;  stone  free,  roundish, 
flattened,  with  smooth  surfaces;  distinctly  ridged  along  the  ventral  suture. 


192  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

SUDA 

Pruntis  cerasus 
I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Suda  Hardy.  2.  Ohio  Horl.  Soc.  Rpt.  21.  1892-93.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  25.  1899.  4.  Stark 
Brothers  Cat.     1899.     5.  la.  Sla.  Bui.  73:84  fig.,  85.     1903.     6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt.  36.     1904-05. 

Suda  has  been  widely  advertised  as  an  improved  English  Morello  but, 
while  there  seem,  to  be  some  slight  differences  between  the  two,  the  new 
variety  is  not  an  improvement  on  the  old  so  far  as  can  be  discovered  at 
this  Station.  The  trees  of  Suda  in  general  aspect  are  more  upright  and 
the  stems  of  the  cherries  longer  and  more  slender  than  those  of  English 
Morello,  being  but  an  inch  in  length  in  the  one  variety  and  an  inch  and  three- 
fourths  in  the  other.  The  trees  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  are  not  as 
productive  as  those  of  English  Morello.  The  cherries,  if  anything,  are 
not  as  high  in  quality  as  those  of  the  older  and  probably  the  parent  variety. 
It  is  doubtful  if  there  is  a  place  for  Suda  in  the  cherry  industry  of  New  York. 

This  cherry  originated  in  the  garden  of  a  Captain  Suda,  Louisiana, 
Missouri,  about  1880.  The  American  Pomological  Society  listed  Suda  in 
its  fruit  catalog  of  1899  as  Suda  Hardy  but  in  1909  shortened  the  name  to 
Suda,  a  change  which  has  generally  been  accepted. 

Tree  vigorous,  rather  unproductive;  branches  slender,  with  numerous  small  lenticels; 
branchlets  slender,  long;  leaves  numerous,  four  inches  long,  two  and  one-fourth  inches 
wide,  obovate  to  oval,  dull,  dark  green;  margin  doubly  serrate,  with  dark  glands;  petiole 
one  inch  long,  of  medium  thickness,  tinged  with  dull  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two 
renifonn,  yellowish-brown  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  buds  small,  short,  obtuse, 
arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  on  but  very  few,  if  any,  spurs;  season  of  bloom  late; 
flowers  white,  one  inch  across;  filaments  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil  shorter  than  the 
stamens. 

Fruit  matures  very  late ;  three-fourths  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-cordate,  slightly 
compressed;  cavity  flaring;  suture  indistinct;  color  dark  purplish-red;  stem  slender,  one 
and  three-fourths  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh 
dark  red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  tender,  somewhat  meaty,  sprightly,  astringent,  very 
sour;  poor  in  quality;  stone  free  or  nearly  so,  ovate,  slightly  pointed,  with  smooth  surfaces. 

TIMME 
Prunus  cerasus 
I.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:85,  86.     1903.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Timme  can  hardly  be  distinguished  from  Early  Richmond,  differing 
only  in  smaller  fruits,  and  probably  is  a  seed  variation  of  that  variety. 
On  the  grounds  of  this  Station  the  trees  of  Timme  are  even  more  productive 


SUDA 


^ 


TIMME 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I93 

than  those  of  Early  Richmond,  one  of  the  most  fniitfiol  of  all  cherries, 
but  the  greater  fruitfulness  of  the  tree  hardly  offsets  the  smaller  size  of 
the  cherries.  It  is  doubtful  if  this  new  strain  can  displace  the  older  Early 
Richmond,  which  is  well  established  in  the  favor  of  cherry-growers 
everywhere. 

This  variety  is  supposed  to  have  been  brought  to  America  from  Ger- 
many by  a  Mr.  Timme  of  Omaha,  Nebraska.  It  is  of  some  local  importance 
in  Iowa  and  Nebraska  but  as  yet  has  not  been  widely  distributed  in  Amer- 
ica. Possibly  it  will  be  fovmd  in  time  that  it  is  some  old  German  variety 
renamed.  It  was  placed  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1909. 

Tree  medium  in  size,  rather  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  healthy;  trunk 
and  branches  thick,  with  numerous  large  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  long,  willowy; 
leaves  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  ovate  to  obovate, 
thick,  stiff,  leathery,  dark  green;  margin  finely  serrate,  tipped  with  reddish-brown  glands; 
petiole  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  one  or  two  large,  globose  glands  variable 
in  position;  flowers  one  inch  across,  in  dense  clusters. 

Fruit  matures  medium  early;  over  one-half  inch  in  diamter,  roundish-oblate;  color 
light  red  becoming  dark  red  at  full  maturity;  stem  one  inch  long;  flesh  yellowish- white, 
with  abundant  pinkish  juice,  tender  and  melting,  pleasant  flavored,  sprightly;  good  in 
quality ;  stone  semi-clinging,  roundish-ovate,  plump ;  prominently  ridged  along  the  ventral 
suture. 

TOUSSAINT 

Prunus  cerasus 

1.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:178-180,  PI.  VII.  1768.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:7,  Tab.  i8  fig.  2. 
1792.  3.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  21,  PI.  1846.  4.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  1:103,  I04>  PI-  1853. 
5.  MortilletLe  Cemier  2:205,  308.  1866.  6.  Leroy  Z)ic/.  Pom.  5:305,  306  fig.,  307,  308.  1877.  7.  Rev. 
Hort.  250.     1906. 

Stiits  Bluhender  Kirschbaum.    8.  Kriinitz  Enc.  42,  43.     1790. 

All  Saints.  9.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  661-668.  1819.  10.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:152,  153. 
1832.  II.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:72.  1858.  12.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  277.  1884.  13.  Mathieu 
Norn.  Pom.  332.     1889. 

Toussaint  is  a  marked  deviation  from  its  species.  Instead  of  bearing 
blossoms  normally  this  variety  sends  out  small  branches  from  the  buds. 
In  the  axis  of  the  first  four  leaves  are  borne  the  buds  destined  to  produce 
similar  branches  the  following  spring.  As  the  branches  elongate  these 
buds  remain  dormant  but  others  are  borne  which  produce  flowers  in  umbel- 
like clusters  of  two  or  three.  The  trees  begin  blooming  three  or  four  weeks 
later  than  other  cherries  and  new  buds  and  flowers  appear  continually 
until  August  or  thereabouts.  The  tree,  too,  is  most  striking  in  appearance, 
13 


194  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

being  dwarfish  in  stature,  thickly  set  with  pendant  branchlets  and,  all  in 
all,  attractive  enough  to  make  it  a  rather  handsome  ornamental.  The 
cherries  are  of  little  or  no  value,  being  quite  too  acid  to  eat  out  of  hand 
but  furnishing  very  late  fruit  which  may  be  used  for  culinary  purposes. 
The  description  given  is  compiled. 

The  history  of  the  variety  is  uncertain.  Leroy  says  that  it  was  men- 
tioned by  Dalechamp,  a  French  writer,  as  early  as  1586.  Duhamel  seems 
to  have  been  the  first  pomologist  to  describe  it  which  he  did  in  1768  under 
the  name  Cerisier  de  la  Toussaint.  The  variety  is  well  known  in  Europe, 
being  widely  distributed  in  Austria,  Germany,  Belgium,  France  and  Eng- 
land, pomologists  and  ntirserymen  in  all  these  coimtries  seeming  to  be 
well  acquainted  with  it.  There  are  no  records  of  its  culture  in  America, 
although  Prince  and  Elliott  describe  it  from  European  fruit  books. 

Tree  small,  hardy,  moderately  productive;  branches  slender,  numerous,  pendant. 

Fruit  small,  flattened  on  the  ends  and  sides;  stem  long;  color  clear  red,  darker  on 
maturing,  rather  transparent;  flesh  white  somewhat  red  at  the  center,  with  reddish  jiiice; 
flavor,  if  mature,  sour,  though  not  excellent;  stone  large,  long,  clings  to  the  flesh  more 
than  to  the  stem.     The  fniit  borne  in  October  never  reaches  maturity. 

VLADIMIR 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  84,  85.  1882.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  75.  1883.  3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  327, 
328.  1885.  4.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  19:550.  1892.  5.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  454.  1895.  6.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt. 
12:128,  129.     1900.     7.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:87.     1903.     8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Vladimir  is  a  Morello-like  cherry  not  more  promising  in  New  York, 
at  least  in  the  orchard  of  this  Station,  than  any  other  of  the  many  com- 
petitors of  English  Morello.  The  cherries  are  large,  very  similar  in  size 
and  appearance  to  those  of  English  Morello;  the  pit  is  small,  the  skin  very 
thin  and  separating  readily  from  the  ptilp.  The  variety  is  further  charac- 
terized by  the  very  dark  red  flesh  and  dark  colored  juice  which  is  too 
astringent  and  sour  to  eat  out  of  hand  but  does  very  well  for  culinary 
purposes.  The  tree  is  much  like  that  of  English  Morello  but  is  far  more 
dwarfish  and  not  as  productive,  these  being  fatal  faults  for  commercial 
planting  in  New  York.  It  falls  short  of  English  Morello  in  another  respect 
—  the  fruit  ripens  very  unevenly.  Vladimir  has  the  reputation  of  being 
one  of  the  hardiest  of  all  cherries.  It  is  said  to  come  true  from  seed  and 
does  better  on  its  own  roots  than  on  either  Mazzard  or  Mahaleb.  The 
Russians,  according  to  Budd,  succeed  best  with  it  when  it  is  propagated 
from  sprouts  and  allowed  to  form  a  bushy  plant  with  several  stems,  the 


VLADIMIR 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  195 

oldest  of  which  are  cut  from  time  to  time.  There  seems  to  be  little  in  the 
variety  to  cormnend  it  for  either  home  or  commercial  plantings  in  New 
York. 

Vladimir  is  a  generic  name  for  a  group  of  varieties  grown  in  Russia, 
principally  in  the  province  of  Vladimir  east  of  Moscow.  IVIost  of  these 
cherries  are  large,  black  fruits  with  highly  colored  juice  and  good  quality, 
much  valued  for  market  use  in  their  native  covmtry.  Professor  J.  L.  Budd 
imported  a  ntmiber  of  these  Vladimir  cherries  from  Orel  in  Central  Russia 
and  grew  them  at  the  Experiment  Station  groimds  in  Iowa,  giving  to  each 
a  seedling  niimber  as  a  distinguishing  characteristic.  One,  Orel  No.  25, 
was  selected  as  being  superior  in  many  respects  to  the  others  and  was 
finally  named  Vladimir.  This  variety,  typical  of  these  Russian  cherries, 
has  been  considerably  propagated  and  is  generally  distributed  throughout 
this  coimtry.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added  Vladimir  to  its 
Hst  of  recommended  fruits  in  1909. 

Tree  dwarfish,  roiind-topped,  very  hardy,  productive ;  trunk  medium  or  below  in  size ; 
branches  willowy,  drooping,  reddish-brown  sUghtly  overspread  with  ash-gray;  branchlets 
slender,  long,  smooth,  with  a  few  small,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  numeroxis,  three  inches  long,  one  and  three-fourths  inches  wide,  folded  upward, 
oval,  thick;  upper  surface  dull,  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green,  with  a  few 
scattering  hairs;  apex  acute,  base  sUghtly  abrupt;  margin  finely  serrate,  with  dark  colored 
glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  few  scattering  hairs  along  the 
stalk,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  smaU,  reniform,  greenish-yellow  glands  at  the 
base  of  the  blade. 

Buds  small,  short,  very  obtuse,  pliimp,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in 
small  clusters  on  small  spurs;  leaf -scars  obscure;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers 
white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  in  twos,  threes  and 
fours;  pedicels  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  rather  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube 
with  a  tinge  of  red,  somewhat  obconic,  glabrous;  cal>'x-lobes  reddish,  broad,  obtuse,  serrate, 
glabrous  within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  roundish  or  slightly  obovate,  irregularly 
crenate,  with  short,  blvmt  claws,  apex  entire;  filaments  over  one-fourth  inch  long;  pistil 
glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  very  late;  three-eighths  of  an  inch  long,  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  wide, 
roundish-cordate,  slightly  compressed;  ca\'ity  rather  shallow;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish; 
color  dark  red  almost  black  at  full  maturity;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous; 
stem  slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  or  more  in  length,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin, 
separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  with  very  dark  colored  juice,  slightly  stringy, 
melting,  sprightly,  astringent,  sour;  of  fair  quality;  stone  semi-clinging,  rather  large,  long- 
ovate  to  oval,  with  smooth  surfaces,  tinged  with  red. 


ig6  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

WATERLOO 

Prunus  avium  X   (Prunus  avium  X   Primus  cerasus) 

I.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  29.  1828.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  56.  1831.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:118. 
1832.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  178.  1845.  5.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Gard.  loi,  102.  1846. 
6.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  213,  214.     1854.     7.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  314.     1884. 

This  old  sort,  seemingly  well  thought  of  in  Europe,  has  not  been 
popular  in  America  and  has  only  historical  value  to  cherry-growers  of  this 
country.  It  is  an  interesting  cherry  resembling  the  Bigarreaus  in  tree  and 
leaf-characters  while  the  flowers  are  more  like  those  of  the  Dukes,  the 
fruit,  too,  taking  on  more  the  aspect  of  the  Dukes  than  of  the  Sweet 
Cherry.  The  variety  has  long  since  passed  from  general  cultivation  in  the 
United  States  and  can  now  be  found  only  in  collections  or  as  an  occa- 
sional dooryard  tree. 

This  cherry  was  raised  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  by  T.  A. 
Knight,  Downton  Castle,  Wiltshire,  England,  and  first  fruited  in  1815, 
shortly  after  the  Battle  of  Waterloo,  hence  its  name.  It  was  supposed 
to  be  a  cross  between  Yellow  Spanish  and  May  Duke.  The  variety  was 
brought  to  this  country  by  Honorable  John  Lowell  of  Newton,  Massachu- 
setts, though  it  was  described  by  Prince  in  1828  from  European  fruit  books. 
The  following  description  is  compiled: 

Tree  vigorous,  thrifty,  rather  irregular  and  spreading,  productive;  branchlets  thick, 
stocky,  grayish;  leaves  large,  drooping,  wavy;  margin  slightly  serrate;  flowers  large; 
stamens  shorter  than  the  pistil. 

Fruit  matures  the  last  of  June  or  early  in  July ;  large,  obtuse-cordate,  broad  at  the 
base,  convex  on  one  side,  flattened  on  the  other;  stem  one  and  one-half  to  two  inches  in 
length,  slender;  color  dark  ptu-plish-red  becoming  nearly  black  at  matvuity;  skin  thin; 
flesh  purplish-red  becoming  darker  next  to  the  stone,  firm  but  tender,  juicy,  fine  flavored, 
sweet;  good  in  quality;  stone  separating  readily'  from  the  pulp,  small,  roundish-ovate, 
compressed. 

WHITE  BIGARREAU 

Prunus  avium 

1.  Thacher  Am.  Orch.  2I-J.  1822.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Mow.  2:125.  1832.  3.  il/og.  Hort.  8:283.  1842- 
4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  180  fig.,  181.  1845.  5.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  366.  1849.  6.  Mcintosh 
Bk.  Card.  2:541.     1855. 

Tradescant.     7.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  250.     18 17. 

White  Oxheart.    8.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  278.     1832. 

White  Bigarreau  is  a  cherry  of  the  past,  having  been  considered  one 
of  the  good  sorts  of  a  century  ago.  Rivers,  the  English  pomologist, 
believed  it  to  have  come  originally  from  Russia.     It  is  reputed  to  have  been 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  I97 

brought  to  America  from  France  by  Chancellor  Livingston  of  Revolution- 
ary fame.  Thacher,  in  1822,  described  the  variety  first  under  its  present 
name.  The  variety,  as  the  synonymy  shows,  has  been  grown  under  many 
names  both  in  America  and  Europe.  In  1845,  according  to  Downing, 
this  cherry  was  common  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia but  since  Downing's  time  no  one  seems  to  have  mentioned  it.  The 
variety  is  usually  spoken  of  in  the  United  States  as  neither  hardy  nor 
productive.     The  fruit  books  describe  it  as  follows: 

Tree  medium  in  size,  spreading,  very  tender,  unproductive;  leaves  narrow,  waved. 

Fruit  matures  the  last  of  June  or  early  in  July;  large  to  very  large,  heart-shaped, 
somewhat  pointed;  color  yellowish-white  with  a  bright  red  cheek,  mottled;  flesh  very 
firm,  breaking,  pleasantly  flavored,  sweet;  very  good  in  quality;  stone  separating  readily 
from  the  flesh. 

WHITE   HEART 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Bradley  Card.  2II.  1739.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  173,  174  fig.  1845.  3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
216.     1854.     4.  Horticulturist  15:327,  PI.  fig.  i.     i860.     5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  315.     1884. 

Amber  Heart.     6.  Miller  Gard.  Kal.  154.     1734.     7.  Jour.  Roy  Hort.  Soc.  21:355.     1898. 

Fruhe  Bernsteinkirsche.  8.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensorl.  304,  305.  1819.  9.  Dochnahl  Fiihr. 
Obstktinde  3:39.  1858.  10.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:45,  46,  fig-  23.  1882.  11.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  348. 
1889. 

Kentish  Bigarreau.     12.  Bunyard-Thomas  Fr.  Card.  43.     1904. 

White  Heart  is  mentioned  in  The  Cherries  of  New  York  only  because 
of  its  reputation  in  Europe  and  the  frequent  references,  therefore,  that 
American  cherry-growers  see  to  it  in  European  publications.  Bunyard  and 
Thomas,  in  the  reference  given,  speak  of  it  as  one  of  the  best  and  most 
profitable  cherries  grown  in  the  famous  Kent  cherry  orchards.  Early 
American  horticulturists  describe  it  but  it  seems  not  to  have  been  widely 
grown  in  America  and  has  probably  long  since  passed  from  cultivation. 
It  failed,  according  to  Elliott,  because  it  was  a  "  variable  and  uncertain 
bearer  "  and  while  an  early  cherry  "  not  early  enough  to  compete  with 
many  new  varieties." 

White  Heart  seems  to  have  been  mentioned  first  by  Miller  in  1734. 
A  little  later  it  is  found  to  be  described  in  both  Germany  and  France, 
indicating  that  it  must  have  been  known  and  widely  distributed  before 
the  time  given.  It  seems  to  have  been  brought  to  America  before  the 
War  of  the  Revolution  and  to  have  been  grown  in  this  country  imder  the 
several  different  names  which  are  given  in  the  list  of  synonyms.  The 
following  description  is  compiled: 


198  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  somewhat  erect,  very  healthy,  rather  productive;  branches 
stocky,  somewhat  angular,  with  large,  roundish,  light  colored  lenticels ;  internodes  of 
unequal  length;  leaves  medium  in  size,  oval  or  obovate,  sharply  pointed;  margin  finely 
serrate;  petiole  short,  slender,  tipped  with  two  reniform,  orange-red  glands;  flowers 
medium  in  size;  petals  obovate. 

Fruit  matures  early  in  June;  rather  small,  rovmdish-cordate,  often  one-sided,  with  a 
distinct  suture;  color  whitish-yellow,  tinged  and  speckled  with  pale  red  in  the  sun;  stem 
long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  wide,  shallow  cavity;  skin  firm;  flesh  light  colored,  firm,  half- 
tender,  breaking,  juicy,  sugary,  pleasant;  first  quality;  stone  rather  large,  roundish-oval, 
with  a  pointed  apex. 

WINDSOR 

Prunus  avium 

I.  Card.  Mon.  24:208.  1882.  2.  Cult.  &  Count.  Gent.  49:636.  1884.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  22. 
1885.  4.  Del.  Sta.  Bui.  35:16  fig.  7.  1897.  5.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  5:41  fig.  1898.  6.  Am.  Card. 
21:76.     1900.     7.  Can.  Hort.  25:3,  262  fig.,  263.     1902.     8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  56,  57.     1907. 

Windsor  is  the  standard  late  Bigarreau  and  one  of  the  most  profitable 
of  the  hard-fleshed  cherries  grown  in  New  York.  Both  fruit  and  trees 
deserve  the  approbation  of  cherry-growers.  In  color  the  cherries  meet  the 
market  demand,  buyers  preferring  a  dark-colored  Sweet  Cherry.  None 
would  find  fault  with  the  appearance  of  Windsor.  The  flesh  is  firm  and  the 
product  stands  harvesting  and  shipping  well  and  at  a  season  of  the  year 
when  brown-rot  is  usually  rife  this  variety  is  fairly  free  from  this 
scourge  of  the  Sweet  Cherry.  The  quality  is  from  good  to  very  good, 
equaled  but  not  surpassed  by  others  of  its  class.  But  it  is  in  its  tree-char- 
acters that  the  superiority  of  Windsor  is  best  shown.  The  trees  have  the 
reputation  of  being  the  hardiest  of  the  Bigarreaus  and  of  thriving  in  many 
soils.  They  are  usually  fruitful.  To  offset  these  merits,  the  trees  have  two 
or  three  rather  serious  faults.  Thus,  they  do  not  come  in  bearing  early; 
they  are  tall  and  upright  in  growth,  being  almost  fastigiate,  making  it 
difficult  to  harvest  the  crop;  and  the  load  of  fruit  is  too  much  clustered. 
Cherry-growers  agree  that  the  worst  of  all  pests  of  this  fruit  is  the  robin 
and  that  the  Windsor,  for  some  reason  or  other,  is  the  freest  of  its  kind 
from  this  and  other  thieving  birds.  From  the  behavior  of  the  variety 
in  New  York,  we  can  heartily  join  with  practically  all  who  are  growing  this 
variety  in  recommending  it  as  a  late,  market  Sweet  Cherry 

Windsor  originated  in  the  latter  half  of  the  Nineteenth  Centtuy  on  the 
farm  of  James  Dougall,  Windsor,  Ontario,  Canada,  and  was  introduced 
to  fruit-growers  in  1881  by  Ellwanger  &  Barry,  Rochester,  New  York. 
It  has  been  planted  extensively  in  many  sections  of  this  country  for  both 


WINDSOR 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  1 99 

home  and  market  use  and  is  now  offered  for  sale  by  a  large  number  of 
nurserymen.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added  Windsor  to  its 
fruit  catalog  list  in  1885  and  the  variety  still  holds  a  place  there.  Though 
rather  widely  known  in  the  United  States  the  commercial  culture  of  this 
variety  is  almost  wholly  confined  to  New  York.  It  seems  as  yet  not  to 
have  found  its  way  to  Europe,  a  fact  to  be  regretted,  for  its  many  good 
qualities  would  soon  make  it  known  in  the  Old  World  where  the  Sweet 
Cherry  is  better  grown  and  more  appreciated  than  in  America. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  very  productive;  trunk  thick, 
shaggy;  branches  stocky,  very  smooth,  brown  nearly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  with 
large  lenticels ;  branchlets  thick,  rather  short,  brown  overspread  with  light  ash-gray,  smooth, 
with  few  small,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  four  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  folded  upward,  obovate  to  oval,  thin;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  light  green,  pubescent;  margin  doubly 
crenate,  glandular ;  petiole  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  tinged  with  dull  red,  with  from 
one  to  three  globose,  reddish  glands  of  mediimi  size  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  conical  or  pointed,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  and  in  very 
nimierous  clusters  variable  in  size,  on  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  somewhat  prominent;  season 
of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  scattering 
clusters,  in  ones  and  twos;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube 
green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  greenish  or  with  a  tinge  of  red,  acute,  glabrous 
within  and  without,  reflexed;  petals  broad-oval,  slightly  crenate,  with  short,  blvmt  claws; 
filaments  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  matures  in  late  mid-season;  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  slightly  oblong 
to  conical,  compressed;  cavity  deep,  wide,  flaring;  sutiire  a  line;  apex  rovmdish,  with  a 
depression  at  the  center;  color  very  dark  red  becoming  almost  black;  dots  niamerous,  small, 
russet,  obscure;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  skin 
thin,  adhering  to  the  pulp;  flesh  light  red,  with  reddish  juice,  tender,  meaty,  crisp,  mild, 
sweet;  good  to  very  good  in  quality;  stone  semi-free,  ovate,  flattened,  blunt-pointed,  with 
smooth  surfaces;  ventral  suture  rather  prominent  near  the  apex. 

WOOD 

Pruniis  avium 
1.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Governor  Wood.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  196  fig.     1854.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  108.     1856.     4.  Leroy 
Did.  Pom.  5:324  fig.     1877. 

Wood  is  preeminently  a  Sweet  Cherry  for  the  amateior,  having  many 
qualities  that  fit  it  for  the  home  orchard  and  but  few  to  commend  it  to 
commercial  growers.  The  trees  are  a  little  tender  to  cold,  are  not  quite 
productive  enough  to  make  the  variety  profitable  and  are,  too,  somewhat 
fastidious  as   to  soils.     To    offset    these   defects,  they  are   vigorous   and 


200  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

healthy  and  bear  early.  But  the  chief  fault  of  the  cherry  from  the  cherry- 
grower's  standpoint  is  to  be  found  in  the  fruit.  The  flesh  is  soft  and  the 
cherries  will  not  stand  handling  in  harvesting  and  shipping  and  are  very 
susceptible  to  brown-rot  and  crack  badly  in  wet  weather.  Wood  has 
special  merit  in  the  home  collection,  however,  because  of  its  earliness,  its 
beautiful  appearance  and  delicious  flavor.  It  is  one  of  the  first  of  the 
Sweet  Cherries,  is  large  and,  as  the  color-plate  shows,  is  a  beautiful  yellow- 
ish-white tinted  with  shades  of  crimson,  with  conspicuous  russet  dots  —  a 
beautiful  fruit.  The  flesh  separates  readily  from  the  skin,  is  tender,  juicy, 
with  an  abundance  of  colorless  juice  and  a  flavor  that  has  given  it  the 
reputation,  wherever  grown  in  America,  of  being  one  of  the  best  in  quality. 
It  would  be  hard  to  name  another  cherry  better  suited  for  small  plantations 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  it  will  long  be  kept  in  the  gardens  of  connoisseurs 
of  good  fruit. 

Wood  is  one  of  the  best  of  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland's'  seedlings.  It 
was  raised  by  him  in  1842  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Reuben  Wood,  at  one  time  Governor  of  Ohio.  In  1856,  it  was  added  to 
the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  where  it  still  remains, 
being  changed  in  1909  to  Wood  with  Governor  Wood  as  a  synonym.  Its 
popularity  is  shown  in  the  United  States  by  the  fact  that  practically  every 
nurseryman  in  this  country  lists  this  variety. 

'  Jared  P.  Kirtland,  M.  D.,  though  now  less  well  known  than  some  of  his  contemporaries,  was  one 
of  the  great  pomologists  of  his  time  and  a  man  of  notable  achievements  in  other  branches  of  natural  history 
as  well.  Professor  Kirtland  was  born  at  Wallingford,  Connecticut,  November  lo,  1793,  and  died  at 
East  Rockport,  near  Cleveland,  Ohio,  December  11,  1877.  For  sixty  years  of  a  long  life  his  avocation 
was  the  production  of  new  varieties  of  fruits  and  flowers  and,  though  a  half  century  has  passed  since  he 
ceased  active  work,  the  results  of  his  labors  are  yet  to  be  found  in  the  gardens  and  orchards  of  the  whole 
country.  In  pomology  he  gave  special  attention  to  breeding  grapes,  raspberries,  pears  and  cherries. 
He  achieved  success,  too,  as  a  hybridizer  of  peonies  and  in  the  introduction  of  rare  foreign  magnolias. 
Professor  Kirtland  is  given  credit  as  being  the  first  horticulturist  successfully  to  bud  and  graft  magnolias, 
an  achievement  which  has  made  possible  their  cultivation  under  many  conditions  and  to  a  degree  of 
excellence  that  otherwise  could  not  be  obtained.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Cleveland  Society  of  Natural 
History  and  was  for  many  years  its  president.  He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
the  highest  recognition  for  scientific  work  to  be  obtained  in  his  time  in  this  coimtry.  He  served  as  pro- 
fessor in  several  medical  schools  and  filled  other  places  of  honor  and  trust.  Prom  his  boyhood  we  are 
told  that  he  was  interested  in  natural  history  and  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  plants  and  animals 
of  Ohio,  having  special  knowledge  of  birds  and  fishes,  the  propagation  of  the  latter  being  one  of  his  hobbies. 
In  pomology  we  owe  him  most  for  the  many  new  cherries  he  has  given  us,  thirty  varieties  described  in 
The  Cherries  of  New  York  having  come  from  his  breeding  grounds.  Among  these  are  Wood,  Pontiac, 
Powhatan,  Tecumseh,  Osceola,  Kirtland  and  Red  Jacket,  sorts  scarcely  surpassed  for  high  quality  and 
grown  commonly  in  America  and  to  some  extent  wherever  Sweet  Cherries  will  thrive.  His  84  years  seem 
to  have  been  well  ordered,  given  almost  wholly  for  the  good  of  the  public,  and  his  name  should  be  cher- 
ished by  pomologists  among  those  who  have  done  most   for  fruits  and  fruit-growing  on  this   continent. 


WOOD 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  201 

Tree  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open,  productive;  trunk  stout;  branches  thick, 
smooth,  dull  reddish-brown  covered  with  ash-gray,  with  a  few  small  lenticels;  branchlets 
thick,  reddish-brown  shghtly  overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  a  few 
inconspicuous,  raised  lenticels. 

Leaves  niunerous,  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded 
upward,  obovate,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  duU  green,  lightly 
pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  glandular;  petiole 
one  and  one-half  inches  long,  slender,  tinged  with  dull  red,  with  from  one  to  three  reniform, 
reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Buds  large,  long,  pointed,  very  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  as  lateral  buds  or  in 
small  clusters  on  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers 
one  inch  across,  arranged  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  one  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous, 
greenish;  calyx-tube  tinged  with  red,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  reddish,  long,  acute, 
glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  reflexed;  petals  roimdish,  crenate,  with  short,  blunt  claws; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  one-eighth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in 
length,  sometimes  defective. 

Fruit  matures  in  early  mid-season;  nearly  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-cordate, 
compressed;  cavity  of  mediimi  depth,  wide,  flaring;  sutiire  variable  in  depth,  distinct, 
wide;  apex  roundish;  color  shades  of  crimson  on  a  yeUowish-white  background;  dots 
numerous,  small,  light  russet,  somewhat  conspicuous,  especially  just  before  matiuity;  stem 
slender,  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adhering  weU  to  the  fruit ;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating 
from  the  pulp;  flesh  whitish,  with  colorless  juice,  tender,  meaty,  mild,  sweet;  very  good  in 
quality;  stone  clinging,  rather  large,  roundish,  blunt,  with  smooth  surfaces;  with  a  broad, 
ventral  suture. 

WRAGG 

Prunus  cerasus 

I.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  171.  1884.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  95.  1887.  3.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  17:15 
fig.  8.  1892.  4.  Neb.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  39.  1892.  5.  Am.  Card.  20:178.  1899.  6.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt. 
12:119,  120.  1900.  7.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:89,  fig.  26.  1903.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt.  38.  1904-05. 
9.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:22,  23.     1910. 

Wragg  is  either  English  Morello  or  a  strain  of  that  variety.  Trees 
on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  are  identical  with  English  Morello  but  it 
may  be  that  here,  and  occasionally  elsewhere,  the  older  sort  has  been  sub- 
stituted for  Wragg.  In  Iowa,  where  the  new  variety  is  most  largely  grown, 
pomologists  claim  that  it  is  distinct  and  that  it  is  an  improvement  on  English 
Morello.  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  an  authority  on  Russian  cherries,  believed 
that  this  sort  is  distinct  and  of  Russian  origin  having,  according  to  him, 
been  brought  to  America  by  Ellwanger  &  Barry  of  Rochester,  New  York, 
in  an  importation  of  Russian  trees.  Captain  C.  L.  Watrous  of  Des  Moines, 
Iowa,  another  prominent  pomologist  of  that  State,  was  of  the  opinion  that 
Wragg  came  to  light  on  the  grounds  of  J.  Wragg,  Waukee,  Iowa,  as  a  sprout 


202  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

from  another  tree.     Colonel  G.   B.  Brackett,  pomologist  of  the  United 

States  Department  of  Agriculture,  who  visited  Mr.  Wragg's  place  some 

years  ago  and  compared  the  new  cherry  with  the   English   Morello,  could 

find  no  distinguishing  characters  between  the  two.     On  the  other  hand, 

Mr.  Wragg  insisted  that  they  were  distinct.     The  American  Pomological 

Society  calls  Wragg  and  English  Morello  the  same.     Those  who  believe 

that  the  two  are  distinct  say  that  the  fruit  of  Wragg  is  larger,  the  trees 

hardier   and   that   the  cherries  ripen  a  Kttle  later  than  those  of  English 

MoreUo.     With  the  information  now  at  hand  it  is  impossible  to  say  here 

whether  or  not  Wragg  is  distinct.     A  compiled  description  taken  from  the 

text  describing  this  cherry  is  so  unsatisfactory  that  we  offer  none  and  refer 

the  reader  to  that  of  English  Morello  from  which  it  differs  but  little,  if 

at  all. 

YELLOW  SPANISH 

Prunus  avium 

1.  Miller  Card.  Did.  1:1754.  2.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  42.  1803.  3.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  28. 
1828.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:125.  1832.  5.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  372.  1867.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  17.     1897.     7.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:291.     1903. 

Biguarre  Cherrie.    8.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.     1629.     9.  Rea  Flora  205.     1676. 

Spanish.     10.  Gerarde  Herball  1503,  fig.  3.     1636. 

Bigarreau  Commun.  11.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:167,  168.  1768.  12.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:128. 
1832.  13.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  5,  PI.  1846.  14.  Mortillet  Le  Cemie'- 2: 1 15-1 19,  fig.  26.  1866. 
15.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  2,  PI.  2.  1871.  16.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:188-191,  fig.  1877.  17.  Cat.  Cong. 
Pom.  France  20,  fig.     1906. 

Gemeine  Marmorkirsche.  18.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensorl.  301-303.  1819.  19.  ///.  Handb.  123 
fig.,  124.     i860. 

GraJJion.  20.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensorl.  338-340.  1819.  21.  Brookshaw  if ori.  Reposit.  1:69,  PI. 
34  fig.  I.  1823.  22.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:137,  138.  1832.  23.  Cultivator  N.  S.  6:21,  fig.  6.  1849. 
24.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  208.     1854. 

Bigarreau.  25.  Mag.  Hort.  9:202.  1843.  26.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  179  fig.,  180.  1845. 
27.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  102.  1846.  28.  Proc.  Nat.  Con.  Fr.  Gr.  52.  1848.  29.  Cole  Am. 
Fr.  Book  233  fig.  31.     1849.     30.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  281,  282.     1884. 

For  centuries  Yellow  Spanish  must  have  been  the  best  of  all  the 
Bigarreaus  and  it  is  only  in  comparatively  late  years  that  it  has  had  rivals. 
Even  yet  in  tree-characters  it  is  hardly  equaled,  surpassing  Windsor,  which 
has  a  notable  tree,  in  several  respects  and  falling  short  of  it  only  in  hardi- 
ness. The  trees  are  large,— perhaps  the  largest  of  all  the  varieties  of 
Prunus  avium, — having  an  upright-spreading  top  which  gives  a  large  bear- 
ing surface  and  forms  a  canopy  of  splendid  foliage.  The  trees  are  vigorous, 
bear  abundantly  and  regularly  and  come  in  bearing  young,  with  the  crop 
well  distributed  and  not  in  clusters  as  is  the  case  and  the  fault  of  Wind- 
sor.    Unfortunately,  the  cherries,  though  very  good  in  most  characters, 


1 


YELLOW  SPANISH 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  203 

do  not  come  up  to  the  trees  in  points  of  superiority.  They  are  rather 
smaller  than  those  of  Napoleon,  the  greatest  competitor  of  Yellow  Spanish, 
and  are  more  subject  to  attacks  of  brown-rot  than  several  others  of  the 
Bigarreaus.  As  may  be  seen  by  comparing  the  color-plates,  however. 
Yellow  Spanish  is  rather  the  handsomer  of  the  two  cherries,  the  crimson 
color  being  more  evenly  distributed  and  the  skin  not  having  the  mottled 
appearance  of  Napoleon.  In  quality  Yellow  Spanish  is  the  better  of  the 
two,  having  tenderer  flesh  and  a  sweeter  and  richer  flavor.  Yellow  Spanish 
is  notable  in  the  nursery  for  its  strong,  upright  growth  and  its  large  leaves, 
the  leaves  of  no  other  cherry  attaining  so  great  a  size.  In  blossoming 
time  the  variety  may  be  distinguished  by  the  whiteness  of  the  blossoms 
as  they  open  and  a  reddish  tint  as  they  drop.  It  is  a  mid-season  cherry, 
ripening  after  Wood  and  a  few  days  before  Napoleon.  Despite  the  great 
age  of  the  variety  it  still  remains  one  of  the  best,  fvimishing  proof,  by  the 
way,  that  varieties  of  cherries  do  not  degenerate  with  age.  In  New  York 
Yellow  Spanish  cannot  be  spared  from  either  home  or  commercial  plantings. 

Yellow  Spanish  is  so  old  and  so  widely  disseminated  that  its  origin 
can  only  be  conjectured.  From  the  name  we  naturally  infer  a  Spanish 
nativity  and  yet  it  is  almost  equally  well  known  as  Bigarreau,  a  word  of 
French  derivation.  Under  the  last  name  French  pomologists  believe  that 
they  trace  its  history  to  the  First  Century  of  the  Christian  Era  as  the 
variety  described  by  Pliny  under  the  name  Cerasum  Duracintun.  The 
Germans  and  Austrians  certainly  knew  this  variety  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century  and  probably  much  earlier,  an  inference  to  be  drawn  from  the 
references  given.  Parkinson,  the  English  herbalist,  described  a  cherry  in 
1629  which  he  called  the  Biguarre  Cherrie  which  later  came  to  be  known 
as  the  Bigarreau  or  Graffion  by  English  writers  and  which  we  now  know 
to  be  Yellow  Spanish.  Seven  years  later  Gerarde  described  a  Spanish 
cherry  the  description  of  which  is  not  tmlike  our  Yellow  Spanish.  Miller 
and  Forsyth,  English  writers,  also  at  an  early  date  described  a  Spanish 
cherry  which  may  be  the  fruit  of  this  discussion. 

Fortunately  we  are  well  informed  as  to  the  history  of  Yellow  Spanish 
in  America.  Prince,  one  of  the  most  accurate  of  American  pomologists, 
in  1832,  gave  the  following  historical  account  of  the  Graffion,  or  Yellow 
Spanish:  "  This  tree  was  imported  from  London  by  the  father  of  the 
author,  in  the  year  1802,  imder  the  name  Yellow  Spanish,  and  one  of  the 
original  trees  is  now  growing  in  his  garden,  where  it  produces  abundantly, 
and  there  is  little  doubt  that  from  his  stock  have  originated  most  of  the 


204 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 


trees  of  this  kind  now  in  our  country,  as  he  has  taken  much  pains  to 
recommend  it."  Why  Prince  and  other  Americans  came  to  call  the  variety 
introduced  by  the  elder  Prince  of  Europe  as  Yellow  Spanish,  as  Bigarreau 
and  Grafifion,  does  not  appear  unless  the  younger  Prince  wanted  to  make 
the  name  in  this  country  conform  to  that  in  most  common  usage  in  England 
at  the  time.  Besides  the  names  already  given,  Yellow  Spanish  has  been 
rather  widely  grown  in  America  as  Ox  Heart  and  White  Caroon.  This 
variety  was  placed  on  the  recommended  list  of  the  National  Congress  of 
Fruit  Growers,  which  afterwards  became  the  American  Pomological  Society, 
in  1848,  imder  the  name  Bigarreau.  The  name  was  changed  in  1897  to 
Yellow  Spanish  and  it  now  appears  on  the  list  of  that  organization  as 
Spanish. 

Tree  very  large  and  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  rather  open-topped,  productive; 
trunk  thick,  of  medium  smoothness;  branches  stocky,  reddish-brown  covered  with  ash- 
gray,  smooth  except  for  the  numerous  large  lenticels;  branchlets  short,  brown  nearly 
overspread  with  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  small,  slightly  raised,  inconspicuous  lenticels. 

Leaves  numerous  five  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  folded 
upward,  obovate  to  elliptical;  upper  surface  dark  green,  nearly  smooth,  grooved  along 
the  midrib;  lower  surface  light  green,  lightly  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  variable  in  shape; 
margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  one  and  three-fourths 
inches  long,  thick,  heavily  tinged  with  duU  red,  grooved  along  the  upper  surface,  with  from 
one  to  four  large,  reniform,  reddish-yellow  glands  variable  in  position. 

Buds  conical,  plump,  free,  arranged  singly  or  in  small  clusters  as  lateral  buds  and 
from  short  spurs;  leaf -scars  prominent;  season  of  bloom  intermediate;  flowers  white,  one 
and  one-fourth  inches  across;  borne  in  well-distributed  clusters,  in  twos  and  in  threes; 
pedicels  about  one  inch  long,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx- 
lobes  acute,  reflexed;  petals  oval,  entire,  strongly  dentate  at  the  apex,  tapering  to  short, 
blunt  claws;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in 
length. 

Frviit  matures  in  mid-season;  one  inch  or  over  in  diameter,  cordate,  compressed; 
cavity  deep,  wide,  flaring;  suture  a  mere  line;  apex  roundish,  not  depressed;  color  bright 
amber-yellow  with  a  reddish  blush,  slightly  mottled;  dots  numerous,  small,  light  russet, 
obscure;  stem  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  adherent  to  the  fruit;  sldn  thin,  tough,  sepa- 
rating from  the  ptilp;  flesh  whitish,  with  colorless  juice,  tender,  meaty,  crisp,  aromatic, 
sprightly,  sweet;  very  good  to  best  in  quality;  stone  free,  ovate,  slightly  flattened,  oblique, 
with  smooth  surfaces;  with  two  small,  blunt  ridges  along  the  ventral  suture  near  the  apex. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  205 

CHAPTER  V 
THE  MINOR  VARIETIES  OF  CHERRIES 

A  Coeur  Hative.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
A  Feuilles  de  Pecher  Grosse.     P.  cerasnsl     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  49.     183 1. 

Merely  mentioned;  probably  similar  to  Willow  Leaved. 
Abels  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Obstsori.     55.     1907. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference  as  a  black,  hard-fleshed,  Sweet  Cherry. 
Abundance.     P.  avium,     i.  Biirbank  Cat.  7.     1911-12. 

Abvmdance  is  one  of  Burbank's  seedlings  from  Napoleon.  The  tree  is  a  heavy,  almost 
annual  bearer.  The  fruit  is  large,  never  cracks,  and  exceeds  the  parent  in  productive- 
ness and  beauty;  it  ripens  a  week  later. 

Abbesse.  P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  80.  1890.  2.  Budd-Hansen 
Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:284.     1903- 

Abbesse  was  found  in  North  Silesia  and  is  supposed  to  be  a  Red  Duke  cross.     Fruit 
medium  to  large,  cordate;  stem  long,  thick  at  the  base;  ca\aty  shallow;  suture  distinct; 
skin  dark  red;  flesh  meaty,  with  colored  juice,  mildly  acid;  quality  good. 
Act  Gillos.     P.  avium,     i.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  22.     1892-93. 

Act  Gillos  was  imported  by  Leo  Weltz  of  Ohio,  in  a  collection  of  sweet  varieties 
said  to  have  come  from  Bokhara,  Turkestan.  Tree  vigorous ;  leaves  large;  fruit  yellow, 
resembling  Cleveland. 

Adams  Crown.  P.  avium,  i.  Brookshaw  Hort.  Reposit.  1:45,  PI-  23  fig.  i.  1823. 
2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  275,  277.  1884.  3.  Mawe-Abercrombie  Camp.  Card.  632. 
1829.     4.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:312  fig.,  313.     1877. 

Adams  Herzkirsche.  5.  III.  Handb.  99  fig.,  100.  i860.  6.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  332. 
1889. 

Adam.     7.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:69,  70,  fig.  33.     1866-73. 

Adams  Crown  is  supposed  to  have  been  raised  by  a  man  named  Adams  in  the 
vicinity  of  Sittingboume,  Kent,  England.  It  was  formerly  grown  in  the  orchards  near 
London  for  market  trade.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  usually  productive,  bears  early;  fruit 
mediiim  in  size,  roundish-cordate,  flattened  at  the  base,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  wide, 
deep;  suture  shallow,  indistinct;  stem  slender,  long;  skin  thin,  transparent,  attractive 
pale  red  speckled  with  darker  red  deepening  to  carmine,  showing  distinctly  the  flbers 
underneath;  flesh  wliitish,  juicy,  tender,  somewhat  stringy,  sweet,  sprightly,  pleasant;  very 
good  in  quality;  stone  small,  roundish-ovate,  flattened  at  the  base,  plump;  season  early. 
Adlington.     Species?     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  45.     1831. 

IMentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Affane.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  45.     183 1. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Afghanistan.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  315.     1897.     2.  Van  Lindley  Cat. 
371.     1899. 


206  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

This  variety  is  said  by  Van  Lindley  to  have  been  introduced  into  North  Carolina 
by  a  missionary  from  South  Africa.  The  fruit  closely  resembles  Windsor.  Tree  tall, 
spreading,  vigorous ;  fniit  large,  cordate,  often  swollen  along  the  suture  giving  it  an  angular 
appearance;  skin  dark  red  to  reddish-black;  flesh  firm,  tender,  sweet;  ships  weU;  season 
the  last  of  May. 
Alatemblattrige   Siissweichsel.     P.   avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.   Obstkunde  3:48.     1858. 

Fruit  medium  large,  roundish,  flattened,  with  a  faint  suture;  skin  glossy,  brownish- 
red;  stem  mostly  covered  with  leaves,  greenish-yellow;  flesh  soft,  acidulated;  stone  heart- 
shaped. 
Albertine  Millet.     Species?     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22.     1876.     2.  Guide  Prat.  ij.     1895. 

Received  from  Belgium  without  description;  its  value  is  questioned  in  Guide  Pratique. 
Alexandrine  Beon.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  332.     1889. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Alfred  Wesmael.     P.cerasus.    i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  25.    1876.    2.  Guide  Prat.  ij.     1895. 

This  variety  is  similar  to  Montmorency  according  to  Guide  Pratique. 
Allen.     P.  avium,     i.  Storrs  &  Harrison  Cat.  137.     1899.     2.  Brown  Cat.  23.     1900. 

A  seedling  cherry  fotind  in  Lake  County,  Ohio.     It  is  darker,  later  and  smaller  than 
Windsor.     The  tree  is  healthy,  very  productive;  fruit  somewhat  heart-shaped,  nearly 
black,  glossy,  smooth;  flesh  meaty,  firm,  sweet;  of  small  size. 
Allen  Late  Favourite.     P.  avium,     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:123.     1832- 

Sent  to  the  Prince  nursery  by  Zachariah  Allen  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  The 
tree  is  vigorous;  fruit  of  fine  quality,  juicy,  well  flavored;  ripens  in  Rhode  Island  with 
Black  Mazzard. 

Allerfriiheste  Bunte    Maiherzkirsche.     P.   avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:19. 
1858. 

Tree  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  long,  deeply  set;  skin 
clear  red,  spotted  with  dark  brown;  flesh  whitish,  sweet;  stone  oval;  ripens  in  mid-June. 
Alte  Konigskirsche.     P.cerasus.     i.  Christ  Obstbdume  158.     1791.     2.  Christ  Handb.  6^1. 
1797.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  422.     1819. 

Tree  large,  very  productive;  fruit  large,  round,  slightly  heart-shaped;  stem  long; 
skin  reddish-black ;  flesh  very  delicate,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  with  an  aromatic,  very  pleasing 
sourness;  stone  small. 
Altenlander  Friihkirsche.     P.  avium.     1.  III.  Handb.  465  fig.,  466.     186 1. 

Cerise  -precoce  d'Altenlaud.     2.  MortiUet  Le  Cerisier  2:301.     1866. 

This  variety  is  distinguished  from  Friihe  Maiherzkirsche  by  its  fruits  which  are  larger, 
deeper  in  color,  sourer  and  more  angular  and  a  few  days  later.  Tree  productive;  fruit 
of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate,  sometimes  angtilar;  cavity  wide,  shallow;  apex  often 
widely  depressed;  stem  stout,  of  medium  length;  suture  shallow;  skin  glossy,  charcoal 
black  in  some  spots  when  fully  ripe,  rather  tough;  flesh  reddish-black,  tender,  very  juicy, 
sweet  with  a  pleasing  sourness;  stone  short,  oval;  season  early. 

Amaranthkirsche.       P.  avium.      i.  Christ    Worterb.     277.       1802.      2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  2iz,-2iq.     1819.     i.  Dochxiahl  Fahr.  Obstkunde  y. 2%.     1858. 

In  1790,  this  variety  was  reported  to  have  been  brought  to  Hanover,  Prussia,  Germany, 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  207 

from  England.  Truchsess  describes  this  cherry  as  being  of  mediiim  size,  roundish-cordate, 
with  a  pronounced  suture;  stem  short;  cavity  shallow;  apex  abruptly  rounded;  skin  red 
on  the  simny  side,  yellowish,  flesh-colored  on  the  shady  side ;  flesh  tender,  light  yellowish- 
white,  juicy,  sweet  yet  without  excellence;  stone  round,  rather  broad,  not  long,  nearly 
free;  unproductive. 

Amarelle  Hative.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  17:6  fig.  1892.  2.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  24.  1899.  3.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:110.  1900.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Sac.  Cat. 
27.     1909. 

This  variety  was  imported  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Iowa,  in  1885.  It  resembles 
Early  Richmond  but  ripens  ten  days  later.  It  appeared  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  in  1899  and  in  1909  Morello  Hative  was  given  as  a  synonym.  This 
variety,  however,  is  of  the  Amarelle  type  while  Morello  Hative  is  a  true  Morello. 
Amarelle  mit  Weissem  Stempelpunct.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  655, 
656.     1819.     2.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  ^'.-jo.     1858. 

Amarelle  d,  point  pistillaire  blanc.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

According  to  Truchsess,  this  variety  was  first  mentioned  by  Christ  as  early  as  1795, 
under  the  name,  Roque  Cherydere.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  flattened;  stem  short; 
skin  dark  red;  flesh  white,  with  colorless  juice,  although  a  glistening  red  when  pressed 
out,  subacid;  season  early;  medium  productive;  resembles  Bunte  Amarelle. 
Amber.     P.  avium,     i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  272.     1832. 

This  variety  was  found  in  an  old  garden  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  Fruit  below 
medium  in  size,  perfectly  roimd ;  amber,  delicate  red  towards  the  sun ;  flesh  melting,  lively, 
very  sweet;  early. 

Amber  Gean.  P.  avium,  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  168.  1845.  2.  Card.  Chron.  1068. 
1861.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  277.     1884. 

Amber  ?    4.  Rea  Flora  206.     1676. 

Late  Amber  Gean.     5.  Fish  Hardy-Fr.  Bk.  2:105.     1882. 

This  is  probably  the  Amber  of  the  old  English  writers  —  an  attractive,  small  Gean 
or  Mazzard.  Tree  bears  abundantly;  fruit  small,  obtuse-cordate,  usually  regular;  stem 
long,  slender,  shallowly  inserted;  skin  very  thin,  pellucid,  exhibiting  the  texture  of  the 
flesh,  pale  yellow  or  amber,  tinged  with  delicate  red;  flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  melting, 
with  a  rich,  sweet,  pleasant  flavor ;  ripens  the  last  of  July. 

Ambree  de  Guben.  P.  avium,  i.  Mortillet  Le  CemtVr  2: 118,  119,303.  1866.  2.  Mas 
Le  Verger  8:99,  100,  fig.  48.     1866-73. 

Gubener  Bernsteinkirsche.      3.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.     342,    685.      1819.      4. 
Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:42.     1858. 

This  variety  resembles  Yellow  Spanish;  in  fact  the  name  is  listed  as  a  synonym  of 
Yellow  Spanish  by  Mortillet.  We  feel  sure,  however,  that  it  is  a  distinct  variety.  Fruit 
large,  roundish-cordate,  truncate  at  the  base;  suture  shallow;  stem  long;  cavity  wide, 
shallow;  skin  glossy,  pale  yellow  washed  with  carmine  in  the  sun;  flesh  firm,  fibrous,  sweet, 
with  a  sourness  that  disappears  if  allowed  to  remain  on  the  tree;  quality  good;  stone  oval, 
slightly  flattened  at  the  base;  ripens  the  first  of  July  in  France. 


208  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

American  Amber.  P.  avium,  i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  272.  1832.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  167.  1845.  3.  Bridgeman  Gard.  Ass't  Pt.  3:54.  1847-  4-  Thomas  Am. 
Fruit  Cult.  359.  1849.  5.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  214.  1854.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
74.     1862. 

This  variety  was  introduced  some  time  previous  to  1832  by  the  originator,  Daniel 
Bloodgood,  Flushing,  New  York.  It  held  a  place  on  the  American  Pomological  Society's 
list  of  fruits  from  1862  until  1869.  It  resembles  American  Heart  but  differs  in  being 
a  tender-fleshed  fruit  of  regular  outline.  Tree  productive;  fruit  hanging  in  bunches  for 
a  long  time  without  rotting.  Frtdt  borne  in  threes  or  fours,  hangs  well,  of  medium  size, 
roundish-cordate  often  nearly  rotmd;  stem  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  slight,  narrow  cavity; 
skin  very  thin,  smooth,  glossy,  clear,  light  amber  becoming  mottled  and  overspread  with 
clear  bright  red;  flesh  amber,  tender,  sprightly,  juicy,  usually  of  only  fair  quality;  pit 
large;  season  the  last  of  June  to  the  middle  of  July. 

American  Heart.  P.  avium,  i.  Mag.  Hort.  9:202.  1843.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
178,    179  fig.  70.     1845.     3.  Bridgeman  Gard.  Ass't  Pt.  3:54-     1847- 

According  to  Downing,  this  variety  came  from  Long  Island  but  its  exact  origin  is 
unknown.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  variable  in  productiveness;  fruit  medium  to  large, 
cordate,  often  nearly  angular  and  irregtilar  in  outline;  cavity  small,  shallow;  stem  long, 
slender;  skin  tough,  adhering  to  the  pulp,  pale  yellow  or  amber-red;  flesh  very  juicy, 
yellowish,  half-tender,  sweet,  pleasant;  very  good  in  quality;  stone  medium  in  size. 
Amos  Owen.     P.  avium,     i.  A''.  C.  Sta.  Bui.  184:121.     1903. 

Amos  Owen  is  a  black  Mazzard  used  by  nurserymen  as  a  stock  for  grafting.     The 
fruit  is  small  and  black;  of  poor  quality. 
Andrews.     Species?     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  187.     1908. 

Andrews  is  a  seedling  named  after  C.  N.  Andrews,  Redlands,  California,  who  fniited 
it  in  1896.     It  is  grown  in  the  mountain  valley  near  Redlands  and  is  apparently  a  fine 
shipping  variety. 
Anne.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  5oofe  204.     1854.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Tr^ei  Am.  254.    1837. 

This  cherry  is  reported  by  Charles  Downing  to  have  originated  at  Lexington,  Ken- 
tucky; distributed  by  A.  V.  Bedford,  Paris,  Kentucky.     Tree  moderate  in  growth;  fruit 
of  medium  size,  bright  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  very  sweet;  quality  excellent;  early. 
Annonay.     P.  avium,     i.  Flor.&  Pom.  28.     1882.     2.  Rivers  Cai.  18.     1898-99.    3.  Bun- 
yard-Thomas  Fr.  Gard.  43.     1904. 

Annonayer  Herzkirsche.     4.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  55.     1907. 

A  Heart  cherry  mentioned  in  1882  as  a  promising  new  fruit  because  of  its  extreme 
earliness  and  excellent  quality.  This  variety,  introduced  by  Thomas  Rivers  &  Son, 
Sawbridgeworth,  England,  should  not  be  confused  with  an  older  French  sort  often  known 
by  the  same  name  but  of  a  reddish-brown  color.  Tree  moderate  in  growth;  fruit  glossy, 
black,  round,  of  medium  size,  produced  in  clusters ;  flesh  charcoal-black,  very  rich  in  flavor. 
Anstad.     P.  avium,     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.  17.     1908. 

A  seedling  from  seeds  planted  in  1898  by  A.  P.  Anstad,  Trail,  British  Columbia.  The 
fruit  is  large,  heart-shaped;  cavity  of  medium  depth  and  width;  stem  long,  slender;  apex 
depressed;  suture  indistinct;  skin  moderately  thick,  tender,  dark  red  or  blackish;  dots 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  209 

obscure;  flesh  dull  red,  meaty,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;  quality  good;  stone  of  medium  size, 
clinging;  season  in  Ontario,  the  end  of  July. 

Argental  Late.     P.  avium,     i.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  325.     1851.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
451.     1869. 

Downing  says  this  variety  is  of  French  origin  and  that  the  fruit  is  unlike  any  other 
cherry  in  form.  Tree  spreading;  branches  slender,  irregular;  fruit  of  medium  size,  elon- 
gated-oval, sides  compressed ;  suture  narrow ;  stem  medium  in  length,  slender ;  cavity  small ; 
skin  deep  purpUsh-black ;  flesh  half-tender,  juicy,  sweet,  of  peculiar  flavor;  quaHty  very 
good;  stone  small,  narrow,  elongated-oval;  ripens  about  July  loth. 
Auburn  Duke.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus. 

A  stray  variety  not  mentioned  in  cherry  literature,  occasionally  grown  in  western 
New  York  The  fruit,  on  the  Station  grounds,  is  above  medium  size,  roundish;  skin 
glossy,  amber-yellow  with  a  dark  red  cheek,  often  whoUy  suffused  with  red,  sometimes 
mottled  with  translucent  spots  tuidemeath  the  skin;  suture  a  distinct  line;  stem  slender, 
one  and  one-half  inches  long,  inserted  in  a  broad  cavity;  flesh  white,  very  tender,  juicy, 
nearly  sweet;  quality  good  but  not  rich;  stone  small,  adhering  to  the  stem;  season  late 
June.  The  fruit  cracks  in  wet  weather. 
August  Duke.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Cultivator  3rd  Ser.  1:248  fig.,  249.     1853. 

V ail's  August  Duke.  2.  Horticulturist  4:264  &g.,  265.  1849-50.  3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
213-     i8S4- 

This  variety  originated  with  Henry  Vail  of  Troy,  New  York.  It  is  valued  for  its 
lateness,  maturing  three  weeks  after  Downer,  generally  about  the  tenth  of  August.  Tree 
hardy,  healthy,  moderate  in  growth;  fruit  borne  in  pairs,  hanging  in  thick  clusters  along 
the  branches,  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  of  medium  length,  thickening  where 
it  joins  the  fruit,  set  in  a  deep,  narrow  cavity;  skin  bright  red;  flesh  tender,  subacid,  much 
like  May  Duke  in  flavor;  pit  oval. 

Augustine  de  Vigny.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  A^om.  Pom.  333.     1889.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Sac. 
Rpt.  54.     1856. 

Mentioned  in  the  references  given. 
Aurischotte.     P.    cerasus.     1.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.    589-591.     1819.     2.  Doch- 
nahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:65.     1858. 

According  to  Truchsess,  this  cherry  was  described  in  1802  by  Christ  who  states  that 
it  originated  in  Wanfred,  Prussia,  Germany.  Truchsess  believed,  however,  that  the 
name  was  a  corruption  of  Sauriotte,  a  sour  or  Weichsel  cherr^^  Fruit  round,  somewhat 
flattened,  above  medium  in  size;  suture  indistinct;  apex  shghtly  depressed,  gray;  stem 
strong;  skin  dark  red;  flesh  and  juice  of  a  slight  reddish  cast,  sour,  rather  reptilsive; 
stone  large. 
Badacsony.     P.    avium,     i.  Mich.    Sta.    Bui.    177:31.     1899.     2.  Ibid.    187:62.     1901, 

Geante  de  Badacson.     3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  27,  194.     1876. 

Badacsoner  Riesenkirsche.     4.  Mathieu  Nam.  Pom.  333.     18S9. 

Badacconyi.     5.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid.  169:198.     1899. 

Badacsoner  Schwarze  Riesenkirsclie.     6.  Reut.  Pom.  Inst.  Festschrift  122.     1910. 

Badacsonyer  Knorpelkirsche.     7.  Obstziichter  8:^4.     1910. 
14 


210  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

A  strong-growing  variety  of  the  Bigarreau  group  which  originated  in  the  volcanic 
regions  near  Balaton  Lake,  Hungary.  Tree  spreading,  productive,  subject  to  shot-hole 
fungus;  fruit  very  large,  heart-shaped,  compressed;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  deep,  wide; 
skin  dark  red,  mottled  with  purple;  flesh  crisp,  breaking,  pinkish,  juicy,  sweet;  quality 
good;  ripens  in  July. 

Baender.     P.   cerasus.     i.  Mich.   Sta.   Bui.   88:20.     1892.     2.  Wash.   Sta.   Bid.   92:12. 
1910. 

An  unproductive  Morello.     Tree  medium  in  size,  upright,  round-topped;  fruit  medium 
to  large,  round,  flattened;  stem  stout,  long;  skin  dark  red,  thin,  tender;  flesh  firm,  meaty, 
slightly  stained,  rich  acid;  stone  long,  smooth;  ripens  the  last  of  July  in  Washington. 
Baltavar.     P.   avium.     1.   U.   S.    D.   A.    Pom.   Rpt.   39.     1895.     2.  Budd-Hansen   Am. 
Hort.  Man.  2:284.     1903. 

Bigarreau  monstreux  de  Baltava.    3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.     27.     1876. 

Baltavari.     4.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:199.     1899. 

Baliavaer  Knorpelkirsche      5.  Proskauer  Ohstsort.  55.     1907. 

Baltavar  was  introduced  from  Hungary  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. Tree  upright,  somewhat  spreading;  fruit  resembles  Napoleon  in  size  and  shape; 
cavity  medium  in  depth,  irregular,  flaring;  stem  variable,  slender;  suture  shallow;  skin 
thick,  glossy,  light  red  changing  to  dark  crimson  on  a  yellow  ground;  dots  numerous, 
minute,  golden;  flesh  melting,  yellowish,  meaty,  translucent,  juicy,  sprightly,  mild  sub- 
acid; quality  good  to  very  good;  stone  large,  long,  clinging;  ripens  the  forepart  of  July. 
Baluder  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.   Kan.  Sta.  Bui. 'jy.i?>g.     1897. 

Tree  upright,  unproductive;  frmt  medium  to  large;  stem  slender;  skin  dull  red,  tough; 
flesh  red,  tender,  juicy,  acid,  lacking  in  richness;  ripens  unevenly  about  June  i8th;  not 
a  commercial  variety. 

Bamhart.     P.  avium,     i.  Card.  Mon.   18:242.     1876.     2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  3rd 
App.  161.     1881. 

This  variety  originated  with  Louis  Shepler,  Belle  Vernon,  Pennsylvania.  Tree  healthy, 
vigorous,  bears  abundantly;  fruit  of  the  Bigarreau  type,  large,  obtuse-cordate,  slightly 
compressed;  cavity  large,  deep;  stem  rather  long,  slender;  suture  shallow;  skin  whitish- 
yellow,  shaded  and  mottled  with  light  and  dark,  rich  red;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  with 
a  rich,  rather  sprightly  flavor;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Baseler  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium.     1.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22.     1876. 

A  medivim-sized  cherry  of  little  value. 
Bates.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Green  Cat.  28  fig.     1906. 

Said  to  have  originated  with  S.  J.  Bates,  Shelby,  Michigan;  introduced  by  C.  A.  Green, 
Rochester,  New  York;  not  propagated  at  present.     As  grown  on  our  groimds  it  is  identical. 
with  Olivet  but  our  trees  may  not  be  correctly  named. 
Bay  State.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Adams  Cat.  11.     1894.     2.  Sweet  Cat.  18.     1907. 

Bay  State  on  the  Station  grounds  resembles  Reine  Hortense  and  may  be  identical. 
(See  description  of  Reine  Hortense.)  In  1894  it  was  listed  by  J.  W.  Adams  of  Springfield, 
Massachusetts,  under  the  name  Bay  State  and  in  1907  was  offered  for  sale  by  The  George 
A.  Sweet  Nursery  Company  of  Dansville,  New  York. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  211 

Baylor.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Bedford  Prolific.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.   22.     1876.     2.  Flor.  &  Pom.  41, 
PL  fig.  I.     1882. 

Bedford  Prolific  is  similar  to  its  parent,  Black  Tartarian,  but  has  the  advantage  of 
being  much  hardier  and  more  productive.     It  is  inferior  in  quahty  to  its  parent.     Many 
writers  confuse  it  with  Black  Tartarian. 
Belle  Audigeoise.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  5:65,  PI.     1857. 

Schone  .Audigeoise.     2.  Mathieu  Norn..  Pom.  376.     1889. 

Very  similar  to  Choisy.     Tree   vigorous,  but    moderately   productive;    fruit    large, 
roundish,  flattened  at  the  ends;  stem  of  medium  length ;  cavity  large,  round;   skin  glossy, 
transparent,  almost  entirely   washed  with  red    at    complete   maturity;    flesh   yellowish, 
juicy,  sweet,  acidulated;  ripens  in  France  late  in  July. 
Belle  Bosc.     Species?     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  45.     183 1. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Belle  de  Boskoop.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Listed  in  this  reference  without  description. 
Belle  de  Caux.     P.  avium,     i.  Guide  Prat.  17.     1895. 

Listed  as  similar  to  Duchess  de  Palluau. 
Belle  de  Couchey.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  412.     1866.     2.  Mas   Pom.  Gen.   11:137, 
138,  fig.  69.     1882. 

Schone  von  Couchey.     3.   Proskauer  Obstsort.  57.     1907. 

Raton,  a  laborer,  found  this  variety  in  1715,  growing  in  a  garden  in  Cote  d'Or,  France. 
Here  and  in  the  surrounding  cotmtry  it  was  commonly  known  as  Cerise  Raton.  Tree 
vigorous,  abundantly  productive;  fruit  large,  heart-shaped,  irregular,  often  flattened; 
stem  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  large,  deep  ca\aty;  apex  conical;  skin  tender,  at  first  clear 
purple  changing  to  blackish-purple;  flesh  tender,  rather  succulent,  intense  purple,  juicy, 
sweet,  sugary,  very  pleasing;  stone  small  for  the  size  of  the  fruit,  ovate,  short,  broad, 
turgid;  ripens  the  last  of  June.  In  France,  one  of  the  best  fruits  of  the  season  standing 
shipment  well  notwithstanding  its  tender  flesh. 
Belle  Defay.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nonj.  Pom.  334.     1889. 

Listed  without  a  description  in  this  reference. 
Belle  de  Franconville.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  463.     1891.     2.  Ibid.  14,  15  fig.     1892. 

This  variety  is  a  chance  seedling  found  in  the  forests  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  and 
propagated  by  M.  Arthur  Nienard,  a  nurseryman  of  the  same  place.  The  variety  is 
valued  for  its  lateness  and  its  good  shipping  qualities.  Fruit  elongated-cordate,  slightly 
depressed;  suture  rather  deep;  cavity  rather  large,  regular;  stem  slender,  long;  skin  glossy, 
brilliant  purplish-red,  firm;  flesh  clear  yellow,  rather  transparent,  juicy,  sprightly  yet 
sugary,  agreeable  but  slightly  strong;  pit  oblong,  tapering  at  the  top,  truncate,  partly 
adherent;  season  late  September  in  France. 
Belle  I'Herissier.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  470,  PI.     1875. 

This  cherry  was  raised  from  seed  in  1865  by  M.  Doublet,  horticulturist  at  Montrichard, 
Loir-et-Cher,  France.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  usually  borne  in  clusters. 


212  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

depressed  on  the  side,  with  a  faint  suture;  stem  very  long,  slender,  adhering  strongly  to 
the  pit;  skin  a  brilUant  red  but  never  black;  flesh  pale  red,  juicy,  sweet,  slightly  sprightly; 
quality  very  good;  pit  irregular,  ver>'  small,  elongated;  ripens  the  middle  of  June  in  France. 
Belle  de  Kis-Oers.    P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  2^.    1876.    2.  Guide  Prat.  1;^.  1895. 

This  is  a  Hungarian  cherry.     Fruit  of  medixun  size,  elongated,  marbled  with  red; 
flesh  white,  sugary;  in  France  it  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Belle  de  Loche.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.   Thomas  Guide  Prat.  25,  187.     1876. 

This  name  is  wrongly  used  as  a  synonym  of  Magnifique.  Distributed  by  Jacque- 
ment-Bonnefont,  nurseryman  at  Annonay,  Ard&che,  France,  who  described  it  as  a  very 
good,  large,  productive  fruit,  ripening  in  June. 

Belle  d'Orleans.  P.  avium,  i.  Mag.  Hort.  16:358,  540  fig.  1850.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  211.  1856.  3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier 2:84,  85  fig.,  86.  1866.  4.  Leroy  Diet. 
Pom.  5:314  fig.,  315.     1877. 

Beauty  oj  Orleans.     5.  ///.   Handb.     15   fig.,    i^.     1867.     6.   Can.    Exp.  Farms  Rpt. 
415.     1899. 

Belle  de  Bruxelles.     T.  Guide  Prat.     10,  17,  181.     1895. 

Some  writers  state  that  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  originated  this 
variety  about  1852;  others  hold  that  it  is  of  French  origin.  Tree  large,  very  vigorous, 
productive ;  fruit  usually  attached  in  pairs,  medium  to  above  in  size,  roundish-oval  or  often 
cordate;  stem  medivun  in  length,  rather  slender;  skin  transparent,  clear  pale  yellow  with 
a  light  red  cheek,  occasionally  slightly  mottled;  flesh  pale  amber,  juicy,  tender,  sweet; 
good  in  quality;  stone  large,  rovmdish-obovate ;  season  early. 

Belle  de  Ribeaucourt.  P.  avium.  1.  Mag.  Hort.  20:269.  1854.  2.  Mortillet  Le  CmstVr 
2:181,  210.     1866.     3.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:170  fig.,  171.     1877. 

Schone  von  Ribeaucourt.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  335,  377.     1889. 

This  variety  probably  originated  in  Northern  France.     Fruit  globular,  flattened  at 
the  ends,  large,  usually  borne  in  twos;  stem  long;  cavity  large,  deep;  skin  transparent, 
red,  more  intense  in  the  sun;  flesh  yellow,  rose-colored  under  the  skin,  sweet,  juicy,  acidu- 
lated; pit  small,  oval,  round;  ripens  about  the  middle  of  June. 
Belle  de  Rochelle.     Species?     1.  Gard.  Chron.  106&.     1861. 

Mentioned  as  remarkable  for  its  size,  its  abundant  juice  and  rich  flavor  which  are 
said  to  make  it  one  of  the  best  fruits  of  its  season.     Its  long  stems  facilitate  picking. 
Belle  de  Rocmont.     P.  avium     i.  Duhamel  Trait  Arb.  Fr.  1:167,  168.     1768. 

Glanze)tde  goldgelb  und  roth  marmorirte  Kramelkirsche.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:3, 
Tab.  5  fig.  2.     1792. 

Schone  von  Rocmont.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  211-^,16.     18 19. 

Pigeon's  Heart.     4.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  30.     1828. 

Bigarreau  belle  de  Rocmond.     5.  Lo}td.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  46.     183 1. 

Coeur  de  Pigeon  Gros.     6.  Ibid.  48.     183 1. 

Pigeon  Heart  Bigarreau.     7.  Prince  Pont.  Man.  2:127.     1832. 

Bigarreau  de  Rocmont.     8.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:No.  6,  PI.     1846. 

Rocmonter  Marmorkirsche.     g.  DochnahlFiihr.  Obstkunde  sitiQ.     1858. 

Rothe  Spanische  Marmorkirsche.     10.  Ibid.  39,  40.     1858. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  215 

Belle  de  Rocmont  is  so  similar  to  Yellow  Spanish  that  some  writers  consider  them 
the  same.  If  not  the  same  they  are  so  nearly  so  that  a  description  of  this  variety  is 
unnecessary. 

Belle  de  Saint  Tronc.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  27.     1876.     2.  Flor.  &  Pom. 
117.    1S78.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  334,  359.     1889. 

This  Heart  cherry  was  introduced  in  1873  by  M.  Antonie,  Marseilles,  Bouches-du- 
Rh6ne,  France.  It  is  described  by  the  French  as  a  brownish-black  cherry  but  Rivers 
lists  it  as  a  light  red  sort.  Fruit  cordate;  stem  short;  brownish-black;  flesh  deep  red, 
juicy;  first  quality;  early;  productive. 

Belle  Vezzouris.     Species?     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  278.    1857.     2.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit 
Cult.  664.     1897. 

A  medium  to  large,  light  red,  somewhat  transparent  cherry  w4th  a  subacid  flavor; 
quality  good;  ripens  -w-ith  Downer. 

Belle  de  Voisery.     P.  ainum.     i.  Alathieu   Nam.   Pont.  334.   1889.     2.  Guide  Prat.   17. 
1895. 

Similar  to  Duchesse  de  Palluau  according  to  Guide  Pratique. 
Bender  (of  Michigan).     P.  cerasus.     i.  Wood  Co;.  32.    19 12. 

This  is  a  seedling  found  by  a  man  named  Bender  near  Shelby,  Michigan.     It  ripens 
between  Early  Richmond    and    Montmorency,  svirpassing   the  latter   in  size,  color  and 
quality ;   sour. 
Bender  (of  New  York) .     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus. 

Marguerite,     i.  McKay  Cat.  7.     1912. 

This  variety  is  an  accidental  seedling  found  by  J.  O.  Bender,  FayetteviUe,  New  York, 
about  1875.  It  is  a  late  cherry  of  the  Diike  group.  The  fruit  is  attractive  both  in  size 
and  color,  making  a  valuable  market  sort.  Fruit  roundish-cordate  to  oblate,  compressed; 
cavity  meditim,  flaring;  sutiu-e  very  shallow;  stem  slender,  above  medium  in  length;  sldn 
of  medium  thickness  and  toughness,  separating  from  the  pulp,  light  red,  yellowish  on  the 
shaded  side;  flesh  pale  yellow,  somewhat  coarse  and  stringy,  tender,  melting,  subacid, 
juicy;  good  in  quality;  stone  large,  slightly  clinging  along  the  ventral  suture.  Very  similar 
to  Late  Duke. 
Berlin  Amarelle.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  549.     1901. 

A  vigorous  variety  received  from  L.  Spath,  Berlin,  Germany.     Fruit  medium  to  large, 
oval;  skin  glossy  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  pleasingly  acid;  season  from  the  middle  to  the 
last  of  July  in  Canada. 
Bernard.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Am.  Hort.  An.  88.     1869. 

Described  by  D.  B.  Wier,  Lacon,  Illinois,  as  a  seedling  of  the  Morello  group.  Tree 
vigorous,  pyramidal  in  growth;  fruit  the  size,  shape,  color  and  flavor  of  English  Morello 
but  with  a  smaller  pit. 

Bettenburger  Glaskirsche.     P.  avium   X    P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort. 
445,  446,  689.     1819.     2.  III.  Handb.  171  fig.,  172.     i860. 

Transparent  de  Bettenburg.     3.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:77,  78,  fig.  37.     1866-73. 

Belle  Allemande.    ^.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  2$.     1876. 

Truchsess,  a  German,  grew  this  variety  from  a  stone  of  the  Prager  Muscateller,  in 


214  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

1794.  The  tree  has  a  close  growth  and  with  its  large,  wide  leaves  is  easily  recognized  from 
other  light  Duke  cherries.  The  fruit  is  often  confused  with  Double  Glass  but  the  color 
is  darker,  the  stem  longer  and  thicker,  the  flavor  sweeter,  and  the  season  from  eight  to 
ten  days  later.  Tree  moderately  vigorous;  fruit  large,  cordate,  rather  obtuse,  with  a 
pronounced  suture  extending  into  the  cavity;  stem  long,  set  in  a  smooth,  shallow  cavity; 
skin  tough,  clear  purple  changing  to  dark  red;  flesh  yellowish-white,  transparent,  jiiicy, 
not  colored  unless  well  ripened,  sweetish-sour,  slightly  aromatic;  stone  of  medium  size, 
globular,  plump,  truncate  at  the  base ;  season  late. 
Bettenburger  Herzkirsche.     P.  am'imt.     1.  ///.  Handb.  65  fig.,  66.     i860. 

Bettenburger  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     2.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirsdiensort.  115,  116.     1819. 

Guigne  de  Bettenbourg.     3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:301.     1866. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  of  a  worthless  black  Heart  cherry,  raised  by  Truchsess  in 
1794.  Fruit  very  large,  flattened,  heart-shaped,  sides  compressed;  stem  short,  set  in  a 
shallow  cavity;  apex  slightly  depressed;  skin  tough,  deep  dark-brown  with  hght  spots, 
turning  black  when  ripe;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  very  sweet;  stone  almost  small,  plump,  round- 
ish; season  the  last  of  June  in  Germany. 

Bettenburger   Kirsche    von   der   Natte.     P.    cerasus.     i.    Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort. 
507-511.     1819.     2.  Dochnahl  Filhr.  Obstkunde  3:61.     1858. 

A  variety  received  by  Truchsess  as  Kirsche  von  der  Natte  and  disseminated  by  him 
as  such.  After  a  few  years  he  found  that  it  was  not  true  to  name  and  to  avoid  further 
confusion  added  the  word  Bettenburger.  Fruit  large,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  base; 
suture  indistinct;  stem  short,  slender,  shallowly  inserted;  skin  tough,  dull,  dark  brown, 
inclined  to  black;  flesh  dark  red,  juicy,  aromatic,  subacid;  stone  not  large,  plump;  ripens 
the  middle  of  July  in  Germany. 
Bettenburger  Weichsel.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:62,  63.     1858. 

Bettenburger  Weichsel  Grosser  Gobet.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  521,  522,  523. 
1819. 

Bettenburger  Weichsel  von  der  Natte.     3.  Liegel  Syst.  Anleit.  171.     1825. 

Griotte  de  Bettenbourg.     4.  ThomasGuide  Prat.  22,  194.     1876. 

This  German  variety  came  from  seeds  of  Grosse  Gobet  planted  by  Truchsess  in  1794. 
Fruit  very  large,  sides  compressed;  skin  tough,  dark  brownish-red;  flesh  and  juice  dark, 
pleasingly  sour,  improves  if  left  on  the  tree;  stone  large,  cordate,  pointed. 
Bicolor  Van  Mens.     Species?     i.  Mortillet  Le  CmsiVr  2:99,  208.     1866. 

Fruit   medium  in    size,   slightly  elongated;    attractively    variegated    with    red;    of 
mediocre  quality;  matures  the  last  fortnight  of  Jtme. 
Bigarreau  Abbesse  de  Mouland.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  334.     1889. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Bigarreau  Antoine  Nomblot.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  569,  570,  PI.     1912. 

In  1903,  Alfred  Nomblot  planted  what  he  believed  to  be  a  seed  of  Bigarreau  Donnissen 
but  the  resulting  tree  in  many  of  its  characters  resembled  Bigarreau  Noir  de  Kruger  which 
stood  near  the  supposed  parent.  A  cross  between  these  varieties  might  result  in  a  dark 
fruit  similar  to  this.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  very  productive;  frmt  above  medium  in 
size,  cordate,  attached  in  ones,  twos  and  threes;  stem  long;    skin  marbled  with  purple 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  215 

changing  to  black;   flesh   firm,    sugary,    juicy,    high   flavored;    pit    small,   ovoid;    early. 
Recommended  by  the  Societe  Pomologique  de  France  as  a  good,  early  cherry. 
Bigarreau  Blanc  Precoce.     P.  avimn.     1.  Mas  Pcnn.  Gen.  11:144.     18S2. 

A  short  description  of  the  tree-characters  is  given  in  this  reference. 
Bigarreau  Blanc-Rose  de  Piemont.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22.     1876.     2. 
Guide  Prat.  17.     1895. 

Matures  late;  according  to  Guide  Pratique,  1895,  it  is  ver>'  similar  to  Napoleon. 
Bigarreau  Bordan.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:183,  184  fig.     1877. 

Bordans  frnhe  weisse  Hcrzkirsche.     2.  Dochnahl  Fi</!r.  Obstkunde  3: 2y.     1858. 

Bordans  Herzkirsche.     3.  ///.  Haiidb.  97   fig.,  98.     i860.     4.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  18, 
197.     1876. 

Guigne  Blanche  de  Bordan.     5.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:97,  98,  208.     1866. 

This  variety  was  raised  by  M.  Bordan  of  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany,  and  was  first 
described  by  Oberdieck.  Leroy  lists  it  as  a  Bigarreau  as  he  believes  the  flesh  is  too 
firm  for  a  Gmgne  as  many  Germans  have  described  it.  Tree  hardy,  productive;  fruit 
usually  borne  in  pairs,  elongated-cordate,  sides  and  base  often  compressed;  suture 
shallow;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  wide,  deep  cavity;  skin  glossy,  yellowish,  spotted 
and  streaked  with  red,  becoming  almost  entirely  washed  with  red  in  the  sun;  flesh 
tender,  whitish,  juicy,  sugary,  slightly  acidulated,  pleasing;  stone  medium,  oval,  turgid; 
season  early. 
Bigarreau  de  Bourget.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  335.     1889. 

Listed  without  a  description  by  Mathieu. 
Bigarreau  Brim.     P.  avium.     1.  Kxioop  Fructologie  2:^$.     177 1. 

Not  described. 
Bigarreau  de  Capucins.     P.  avium,     i.  Gard.  Chron.  N.  S.  19:255.     1883. 

Kapuziner  Knorpel.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  364.     1889. 

This  variety  is  little  known  out  of  Belgiimi.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large, 
obtuse-oblong,  regular,  depressed  at  the  ends;  skin  amber-yellow,  blushed  with  red;  flesh 
white,  crisp,  juicy. 
Bigarreau  de  la  Caserne.     P.  avium,     i.  Gard.  Chron.  663.     1866. 

According  to  the  reference  this  variety  is  spoken  of  in  La  Belgique  Horticole  as  a  variety 
with  prodigious  leaves,  yellow  fruit  dashed  with  red  and  of  good  quality. 
Bigarreau  Cayenne.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22.     1876.     2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom. 
5:186  fig.     1877. 

Cayenner  Knorpelkirsche.     3.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  55.     1907. 

This  variety  was  received  by  Leroy  in  1857  from  Angouleme,  Charente,  France. 
Fruit  generally  borne  in  pairs;  of  medium  size,  oval,  somewhat  cylindrical,  compressed  at 
the  extremities,  with  a  large,  rather  deep  suture;  apex  generally  prominent;  stem  long; 
cavity  broad  and  regular;  skin  thick,  yellow,  washed  with  pale  red  changing  to  lively  red 
in  the  sun;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  brittle,  juicy,  sweet,  slightly  sugary  and  aromatic;  pit 
large,  oval,  slightly  con\'ex;  ripens  the  last  of  June  to  the  first  of  July. 
Bigarreau  de  Chalons.     P.  avium,     i.  Mortillet  Lg  Cerisier  2:131,  132,  209.     1866. 

A  local  variety,  widely   known    in   the   departments   of    Jura   and    Saone-et-Loire, 


2l6  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

France,  as  Chdlonnaise.  Fruit  large,  roundish-cordate,  depressed  at  the  base,  one  face 
flattened,  the  other  bulged;  sutvu-e  slight;  stem  short;  skin  a  deep  purple  tint  in  the  sun, 
spotted  with  clear  red  in  the  shade;  flesh  white  or  of  a  slight  rose  color,  with  uncolored 
juice,  sugary,  aromatic;  pit  small;  season  the  middle  of  June. 

Bigarreau  de  Champvans.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  27.     1876.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
17.     1895. 

This  is  an  excellent  cheiry  of  the  Bigarreau  type  with  colored  juice  and  transparent 
skin,  which  originated  in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  France;   said  in  the  second 
reference  to  be  similar  to  Napoleon. 
Bigarreau  Comiola.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:191,  192  fig.     1877. 

The  name  Corniola  is  derived  from  comaline,  the  French  for  cornelian.  Tree  medium 
in  size  and  productiveness;  fruit  attached  in  twos  or  threes,  large,  roundish,  slightly  com- 
pressed at  the  ends  and  faces;  suture  deep;  stem  short,  set  in  a  rather  deep  cavity;  skin 
whitish-yellow,  largely  washed  with  rose  color  and  spotted  with  deep  carmine;  flesh  yellow- 
ish, firm,  not  fibrous,  juicy,  sugary,  slightly  acidulated;  first  quality;  season  early  June. 
Bigarreau  Court  Picout  Hatif.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Bigarreau  Court  Picout  Tardif.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Bigarreau  Donnissen.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  16,  189.     1876. 

Donnissens  gelbe   Knorpelkirsche .     2.  Liegel  Syst.  Anleit.   162.     1825.     3.  Dochnahl 
Fiilir.  Obstkunde  3:44.     1858.     4. /W. //aji<f5.  145  fig.,  146.     i860. 

Bigarreau  jaune  de  Donissen.     5.  Mortillet  Lc  Cerisier  2:304.     1866. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  from  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany,  named  for  the  originator; 
it  fruited  first  about  1824.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  attached  in  twos,  some- 
times threes,  large,  roundish-cordate;  suture  slight;  stem  long,  rather  stout;  cavity  broad, 
shallow;  skin  glossy,  transparent,  yeUowish-orange  when  ripe;  flesh  wliitish,  firm,  slightly 
fibrous,  moderately  juicy,  sugary,  pleasingly  acidulated;  first  quality;  pit  large,  ovoid, 
plump;  ripens  the  last  of  June  to  the  first  of  July. 
Bigarreau  Dore.    P.  avium,    i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22.     1876.     2.  Guide  Prat.  15.     1895. 

Fruit  yellow,  round. 
Bigarreau  Double  Royale.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Dzc/.  Pom.  5:195  fig.,  196.     1877. 

Konigliche  Fleischkirsche.     2.  T>oc)\na!cA  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3: ^4.     1858. 

Konigliche  Herzkirsche .     3.  III.  Haiidb.  467  fig.,  468.     1861. 

Guigne  Royale.    4.  Mortillet  L«  Cm^tVr  2:301.     1866. 

The  fact  that  Oberdieck  received  this  variety  from  the  Societe  Horticole  de  Prague 
under  the  French  name  Double  Royale  leads  us  to  believe,  as  does  Leroy,  that  it  is  of  French 
rather  than  of  Austrian  origin  as  many  German  writers  hold.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  usually 
borne  in  pairs,  large,  cordate,  rather  abrupt  at  the  ends;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  shallow; 
suture  almost  indistinct;  skin  glossy,  reddish-brown  to  nearly  black;  fiesh  moderately 
tender,  red,  juicy,  vinous,  sweet;  quality  very  good;  pit  small,  ovoid,  turgid;  ripens  about 
the  middle  of  June. 
Bigarreau  Dur.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hort.  Sac.  Cat.  46.     1831. 

Listed  in  this  reference  without  description. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  21 7 

Bigarreau  Duranno.     P.  aviitm.     i.  Lcroy  Diet.  Pom.  siigi.     1877. 

This  variety  is  first  mentioned  by  Leroy  in  1868,  appearing  in  his  catalog  of  1875 
incorrectly  as  Bigarreau  Duracino.     The  trees  are  used  for  stocks.     Fruit  large,  roundish- 
cordate,  uneven;  suture  narrow;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  deep  red  in  the  sim;  flesh  firm, 
dry,  acidulated,  sugary;  matures  early  in  July. 
Bigarreau  Galopin.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Bigarreau  Glady.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:206  fig.    1877. 

This  variety  was  sent  from  the  Jtunard  nursery  about  1850  to  Eugene  Glady,  Bor- 
deaux, France.  Fnut  above  medium  in  size,  cordate,  elongated;  stem  of  medium  length, 
set  in  a  straight,  deep  cavity;  skin  brownish-red,  striped  with  carmine;  fiesh  a  light  rose 
color,  firm,  crisp,  juicy,  sugary,  slightly  acidulated;  first  quality;  pit  of  medium  size;  ripens 
the  first  of  June. 
Bigarreau  Grand.     P.  avium,     i.  Pont.  Franee  7:No.  13,  PI.   13.     1871.     2.  Guide  Prat. 

IS-     1895- 

This  cherry  was  introduced  into  the  vicinity  of  Lyons,  France,  in  1849  by  M.  Grand 
who  probably  brought  it  from  his  nurseries  in  Italy.  It  has  many  characters  in  common 
with  Lyons.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish-cordate,  trun- 
cate at  the  base;  suture  wide,  deep;  stem  medium,  straight,  set  in  a  wide,  deep  cavity; 
sldn  thin,  smooth,  changing  from  a  whitish-green  to  a  rose-red  and  later  to  a  deep  crimson ; 
flesh  fine,  half-tender,  rose-colored,  lighter  near  pit,  with  pale  juice,  sugary,  aromatic; 
good;  pit  large,  oval;  season  very  early. 

Bigarreau  Groll.     P.  avium.     1.  III.  Handb.  135  fig.,  136.     i860.     2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom. 
5:207  fig.,  208.     1877. 

Grolls  bunte  Knorpelkirsche.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  328,  329.     1819. 

Bigarreau  blane  de  Groll.     4.  Guide  Prat.  17,  182.     1895. 

This  seedling  from  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany,  bearing  the  name  of  its  originator, 
has  been  known  and  rather  widely  written  about  since  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 
Tree  of  moderate  vigor;  fruit  generally  borne  in  pairs,  large,  cordate,  truncate  at  the  base; 
sides  compressed  and  marked  by  a  suture;  stem  long,  set  in  a  wide,  shallow  cavity;  skin 
red,  becoming  darker,  spotted  and  streaked;  flesh  yellowish,  somewhat  firm,  juicy,  aromatic; 
first  quality;  stone  large,  oval;  ripens  in  June  and  hangs  for  a  long  time. 
Bigarreau  Gros  Noir  de  Luther.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22.     1876. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Bigarreau  Hatif  de  Champagne.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  27.     1876.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  17.     1895. 

Found  at  Champagne,  Ain,  France,  and  introduced  in  1873  by  M.  Fandon.  The 
tree  is  an  erect,  vigorous  grower;  fruit  large,  brownish-black,  ripening  two  weeks  before 
Lyons;  of  little  value. 

Bigarreau  Hatif  de  Saint-Laud.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11: 107,  108,  fig.  54.     1882. 
2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  337.     1889. 

Fruit  large,  cordate,  slightly  irregular  in  outline;  stem  rather  short,  set  in  a  wide, 
round  cavity;  skin   clear   red,  striped  with   deeper  red  changing  to  ptarple;    flesh  rather 


2l8  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

tender,  tinged  red,  with  abundant  colored  juice,  sugar>',  vinous;  good;  pit  small,  ovoid, 
slightly  compressed;  matures  the  middle  of  June. 

Bigarreau  d'ltalie.     P.  avium,     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:102-104,   219,  fig.  21.     1866. 
2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:211,  212  fig.     1877. 

Bohemian  Black  Bigarreau.     3.  HoggFruit  Man.  69,  76,  94.     1866. 

Black  Bohemian.     4.  Fish  Hardy-Fr.  Bk.  2:104.     1882. 

This  old  variety  was  much  esteemed  by  the  ItaUans  and  later  by  the  Belgians  who 
grew  it  as  early  as  1815;  it  is  of  more  recent  introduction  into  France  and  England. 
It  is  sometimes  confused  with  the  Florence  of  Hogg  and  Downing.  Fruit  roundish,  slightly 
heart-shaped,  flattened  at  both  ends;  suture  distinct;  stem  thick,  short,  inserted  in  an  acute, 
deep  cavity;  skin  firm,  thick,  glossy,  very  deep  purple  changing  to  black;  flesh  firm,  dark, 
juicy,  sugary,  aromatic;  pit  medium,  roundish-oval,  convex,  suture  and  grooves  prominent; 
season  the  last  two  weeks  of  June. 
Bigarreau  Jacquet.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  337.     1889. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Bigarreau  Jumard.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:  206.     1877. 

Mentioned  as  having  been  received  by  Eugene  Glady,  Bordeaux,  Gironde,  France, 
in  a  shipment  of  trees  received  about  1850  from  the  Jumard  nursery. 
Bigarreau  Kriiger.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:215,  216  fig.    1877. 

Bigarreau  ncnr  de  Kriiger.     2.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22,  190.     1876. 

Kriiger's  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  366.     1889. 

This  variety  was  introduced  into  France  by  M.  Eug&ne  Glady,  1858,  from  Guben, 
Prussia,  Germany,  and  is  thought  to  have  been  originated  by  one  of  the  Kriiger  family. 
Tree  vigorous,  bears  early ;  fruit  large  to  above,  cordate,  more  or  less  roundish,  faces  com- 
pressed; suture  wide;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  large  cavity;  skin  yellowish-white,  min- 
gled with  red,  changing  to  brownish;  flesh  pale  yellow,  rather  firm,  slightly  fibrous,  juicy, 
sweet  though  sprightly;  pit  large,  elongated-oval,  flat;  ripens  toward  the  middle  of  June. 
Bigarreau  Legrey.     P.  avium,     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  6g,  y 4.     1S66. 

A  small,  cordate-shaped  Bigarreau,  more  curious  than  useful. 
Bigarreau  de  Lory.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  205.     1819. 

Bigarreau  de  Loire.     2.Msls  Pom.  Gen.  ii'.isg.     1882. 

Mentioned  as  a  medium-sized,  dark  brownish-red,  firm-fleshed  fruit 
Bigarreau  Marjolet.     P.  avium,     i.  Guide  Prat.  7.     1895. 

Guigne  Marjolet.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:135,  136,  fig.  68.     1882.     3.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom  360.     1889. 

Bigarreau  Mar jeollais.     ^.  Ibid.  7,2,"].     1889. 

Marjolets  Knorpelkirsche .     5.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  57.     1907. 

The  descriptions  of  the  Guigne  Marjolet  and  the  Bigarreau  Marjolet  are  identical 
and  we  have  combined  the  two.     The  variety  was  named  after  its  originator,  M.  Marjolet; 
tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  roimdish-cordate,  dark  red;  flesh  tender,  red,  vinous, 
pleasing;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Bigarreau  Mongin.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  482.     1904. 

Tree  of  medium  growth;  fruit  medivmi  in  size,  cordate;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  deep 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  219 

cavity;  skin  clear  yellow  blushed  with  red;  flesh  yellowish-white,  tender,  juicy,   sweet, 

pleasant;  ripens  in  July  in  Canada. 

Bigarreau  Monstreuse  de  Bavay.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  235.     1854. 

Spoken  of,  in  1854,  as  promising  but  evidently  it  has  been  discarded  as  no  reference 
has  been  made  to  it  since  that  date.     It  may  be  Reine  Hortense. 
Bigarreau  Moreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  552,  553,  PI.     1913. 

This  cherr}-  recently  originated  as  a  chance  seedling  near  Lyons,  France,  several 
persons  claiming  the  honor  of  its  discover^-.  Its  value  was  discussed  at  the  meetings  of 
the  Societe  Pomologique  de  France  in  1909  and  191 1  when  it  was  adjudged  by  leading 
French  pomologists  to  be  one  of  the  earliest  of  all  varieties,  earlier  than  Lyons,  and  showing 
high  commercial  possibilities.  Tree  handsome  in  type  of  growth,  with  open,  somewhat 
erect  branches;  leaves  large,  deeply  serrate;  fruit  very  large;  color  beautiful  clear  red 
becoming  darker  at  maturity;  flesh  white,  breaking,  very  firm,  with  uncolored  juice, 
sweet,  very  refreshing;  stone  medium  to  small;  season  in  France  verj'  early. 
Bigarreau  Napoleon  Noir.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22.     1876. 

Bigarreau  Noir  Napoleon  III.     2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:227  fig.,  228.     1877. 

Napoleon  Noir.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  ^oj.     1884. 

Herzkirsche  Napolemi  III.     4.  IVIathieu  Nom.  Pom.  362.     1889. 

The  origin  of  this  cherry  is  uncertain.  Leroy  first  noted  it  in  the  Simon-Louis  catalog 
in  1867.  To  avoid  confusion  with  the  well-known  Napoleon,  he  added  the  number  III. 
Fruit  usually  attached  in  pairs,  large,  var>-ing  from  elongated-oval  to  cylindrical;  stem 
long,  set  in  a  large  cavity;  color  dull  red  changing  to  deep  maroon;  fl'esh  rose-colored, 
moderately  firm,  ver\'  juicy,  sweet ;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 

Bigarreau  Noir  d'Ecully.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nmn.  Pom.  338.     1889.     2.  Cat.  Cong. 
Pom.  France  522.     1906. 

Ecullyer  Knorpelkirsche.     3.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  55.     1907. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  black  at  maturity;  flesh  firm,  crisp, 
dark,  vinous,  sugary,  juicy,  good;  late. 
Bigarreau  Noir  a  Gros  Fruits.     P.  avium,     i.  Le  Bon  Jard.  345.     1882. 

Fruit  large,  flattened;  flesh  firm,  sweet;  first  quality;  ripens  early  in  June. 
Bigarreau  Noir  de  Heintzen.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22,  190.     1876. 

Heintzens  {Heintze's)  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  362.     1889. 

This  is  said  to  be  a  very  good  and  productive  cherry  ripening  in  the  fifth  week  of 
the  cherry  season. 
Bigarreau  Noir  de  Tabor.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  19,  190.     1876. 

Tabors  schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     2.  III.  Handb.  79  fig.,  80.     i860. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright;  fnut  of  medium  size,  cordate,  often  obtuse;  sides  compressed; 
suture  but  a  line;  stem  medium  long;  cavity  variable;  skin  glossy,  dark  reddish-brown; 
flesh  firm,  dark  red,  sweet,  rich;  stone  small,  roundish;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Bigarreau  d'Octobre.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  243.     1858. 

Oktober- Knorpelkirsche.     2.  Dochnahl  F/i/zr.  065<feM«<ie  3:38.     1858. 

This  variety  was  refused  a  place  on  the  American  Pomological  Society's  fruit  list 
in  1858.  Fniit  small,  oval  to  roundish-cordate,  flattened  at  the  ca\'ity;  stem  short;  skin 
black,  glossy;  stone  large,  oval;  good. 


220  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Bigarreau  de  I'Once.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  190.     1876.     2.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  11:5,  6,  fig.  3.     1882. 

It  is  thought  that  this  variety  originated  in  the  vicinity  of  Nice,  Alpes-Maritimes, 
France.  Fruit  very  large,  elongated-cordate;  suture  distinct  on  one  side,  a  colored  line 
on  the  other  side;  stem  very  long,  slender;  cavity  deep,  large;  skin  a  clear  cherry-red  on 
a  yellow  groimd;  flesh  yellowish,  crisp,  firm,  sweet,  refreshing,  with  abundant,  uncolored 
juice;  quality  good;  pit  large;  season  the  first  of  July. 
Bigarreau  Pourpre.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  190.     1876. 

Gros  Bigarreau  pourpre.     2.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:212,  215,  218.     1866. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  roundish-cordate;  skin  deep  reddish-brown;  flesh  firm,  good; 
ripens  early  in  July. 
Bigarreau  Printanier  d'Oullins.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Bigarreau  Reverchon.     P.  avium,     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cm5zVr  2:133.     1866.     2.  Leroy  Dz'rf. 
Pom.  5:235  fig.,  382.     1877.     3.  Yi-ogg  Fruit  Man.  285.     1884. 

M.  Paul  Reverchon  introduced  this  variety  about  1855,  into  France  from  Italy,  where 
it  had  long  been  known  about  Florence  as  Bigarreau  Papal.  Tree  vigorous,  moderately 
productive;  fruit  attached  in  ones  or  twos,  large,  obtuse-cordate,  marked  distinctly  on 
one  side  by  the  suture;  stem  thick,  short,  set  in  a  prominent  cavity;  skin  smooth,  glossy, 
tough,  rose-yellow  streaked  with  purple  in  the  sun  and  with  red  in  the  shade;  flesh  light 
red,  crisp,  fibrous,  moderately  juicy,  rather  sweet;  pit  small,  ovoid,  plump;  season  the 
last  of  Jvme  to  the  first  of  July. 
Bigarreau  Richelieu.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:235,  236  fig.     1877. 

This  variety,  says  Leroy,  was  introduced  into  France  from  Nikita,  Crimea,  Russia, 
about  1858.  Fruit  borne  in  pairs,  large,  elongated-cordate,  with  one  side  flattened;  stem 
long,  inserted  in  a  small  mamelonated  cavity;  skin  glossy,  yellowish-amber,  with  a  rose- 
colored  blush  in  the  stin;  flesh  firm,  breaking,  filamentose,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  first 
quality;  stone  of  medium  size,  elongated-cordate;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Bigarreau  Rosa.     P.  avium      i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:239  fig.     1877. 

Tree  moderately  productive;  fruit  usually  borne  in  pairs,  large,  elongated-cordate, 
faces  flattened;  suture  wide,  deep;  stem  long,  rather  stout,  set  in  a  wide  cavity;  skin 
yellowish  on  rose-colored  ground,  amply  washed  with  brilliant  red  on  which  are  scattered 
small,  white  dots;  flesh  yellowish-white,  firm,  compact,  filamentose,  juicy,  uncolored, 
rather  sugary,  acidulated,  aromatic;  second  quality;  pit  large,  turgid;  ripens  the  last  of 
June. 
Bigarreau  Rose  Dragon.     P.  avium.     1.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  96.     1877. 

Reported  by  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Fruits  in  1877  ^s  worthy  of  trial  but  not 
grown  at  present.     Fruit  large,  pale  yellow,  with  a  red  cheek;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet, 
good;  season  the  middle  of  July. 
Bigarreau  de  Schrecken.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  190.     1876. 

Schreckens  Kirsche.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  377.     1889. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  brownish-black,  glossy;  flesh 
moderately  firm;  first  quality;  matures  in  mid-June. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  221 

Bigarreau  Strie.     P.  avium,     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:114,  115,  208.     1866. 

Fruit  large,  elongated-cordate,   faces  compressed;  suture  wide;  stem  short,  rather 
stout;  skin  many  shades  of  red  and  purple  on  a  rose-colored  ground  with  flesh-colored 
spots;  flesh  reddish,  firm,  crisp,  sweet;  jviice  slightly  colored;  quality  fair;  stone  small; 
season  early;  deteriorates  rapidly. 
Bigarreau  de  Trie.     P.  avium,     i.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  13.     18S7. 

Origin  unknown,  but  rather  widely  cultivated  around  Trie,  Hautes-Pryenees,  France. 
Tree  vigorous;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  compressed,  slightly  cordate;  stem  long, 
slender;  skin  tough,  deep  red,  transparent,  with  a  slight  blush  of  amber;  flesh  whitish- 
yellow,  verj'  firm,  juic}-,  uncolored,  sugary,  aromatic;  good;  season  early  July. 
Bigarreau  a  Trochets.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  22.     1876. 

An  extremely  productive  variety  distributed  in  some  parts  of  France;  fruit  large, 
red;  flesh  brittle;  ripens  in  late  June. 
Bigarreau  Turca.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:247,  248  fig.     1877. 

This  old  cherry  was  described  in  1785  as  Heaume  Rouge  but  was  found  in  1862  by 
Leroy  in  Florence,  Italy,  as  Bigarreau  Turca  by  which  name  it  was  well  known.  It  is 
probably  not  of  Turkish  origin  as  the  name  would  indicate.  Fruit  often  borne  in  pairs, 
large,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  noticeable  but  not  deep;  stem  short;  cavity  spacious;  color  deep 
red,  lightly  spotted  with  gray ;  flesh  rather  firm,  fibrous,  mottled  \vith  light  red  becom- 
ing darker  near  the  pit,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly;  pit  large,  ovoid,  plump;  ripens  late  in  June. 
Bigarreau  de  Walpurgis.     P.  avimn.     1.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:250  fig.     1877. 

St.  Walpurgiskirsehe.     2.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  Z'-iS-     1858. 

Walpurgiskirsehe.     3.  ///.  Handb.  41  fig.,  42.     1867. 

Cerise  Walpurgis.     4.  Mas  Le  Forger  8:157,  158,  fig.  77.     1866-73. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  from  the  village  of  Walpurgisburg,  near  Cologne,  Germany, 
originating  about  1845.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  attached  in  pairs,  very  large, 
roundish-cordate,  compressed;  suture  shallow,  extending  entirely  arotind  the  fruit;  stem 
slender,  rather  long;  cavity  wide,  shallow,  sides  only  slightly  raised;  skin  firm,  adherent, 
glossy,  dark  cherry-red  changing  to  almost  black;  flesh  firm,  dark  red,  juicy,  aromatic, 
vinous;  pit  of  medium  size,  oval,  dark  red;  ripens  late  in  July. 
Bigarreau  de  Zeisberg.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  190.     1876. 

Zeisbergische  Kirsehe.     2.  III.  Handb.  31  fig.,  32.     1867. 

Cerise  de  Zeisberg.    3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:35,  36,  fig-  i8-     1882. 

Oberdieck  received  this  variety,  which  bears  the  name  of  its  originator,  from  Hanover, 
Prussia,  Germany,  in  1857.  Fruit  very  large,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  wide,  flat  on  the 
dorsal  side,  extending  slightly  beyond  the  apex;  stem  long,  rather  slender,  set  in  a  flaring 
cavity;  skin  glossy,  brownish-black,  later  becoming  black,  adhering  to  the  pulp;  flesh 
firm,  dark  red,  juicy,  pleasant,  with  an  aromatic  sweetness  when  mature;  season  the  last 
of  June. 
Bigarreau  Zschedowitzer  Schwarze.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  23.     1876. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Bigarreautier  a  Petit  Fruit  Noir.     P.  avium,     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2: $03.     i860. 

A  mediocre  but  productive  cherry  ripening  in  August. 


222  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Bigarreautier  a  Petit  Fruit  Rose.     P.  avium,     i.  Noisette  Man.  Cow/>.  yard.  2:503.     i860. 

A  variety  raised  from  seed  in  1824;  tree  vigorous;   stem  long;  flesh  tender,  wliite, 
sugary;  quality  fair;  July. 
Bill  and  Coo.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  454.     1869. 

Two  lovers  made  the  original  tree  their  haunt,  hence,  the  name  "  Bill  and  Coo." 
This  variety  originated  on  the  grounds  of  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Fruit 
of  medium  size,  regular  heart-shaped,  flattened  at  the  apex;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity 
deep;  suture  broad  on  one  side,  the  opposite  side  knobby;  color  amber-yellow,  marbled 
with  clear  red;  flesh  rich,  delicate,  sweet;  ripens  early  in  June. 
Bismarck.     P.  avium,     i.  Hoopes,  Bro.  &  Thomas  Cat.  20.     1907. 

This  variety  is  a  Sweet  Cherry  from  near  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Fruit  very  large, 
dark  red,  firm,  sweet,  juicy  and  rich;  vigorous  and  productive;  ripens  the  first  of  July. 
Black  American.     Species?     i.  Loitd.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  47.     183 1. 

Listed  without  description  in  this  reference. 
Black  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Knoop  Fr«c/o/ogtV  2:35,  37,  38.     1771.     2.  Prince  Pom. 
Alan.  2:130.     1832. 

Bigarreau  hdtif.    3.  Le  Bond  Jard.  345.     1882. 

Bigarreau  noir  Hdtif.    4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  285.     1884. 

Black  Bigarreau  is  an  old  variety  of  unknown  origin  quite  distinct  from  any  others 
of  its  class.  Tree  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  heart-shaped,  obscurely  flattened; 
stem  long;  skin  at  first  dotted  with  red,  later  becoming  black,  glossy;  flesh  firm,  rather 
dry,  with  dark  colored  juice,  breaking,  sweet;  not  high  in  quality;  ripens  the  last  of  June 
and  the  first  of  July. 

Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy.     P.  avium.     1.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  185.     1845.     2.  Ibid. 
256.     1857. 

Neu)  Large  Black  Bigarreau.    3.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  234,  235.     1841.     4.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  185.     1845.     5.  Mag.  Hort.  16:  538  fig.,  539.     1850. 

Large  Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy.     6.  Mag.  Hort.  8:251.     1842. 

Walsh  Seedling.    7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  196,  197.     1854. 

Bigarreau  noir  de  Savoie.     8.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:33,  34,  fig.  15.     1866-73. 

The  original  tree  of  this  variety  was  brought  from  the  south  of  France  by  the  father 
of  George  Walsh,  Charlestown,  Massachusetts.  The  tree  came  into  bearing  about  1840. 
In  1 84 1,  fruits  were  exhibited  from  trees  introduced  into  American  collections  from  Italy 
as  New  Large  Black  Bigarreau,  and  were  thought  by  several  people  to  be  the  Black 
Bigarreau  of  Savoy.  Until  1857,  all  writers  held  these  two  varieties  to  be  distinct  but 
Downing  then  declared  them  to  be  the  same  and  on  his  authority  we  combine  the  two. 
Tree  vigorous,  handsome;  fruit  large,  regular,  cordate,  slightly  obtuse;  stem  long, 
rather  stout,  set  in  a  narrow,  even  cavity;  skin  smooth,  not  very  glossy,  nearly  black  when 
mature;  flesh  dark  purplish-red,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  slightly  adherent  to  the  stone; 
pit  rather  large;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Black  Hungarian  Gean.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1. 

A  round,  black  Guigne  of  second  quality  with  tender,  transparent  flesh;  used  for 
dessert. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  223 

Black  Margaret.     Species?     i.  Watkins  Cat.  32.     1892. 

Described  as  a  fine,  black,  very  late,  English  cherry. 
Black  Prolific.     Species?     i.  Lotid.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  55.     1831. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Black  Spanish.     P.  avium,     i.  Rea  Flora  205.     1676.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort. 
177-180      1S19. 

Schwarze  oder  Spate  Herzkirsche.    3.  Krunitz  Enc.  60,  61.     1790. 

Spanish.     4.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  217.     1835. 

Schwarze  Spanische  Knorpelkirsche.     5.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3:37-     1858. 

Bigarreau  noir  d'Espagne.     6.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  23,  189.     1876 

This  is  an  old  variety  first  mentioned  by  the  English  and  in  aU  probability  is  of  English 
origin.  It  has  been  greatly  confused  by  some  German  writers  with  other  black  cherries 
but  Truchsess  maintains  that  if  placed  beside  the  Grosse  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche  and 
the  Grosse  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche  mit  Festem  Fleische,  the  two  with  which  it  is  most 
often  confused,  differences  could  be  noted  especially  as  to  firmness  of  flesh  and  smallness 
of  pit.  Fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  compressed;  suture  distinct;  stem  slender,  short; 
cavity  small,  smooth,  shallow;  skin  dark  reddish-brown  changing  to  black,  lighter  along 
the  suture ;  flesh  more  tender  than  in  most  hard-fleshed  sorts,  dark  red,  sweet ;  stone  small, 
adhering  before  fully  matvtre,  colored;  ripens  early  in  July  or  earlier. 
Black  Turkey  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Watkins  Cat.  32.     1892. 

Fruit  large,  black,  late;  suitable  for  market  and  home  use. 
Blasse  Johanni  Kirsche.     Species?     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  23.     1876. 

Received  by  Thomas  with  a  recommendation  from  Baron  Emanuel  Trauttenberg 
of  Prague. 
Bocage.     Species?     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  25.     1876.     2.  Guide  Prat.  17.     1895. 

This  variety  is  said,  in  G^dde  Pratique,   1895,  to  be  similar  to  Carnation,   a  Sour 
Cherry,  while  Thomas  says  it  is  similar  to  Reine  Hortense,  a  hybrid  sort. 
Bohemian  Queen.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Can.  Hort.  13:104.     1890. 

This  variety  is  said  to  come  true  to  seed ;  to  be  similar  in  fruit-characters  to  Ostheim, 
though  larger  and  more  fleshy;  to  be  productive  and  a  cherry  of  good  flavor;  and  to 
succeed  well  in  moist  land. 
Bon  Bon.     Species?     i.  Childs  Cat.  153  fig.     1893. 

A  very  early,  large,  dark  red,  juicy  cherry;  ships  well  and  bears  regularly. 
Book.     Species?     i.  Pa.  Dept.  Agr.  Rpt.  Pt.  1:427.     1902. 

This  is  a  local  variety  recommended  by  John  Weitzel,  Bethesda,  Lancaster  Cotmty, 
Pennsylvania.     Fruit  medium  to  large,  dark  red;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Boppard.     P    avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  415.     1899. 

Boppard's  Early.    2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:58.     1900. 

Bopparder  Friihkirsche.     3.   Proskauer  Obstsort.  55.     1907. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  skin  glossy,  dark  red;  flesh  red,  firm,  juicy, 
sweet. 
Boquet  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  78.     1890. 

Amarelle  Boquet.     2.  Ibid.  331.     1885.     3.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:110.     1900. 


224  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

This  is  one  of  Budd's  importations  of  1883,  according  to  the  third  reference.     It  is 
often   confused  with  the   Boquet  Amarelle  of  the   French.     The  fruit  resembles  Early 
Riclimond  in  size,  shape,  season  and  color,  differing  only  in  its  flesh  being  more  firm,  its 
pit  smaller,  and  the  tree  less  productive;  of  no  value  commercially. 
Boreatton.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.   Hort.   Soc.   Cat.   47.     1831.     2.  Elliott  Fr.   Book   215. 

i8s4- 

A  smaU,  roundish-cordate,  nearly  black  Sweet  Cherry,    with  half -tender  flesh;   poor 
quality;  ripens  in  mid- July. 
Boughton  Early  Black  Duke.     P.  avium  K  P.  cerasus.     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  41 .     1831. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Boulebonner  Kirsche.     P.  avium      i.  ///.  Handb.  47  fig.,  48.     1867. 

Bigarreaii  Hatif  Boulbon.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:103,  104,  fig.  52.     1882. 

This  cherry  was  introduced  into  Belgium  from  France  some  years  previous  to  1867. 
Tree  not  vigorous,  but  productive;  fruit  large,  broadly  cordate,  variable  in  size  and  form, 
sides  compressed;  suture  distinct,  deepest  near  the  cavity;  apex  slightly  depressed;  stem 
slender,  usually  long,  set  in  a  wide,  shallow  cavity;  skin  a  glossy,  rose-red  color  with 
a  yellowish  tinge,  dotted  and  streaked  with  clear  blood-red  and  washed  with  dark  pur- 
plish-red; flesh  yeUowish-white,  reddish-white  under  the  skin,  firm,  juicy,  rich,  pleasing; 
stone  large,  oval,  somewhat  flattened,  with  a  short  point;  partially  clinging;  ripens  the 
last  of  June  and,  according  to  Oberdieck,  hangs  during  wet  seasons  without  cracking. 
Bount  Dantzic.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  47.     183 1. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Bouquet-Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl    Fiihr.    Obstkunde    3:23.     1858.     2.  ///. 
Handb.  7  fig.,  8.     1867. 

The  tree  of  this  variety  has  the  growth  of  a  Sweet  Cherry  with  small,  black.  Heart 
fruits  borne  like  the  cluster  cherries,  one,  two,  three  and  four  on  the  stem.  The  single 
fruits  are  roundish-cordate,  with  flattened  ends  while  the  double  and  triple  fruits  are  more 
narrow  and  elongated;  the  fruit  matures  unevenly,  having  green,  red  and  black  fruits  at 
the  same  time;  pit  roundish-oval,  slightly  pointed  at  the  base,  somewhat  larger  in  the 
double  fniits. 

Bouquetweichsel.      P.  cerasus.      i.   Christ    Worterb.     291.       1802.     2.    Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  519,  520,  521.     1819. 

This  cherry  was  received  by  Truchsess  in  1796  from  Mayer  imder  the  name  Bouquet- 
kirsche.  Many  of  the  flowers  have  six,  seven,  eight,  and  occasionally  as  high  as  twelve 
petals,  with  two  or  three  pistils.  Fruit  usually  very  small,  attached  to  a  long,  stiff, 
woody  stem  shallowly  inserted;  round,  flattened  beneath;  suture  shallow;  flesh  and  juice 
reddish-black,  with  a  bitterish-sour  flavor,  which  it  loses  if  allowed  to  remain  on  the  tree; 
pit  of  medium  size. 
Boussieuer  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  55.     1907. 

A  variegated  Sweet  Cherry. 
Bowers'  Seedlings.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:64.     1903. 

Three  seedlings  originated  with  John  Bowers,  Sigoumey,  Iowa.  No.  i . —  Fruit 
medium,  dark  red;  juice  colorless;  quality  fair.     No.  2. —  Tree  hardy;  bears  regularly; 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  225 

fruit  large,  oblate,  roundish;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  dark  red;  juice  colorless;  fair  in 
quality;  late.  No.  3. —  Fruit  large,  red  to  dark  red;  juice  slightly  colored,  mUd  subacid; 
of  \^en,'  good  quality. 

Bowyer  Early  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  47.     1S31.     2.  Kenrick  Atn. 
Orch.  234.     1841.     3.  IMas  Pom.  Gen.  11:15,  16,  fig.  8.     1882. 

Bayer's  Early.     4.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  269.     1857.     5.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  665. 
1897. 

Roberts'  Red.    6.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  269.     1857. 

This  variety  probably  originated  in  England  nearly  a  century  ago.  Some  writers 
confuse  it  with  Early  White  Heart  but  the  two  are  undoubtedly  distinct.  Tree  vigorous, 
round-topped,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  obtuse-cordate,  slightly  com- 
pressed; ca\nty  shallow,  wide;  suture  distinct;  stem  variable  in  length;  skin  of  medium 
thickness,  pale  amber-yeUow  overspread  with  light  red;  flesh  whitish,  tender,  juicy,  sweet, 
sprightly,  refreshing;  very  good  in  quality;  stone  of  medium  size,  short -ovate,  plump, 
blunt  at  the  apex;  season  early. 
Boyd  Early  Black.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  138.     1881. 

Mentioned  in  a  report  from  Ohio  as  a  variety  of  great  superiority  and  value. 
Brandon.     P.  pumila.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  353.     1896. 

A  prolific  seedHng  of  Primus  pumila;  introduced  by  the  Manitoba  Station. 
Brandywine.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Horticulturist  N.  S.  5:492,  PI.     1855.     Dowti- 
ing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  258.     1857. 

John  R.  Brinckle,  Wilmington,  Delaware,  produced  this  variety  from  a  seed  of  White 
Bigarreau  grown  near  May  Duke.  It  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1851.  Tree  vigorous, 
spreading,  productive;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roundish,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  indis- 
tinct; stem  long,  slender;  cavity  shallow,  small;  skin  yellowish,  mottled  and  marbled  with 
light  crimson,  glossy;  flesh  semi-transparent,  tender,  very  juicy,  sprightly,  acidulous; 
stone  rather  large;  season  the  last  of  June;  recommended  for  culinary  uses. 
Brant.  P.  avium,  i.  Mag.  Hort.  19:167,  168.  1853.  2.  Elliott  Fr.  5oofe  191  fig.  1854. 
3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  258.     1857. 

Brant  was  grown  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  about  the  middle 
of  the  Nineteenth  Centiuy-,  from  a  pit  of  Yellow  Spanish.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading;  fruit 
large,  roimdish-cordate,  uneven,  sides  sUghtly  compressed ;  stem  medium,  set  in  an  angular 
cavity;  skin  thin,  Uvely  purplish-red  changing  to  dark  purplish;  flesh  dark  purpHsh-red 
with  indistinct  white  lines  radiating  from  the  center,  tender,  with  abundant,  colored  juice, 
sweet  and  richly  flavored;  pit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oval,  nearly  smooth;  season  from 
the  middle  of  June  to  the  first  of  July. 
Brassington.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Call  Cat.  5,  fig.     1913. 

A  chance  seedling  found  in  Oceana  County,  Michigan.     Fruit  large,  dark  red,  sprightly 
subacid;  ripens  with  Early  Richmond;  productive. 
Braunauer  Glaskirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Liegel  Syst.  Anleit.  168.     1825. 

Braunauer  Amarelle.     2.  Dochna.hl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:  j 2.     1858. 

This  variety  originated  about  1825.     Tree  large,  moderately  productive,  with  large, 
Sour  Cherry  leaves.     Often  classed  as  an  Amarelle  because  of   the  resemblance  in  the 
15 


226  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

branches.  Fruit  very  large,  round,  compressed;  suture  distinct;  stem  very  long,  shallowly 
inserted;  color  dark  red,  rather  cloudy;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  pleasing  subacid 
when  fully  ripe;  stone  of  medium  size;  ripens  in  August. 

Braiine    Soodkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ    Worterb.    287.     1802.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  583,  584,  585.     1819. 
Tree  of  medium  growth;  branches  drooping;    fruit  large  to   very  large,   flattened, 
slightly  depressed;  stem  long,  set  in  a  rather  deep  cavity;  skin  brownish-red;  flesh  dark 
red  at  the  stone  becoming  clear  red  beneath  the  skin,  tender,  with  abundant,  red  juice, 
pleasing  subacid;  stone  roundish-elongated,  one-half  an  inch  long;  season  the  last  of  July. 
Braune  Spanische  Kirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Worterb.  275.     1802. 
Spate  braune  Spanische  Herzkirsche.     2.  Christ  Handb.  660.     1797. 
Braune  Spanische  Herzkirsche.     3.  T)ochnBh\  Fiihr.  Obstkvinde  i: 22.     1858. 
This  cherry  differs  from  the  black  Hearts  in    being  smaller,  more  compressed  and 
sweeter,  the  flesh  softer  and  more  melting.     Tree  small,  productive;   fruit  small,  roundish, 
compressed  on  both  sides;  black,  somewhat  red  on  one  side;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 
Braiinrote  Weichsel.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  544,  545.     1819. 
Braune  rothe  Sauerkirsche.     2.  Christ  Worterb.  289.     1802. 
Griotte  rouge  Jonce.     3.  Mortillet  Le  CmsjV/- 2:306.     1866. 

This  variety  was  found  in  Bemburg,  Prussia,  Germany.  It  is  distinguished  from 
the  other  Sour  Cherries  ripening  with  it  by  its  lingering  brownish-red  color,  its  pleasing, 
mild  sourness,  its  tender  flesh,  and  by  its  wood.  Tree  not  large,  making  a  close  growth, 
productive;  branches  erect;  fruit  bunch-like,  large,  almost  round,  flattened  at  the  ends, 
sides  slightly  compressed;  stem  long,  stout,  inserted  in  a  rather  wide,  deep  cavity;  color 
remains  brownish-red  for  quite  a  period,  later  becoming  almost  black;  flesh  tender,  with 
abimdant,  colored  juice,  pleasingly  sour;  stone  egg-shaped,  almost  oval;  season  the  last 
of  July. 
Briggs  Sweet.     P.  avium,     i.  Green-River  Nur    Cat.  22.     1899. 

Briggs  Sweet  was  raised  from  seed  in  the  garden  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Briggs,  South  Union, 
Kentucky,  where  it  has  fruited  for  twenty  years.     The  tree  is  thrifty,  a  regular  bearer 
and  resembles  Wood  in  appearance  of  both  tree  and  fruit  but  is  much  hardier. 
Brindilles.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  424.     1903. 

This  is  a  vigorous  cherry  with  a  low,  slender  habit  of  growth,  blooming  the  middle 
of  Jtuie  and  ripening  late  in  August.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  depressed  or  oblate; 
stem  long,  set  in  a  narrow  cavity;  skin  light,  clear  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sprightly. 
Brown  Best.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Brown  Bros.  Cat    24.     1900. 

Brown  Best  was  introduced  some  twenty-five  years  ago  by  Brown  Brothers,  Rochester, 
New  York,  having  been  budded  from  an  old  tree.  Fruit  large,  dark  red,  tender,  sour, 
rich;  quality  good;  very  late;  productive. 

Brown  Seedling.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  i?oo^  214.     1854.     2.  Bowmng  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
457-     1869. 
Originated  in  Connecticut.     Tree  vigorous,  upright;  fruit  medium    in   size,  obtuse- 
cordate,  compressed  with  a  line  and  a  light  suture;   cavity  broad  ;  skin   whitish,  shaded 
and  mottled  with  red;  flesh  half-tender,  juicy,  sweet;  quality  fair;  season  early  July. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  227 

Buckatzsch  Weisse  Herzkirsche.     P.  avimn.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  277,  278, 
677,  678.     1819. 

A  medium-sized  cherry  of  fair  quality  from  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany,  where  it  first 
fruited  in  18 16. 

Buckatzsch  Weisse  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   341, 
685.     1819. 

This  is  another  seedling  from  Prussia,  Germany;  stem  of  medium  length;  flesh  some- 
what tender  and  light. 
Budd  No.  533.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:14.     1910. 

This  is  probably  a  Russian  seedling  sent  out  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  Ames,  Iowa. 
Tree  small,  round-topped,  with  slender,  recumbent  branches;  foliage  scant,  mostly  on 
the  tips  of  the  branches;  fruit  ver>'  large,  roundish  heart-shaped;  stem  short,  thick;  skin 
tough,  thin,  dark,  mottled  red;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  slightly  stained  with  red,  astringent, 
subacid;  quahty  fair;  stone  large,  round;  season  the  last  of  July. 
Buffalo.     P.  avium,     i.  Gard.  Mon.  13:150.     1871. 

This  cherry  was  received  from  Buffalo,  New  York,  by  Snuley  Shepard  of  Hennepen, 
Illinois,  in  the  "  fifties."  The  fruit  with  him  proved  ver}'  hardy  and  productive  and 
promised  to  become  a  valuable  sweet  variety  for  prairie  orchards.  Mr.  Shepard  sent  dons 
to  different  localities  for  testing  but  nothing  has  been  heard  further  about  the  variety. 
Bunte  Morello.  P.  cerasus.  1.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  19:551.  1892.  2.  Budd-Hansen  Am. 
Hort.  Man.  2:273.     1903. 

This  is  not  a  Morello,  though  grown  in  North  Silesia  under  this  name.     Tree  vigorous 
and  hardy,  but  a  late  bloomer;  fnoit  large,  cordate,  reddish;  flesh  light-colored,  juicy. 
Burbank.     P.  avium.     1.  Burbank  Cat.  4,  19.     191 1. 

Burbank  Early.     2.  Leonard  Coates  Cat.     191 1. 

This  is  another  of  Burbank's  cherries,  trees  of  which  have  not  yet  fruited  at  the 
Station.  Trees  described  as  vigorous,  sure  croppers;  foliage  very  large;  fruit  very  large, 
attractive  deep  crimson;  season  very  early.  Its  large  leaves,  it  is  claimed,  protect  the 
fruit  from  the  birds  and  from  cracking  during  late  spring  rains. 

Burchardts  Schwarze  Rosenobel.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  166,  167, 
1819.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:91,  92,  fig.  46.     1882. 

This  cherry  was  raised  by  the  German  pomologist  Burchardt  from  a  seed  of  Rosenobel. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate ;  stem  medium  in  length,  set  in  a  deep,  straight  cavity ; 
skin  purple,  changing  to  almost  black;  flesh  purple,  rather  tender,  juice  slightly  colored, 
sweet ;  first  quaUty ;  season  the  first  of  June. 

Burghley  Park.     P.  avium  X   P.  cerasus.     i.  Flor.  &  Pom.  229,  230.     1870.     2.  Gard. 
Chron.  1057.     1870. 

Burghley  Park  is  a  seedling,  raised  by  R.  Gilbert,  Burghley  Park,  Stanford,  England; 
it  was  placed  on  the  Ust  of  new  fruits  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  in  July,  1871. 
There  is  a  question  as  to  whether  it  is  distinct,  some  believing  it  to  be  Reine  Hortense. 
Fruit  very  large,  usually  oval,  often  flattened,  with  an  obscure  suture;  stem  long,  rather 
slender;  skin  very  thin,  transparent,  a  brilliant  dark  red  if  left  hanging;  flesh  duU  yel- 
lowish-red, veined  or  netted,  very  juicy,  melting,  with  a  pleasing  astringency;  ripens  in 
mid-season. 


228  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Burr.     P.  avium,     i.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  2ii.     1S49.     2.  Mathieu  A''om.  Pow.  342.     1889. 

Semis  de  Burr.     3.  Mas  Le  P'ergcr  8: 163,  164,  fig.  80.     1866-73. 

Burr  originated  about  1844,  with  Zera  Burr,  of  Perrinton,  New  York.  Tree  vigor- 
ous, erect,  round-topped,  very  productive,  not  always  hardy;  fruit  medivim  to  large, 
obtuse-cordate  with  a  pointed  apex;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  thin,  mottled  with  light  and 
dark  red ;  flesh  whitish,  rather  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  agreeably  sweet ;  very  good  in  quality ; 
stone  small,  irregularly  ovate,  short,  thick;  ripens  in  early  mid-season. 
Biittner  Gelbe  Knorpelkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  361,  362, 
363.  1819.  2.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:129,  130  fig.  31.  1866.  3.  Leroy  Diet. 
Pom.  5:214  fig.,  215.     1877. 

Biittner  s   Yellow.     4.  Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.   185.     1845.     5.  Am.   Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
20-     1875. 

Wachsknorpelkirsche.     6.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:44,  4S.     1858. 

Biittner,  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Germany,  raised  this  cherry  as  a  seedling  and  it  is  probably 
superior  to  any  of  the  varieties  originated  by  this  horticulturist.  It  friaited  for  the  first 
time  about  1800  and  was  introduced  shortly  after.  It  was  grown  in  America  as  Biittner's 
Yellow  in  the  first  half  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  and  was  listed  in  the  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society's  fruit  catalog  in  1875  but  was  dropped  in  1899.  Tree  strong,  vigorous, 
hardy,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-cordate,  flattened  at  the  base;  suture 
indistinct;  stem  thick,  inserted  in  a  broad,  shallow  cavity;  skin  firm,  thick,  pale  yellow, 
slightly  spotted  with  brownish-red;  flesh  pale  yellow,  firm,  breaking,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic, 
with  a  rich,  lively  flavor;  quality  good;  stone  small,  roimdish-ovate,  free;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Biittner  Rothe  Herzkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  236,  237. 
1819. 

Biittner's  rothe  Molkenkirsche.     2.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:29.     1858. 

Another  seedling  raised  by  Biittner  about  1797  and  later  tested  by  Truchsess.  Tree 
vigorous,  very  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  heart-shaped,  with  sides  somewhat  com- 
pressed; stem  long;  skin  yellowish- white  mingled  with  clear  red,  sometimes  dark  red; 
flesh  yellowish-white,  very  soft,  juicy,  sweet;  quality  fair;  stone  small,  heart-shaped; 
matures  the  first  half  of  July. 

Biittner  Rothe  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   299,  300, 
301.     1819. 

Biittner's  rothe  Marmorkirsche.     2.   Dochnahl  Fithr.  Obstkunde  3:43.     1858. 

Bigarreau  rouge  de  Biittner.     3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier   2:132.     1866.     4.  Leroy  Diet. 
Pow.  5:240  fig.,  241.     1877. 

Grown  from  seed  about  1795,  by  Buttner.  Buttner  Spate  Rote,  one  of  Biittner's 
seedlings  is  similar  to  this  one.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate, 
with  a  shallow  suture;  skin  thick,  lively  red  on  one  side  and  shaded  with  carmine  on  the 
other;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  breaking,  strongly  adhering  to  the  pit,  sweet,  aromatic;  quality 
good;  stone  of  medium  size,  round;  matures  the  last  of  June  or  the  first  of  July. 
Biittner  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  122,  123, 
124.  1819.  2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  204,  205.  1854.  3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:64 
fig.,  65.  66.     1866. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  229 

Biittner's  schwarze  neue  Herzkirsche.     4.  Christ  Worterb.  2-iS-     1802. 

Bigarreau  Noir  Buttner.     5.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:222  fig.     1877. 

Still  another  variety  obtained  from  seed  by  Buttner  in  1795.  With  several  others 
it  was  sent  to  Truchsess,  about  1801,  for  testing.  Tree  strong,  vigorous,  erect,  hardy, 
productive;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  compressed;  suture  prominent;  stem  of  medium 
length,  set  in  a  deep  cavity;  skin  firm,  glossy,  deep  reddish-black;  flesh  dark  red,  moderately 
firm,  juicy,  sweet  and  pleasant;  quality  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;  ripens 
early  in  July. 

Buttner  Schwarze  Sauerkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  601,  602, 
603.     1S19. 

Biittner's  schwarze  neue  Sauerkirsche.     2.  Christ  Worterb.  289.     1802. 

Raised  from  seed  by  Biittner  and  sent  to  Truchsess  for  testing  about  1797.  Fruit 
round,  of  medium  size,  glossy,  black;  flesh  firm,  red,  moderately  juicy,  agreeably  acid; 
quality  fair;  ripens  in  August. 

Biittner  Spate  Rothe  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  329, 
330,  682,  683.     1819. 

Biittner's  harte  Marmorkirsche.     2.  Dochnahl  Fidir.  Obstkunde  3:43-     1858- 

Bigarreau  Rouge  Tardif  de  Biittner.     3.  Alas  Pom.  Gen.  11: 11,  12,  fig.  6.      1882. 

Biittner's  Late  Red.     4.  Can  .  Exp.  Farm.  Bid.  2nd  Ser.  3:59.     1900. 

Another  seedling  raised  by  Buttner  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  and  quite 
similar  to  Buttner  Rote,  except  in  its  time  of  ripening,  which  is  later.  Tree  of  medium 
vigor,  erect ;  fruit  large,  heart-shaped,  flattened  at  the  base,  compressed  at  the  apex ;  suture 
medium  in  depth;  skin  thick  and  firm,  yeUowish-white  mingled  with  red,  changing  to 
dark  red;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  breaking,  sweet,  aromatic,  with  abundant,  uncolored  juice; 
quality  good;  stone  large,  oval,  slightly  clinging  to  the  flesh;  matures  the  last  of  July. 
Biittner  Spate  Weichsel.     P.  cerasus.     1.  III.  Handb.  531  fig.,  532.     1861. 

Biittner's  September  und  Octoberweichscl.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  609.     18 19. 

Biittner's  October  Zucker  Weichsel.     3.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  47.     183 1. 

Biittner's  Sehr spate.     ^.Ibid.^-].     1831. 

Biittner's   October  Morello.     5.   Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.    193,    194.     1845.     6.   Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.     1862. 

Griotte  Tardive  de  Buttner.     7.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:95,  96,  fig.  46.     1S66-73. 

Bigarreau  Tardif  Biittner.     8.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:245  fig.,  246.     1877. 

Biittner's  October.     9.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  288.     1884. 

Produced  from  seed  about  1800,  by  Biittner.  As  one  of  the  latest  of  all  cherries,  it 
was  at  one  time  considered  of  value  for  culinary  purposes  and  for  a  time  was  grown  to 
a  limited  extent  in  this  country.  The  American  Pomological  Society  placed  it  on  its 
fruit  catalog  list  in  1862  but  dropped  it  in  1869.  Tree  hardy,  productive;  fruit  often 
hangs  to  the  tree  till  October,  large,  round,  somewhat  oblate;  suture  indistinct;  apex 
depressed;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  shallow ;  skin  thin  but  firm,  reddish-brown,  separating 
easily  from  the  pulp;  flesh  light  red,  reticulated  with  whitish  fibers,  firm,  breaking,  juicy, 
sweet,  rich,  mingled  with  pleasant  subacid;  quality  good;  stone  large,  oval,  semi-clinging; 
ripens  the  last  of  August  and  early  September. 


230  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Bjrmville.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  ii:i6o.     1882. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Cameleon.     Species"     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  574.     1629. 

A  strange  cherry,  changeable  in  color,  spoken  of  by  Parkinson  because  of  its  pecu- 
liarities.    The  fruit  is  verj'  red  in  color  and  of  good  taste,  but  varies  greatly  in  color,  shape 
and  arrangement.     It  also  bears  blossoms,  green  and  ripe  fruit  at  the  same  time. 
Cardinalskirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Obstbdume  159.     1791.     2.  Christ  Worterb.  284. 
1802. 

A  cherry  similar  to  the  Doctorkirsche  in  both   tree-  and   fruit-characters;  fruit  dark 
brown,  with  a  subacid  flavor. 

Carmine  Stripe.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  206.     1854.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
258.     1857. 

Cerise  Carminee.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:23,  24,  fig.  12.     1882. 

Carmine  Stripe  is  a  seedling  from  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Tree 
vigorous,  spreading,  very  productive;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  heart-shaped,  com- 
pressed on  the  sides,  surface  often  uneven,  with  a  suture  on  one  side,  followed  by  a  line 
of  carmine;  stem  variable;  skin  amber-yeUow,  shaded  and  mottled  with  bright,  lively 
carmine;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  with  agreeable  sprightliness ;  pit  small;  season  the  last 
of  June. 
Caroline.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  206.     1854. 

Originated  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Tree  upright-spreading, 
vigorous;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roundish-oblong,  one  side  slightly  compressed;  color 
pale  amber,  mottled  with  clear,  light  red,  becoming  rich  red  in  the  sun;  flesh  tinged  with 
pale  red,  translucent,  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  pit  of  medium  size,  oblong,  oval;  season  the 
last  of  June.  Delicious  for  dessert. 
Catskill.     Species?     i.  Chase  Cat.     1888. 

This  variety,  sent  out  by  R.  G.  Chase,  Geneva,  New  York,  in  1888,  is  probably  now 
extinct.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  heart-shaped;  skin  light  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  light 
carmine;  stem  slender,  long;  flesh  light  yellow,  juicy,  sprightly,  mild  subacid;  good. 
Cerise  Albanes.     Species?     i.  Rev.  Hort.  284.     1861. 

Introduced  from  Revel,  Haute-Garonne,  France.     It  is  a  fruit  of  first  size,  excellent 
quality,  with  dark  green  leaves,  productive;  fruit  white  with  more  or  less  yellow. 
Cerise  d'Angleterre  Precoce.     Species?     i.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:No.  25,  PL     1846. 

According  to  Poiteau,  this  cherry,  sometimes  called  Cerise  Nouvelle  d'Angleterre, 
was  confused  by  Duhamel  with  his   Cerise   Guigne.      Fniit  small   in    the   first  stages  of 
ripening,  later  becoming  larger,  flattened  at  the  base  and  apex;   color  clear  red  changing 
to  almost  black  at  complete  maturity. 
Cerise  de  I'Ardeche.     Species?     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  25.     1876. 

Belle  grosse  d'Ardkche.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11: 159.     1882. 

Schone  von  Ardeche.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  376.     1889. 

Distinct  from  other  varieties  in  its  manner  of  growth,  according  to  Thomas. 
Cerise  Bellon.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  23 1 

Cerise  de  la  Besnardiere.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cem/er  2:181.     1866.     2.  Leroy 
Diet.  Pom.  5:172  fig.     1S77. 

Kirsche  von  Bcnardicre.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  334.     1889. 

In  1 84 1,  Leroy  mentioned  this  variety  in  his  catalog  stating  that  it  was  found  in  the 
gardens  of  the  Baron  of  Besnardiere.  Mortillet  believed  it  to  be  Carnation  not  being 
convinced  of  the  contrary  until  after  he  had  published  his  description  of  the  Carnation. 
Tree  strong,  moderately  productive;  fruit  attached  singly,  large,  globular,  compressed  at 
the  ends ;  suture  apparent ;  stem  of  medivim  length,  inserted  in  a  rather  wide,  deep  cavity ; 
skin  clear  red,  briUiant;  flesh  reddish  at  the  surface,  whitish  near  the  center,  tender,  with 
abtindant,  slightly  colored  juice,  pleasantly  acidulated  and  sweet;  first  quality;  stone 
small,  round,  plump;  season  the  end  of  June  in  France. 
Cerise  du  Bicentenaire.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Rev.  Hort.  284,  285,  PI.     1903- 

Bicentenaireweichsel.     2.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  58.     1907. 

This  variety  is  supposed  to  be  a  bud  variation  of  Royal  Duke  found  in  a  garden  at 
Lieusaint,  France.     The  trees  resemble  those  of  Royal  Dvike  but  the  frvdt  is  superior  in 
size  and  ripens  from  three  weeks  to  a   month  later.     Said   to   be   valuable   on  northern 
exposures  which  increase  the  advantages  of  late  maturity. 
Cerise  Blanche  a  Petit  Fruit.     P.  avium,     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp. /ani.  2:507.     i860. 

Similar  to  the  Cerisier  a  Gros  Fruit  Blanc  but  smaller. 
Cerise  Commiuie.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Poiteau  Potn.  Franc.  2:No.  11,  PI.     1846.     2.  Le  Bon 
Jard.  346.      1882. 

One  of  the  French  varieties  of  cherries  grown  in  the  neighborhood  of  Paris  to  supply 
the  early  market  trade.     Sometimes  called  La  Grosse  Cerise  Commtme. 
Cerise  a  Cotes.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pmn.  5:258,  259  fig.     1877. 

This  cherry  is  similar  in  tree  and  fruit  to  Large  Montmorency  but  the  fruit  is  traversed 
on  both  sides  by  a  prominent  suture.  Fniit  attached  in  threes,  of  medium  size,  globular, 
compressed  at  the  ends;  suture  deep,  completely  encircling  the  fruit;  stem  variable  in 
length,  inserted  in  a  large,  deep  cavity;  apex  slightly  depressed;  skin  clear  red;  flesh  yellow- 
ish, transparent,  tender,  juicy,  sugar>%  acidulated;  pit  of  mediiun  size,  rovmd;  second 
quality ;  season  the  end  of  June ;  moderately  productive. 
Cerise  d'Espagne.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Gwifie  Prai.  25.     1876. 

Fruit  large,  deep  red,  delicious,  acidulated,  ripening  from  June  to  July. 
Cerise  a  la  Feuille.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Duhamel  Traii.  ^r6.  Fr.  1:174,  175.     1768. 

The  fruit  is  of  mediun:i  size,  roundish-cordate,  faces  flattened;  stem  long;  cavity  deep 
and  straight;  skin  deep  reddish-brown;  flesh  red,  with  an  acid  flavor  which  it  loses  some- 
what at  complete  matiority;  stone  large,  lightly  tinted;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Cerise  de  Gembloux.     P.  avium,     i.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  8:91,  PL     i860. 

M.  Staquet  Berger  of  Gemblou.\,  Belgium,  grew  this  cherry  from  seed.  Tree  produc- 
tive, vigorous;  fruit  large,  roundish,  slightly  cordate;  suture  pronoimced;  stem  long,  slender; 
skin  thin,  glossy,  nearly  black;  flesh  red,  fine,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  acidulated;  stone 
small,  oval;  ripens  the  last  of  July. 

Cerise  Guigne.     P.  avitmi.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:195.  196,  PI-  16  fig.  i.     1768. 
2.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:140,  141  fig.  34,  142.     1866.     3.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:159, 
160,  fig.  78.     1866-73.     4-  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:254,  255  fig.,  256.     1877. 


232  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Griotte  Guigne.     5.  Frince  Pom.  Man.  2:149.     1832. 

Cerise  Anglaise.     6.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2: No.  26,  PI.     1846. 

Rothe  Muskateller.     7.  III.  Handb.  159  fig.,  160.     i860. 

This  cherry  is  now  of  historical  interest  only.  It  has  been  called  Cerise  Guigne  since 
Duhamel  described  it  in  1768,  and  may  be  the  variety  known  long  ago  by  the  Romans 
as  Cecilienne.  There  is  no  record  to  show  that  Cerise  Gvdgne  was  ever  brought  to  Amer- 
ica. Tree  large,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-cordate,  flattened 
at  the  base;  suture  distinct;  stem  of  medium  thickness  and  length;  skin  thin;  color  clear 
red  becoming  reddish-brown;  flesh  clear  red,  with  abundant,  colored  juice,  tender,  slightly 
stringy,  sweet,  sprightly,  agreeable;  quality  good;  ripens  early. 
Cerise  de  Mai  Double.     Species?     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:36,  40.     1771. 

Briefly  discussed  by  Knoop. 
Cerise  de  Mai  Simple.     Species?     i.  Knoop  FrwctoZogte  2:36,  40,  41.     1771. 

Resembles  Cerise  de  Mai  Double  but  smaller. 
Cerise  de  Martigne.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:147.     1882. 

The  tree-characters  are  briefly  described  in  this  reference. 
Cerise  de  Ostheim.     P.  cerasus.     1.  la.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  78.     1890. 

Ostheim.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:79,  fig.  18.     1903. 

In  1883,  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Ames,  Iowa,  brought  this  variety  to  Iowa.     It  is 
very  similar  to  the  Minnesota  Ostheim  but  a  few  days  later.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  round, 
occasionally  cordate;  stem  of  medium  length,  slender,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  firm, 
deep  red,  with  highly  colored  juice,  mildly  subacid ;  quality  very  good. 
Cerise  du  Prince  Maurice.     Species?     i.  Knoop  FrwdoZogze  2:36,  41.     1771. 

Tree  \agorous,  erect,  productive;  fruit  scarlet,  with  whitish  dots. 
Cerise  de  Prusse.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:151  fig.,   152,   153,  221,  304. 
1866. 

Guindoux  de  Provence.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  429,  430.     1819. 

Prussian  Cherry.     3.  Prince  Pww.  Maw.  2:150.     1832. 

Provencer  Siissweichsel      ^.Hochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde 'i'.^o.     1858. 

Cerise  de  I'Esvihe.    5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  ii :  160.     1882. 

Cerise  de  Prusse  noire  ?    6.  Ibid.  11 :  160.     1882. 

This  old  variety  is  supposed  to  be  of  French  origin.  It  is  distinguished  from  other 
sorts  by  its  cordate  form,  its  more  or  less  distinct  sutvu-e,  its  thick  skin,  and  its  heart- 
shaped  pit.  Tree  vigorous,  moderately  productive;  fruit  rather  large,  partially  cordate, 
marked  by  a  suture  on  both  sides,  more  pronounced  towards  the  base;  stem  of  medium 
length,  inserted  in  a  rather  deep  cavity;  skin  thick,  tough,  separating  from  the  pulp,  deep 
reddish,  ahnost  black;  flesh  rather  firm,  deep  red,  juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  with  a  pro- 
nounced acidity;  stone  rather  large,  oval-pointed,  turgid;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Cerise  de  Rouen  Double.     P.  avium,     i.  Knoop  FrMctoiogiV  2:36,  42.     1771. 

Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  cordate,  marked  with  a  suture  of  moderate  depth; 
color  streaked  with  clear  red  on  a  yellow  grovmd;  flesh  brittle,  sweet,  very  agreeable. 
Cerise  de  Rouen  Simple.     P.  avium,     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:42.     1771. 

Resembles  the  preceding  variety  in  form,  color  and  quality  but  is  somewhat  smaller. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  233 

Cerise  Rouge  Pale.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:89,  90,  fig.  43.     1866-73.     2.  Leroy 
Diet.  Pom.  5:383,  3S4  fig..  385.     1877. 

Cerisier  a  Gros  Fruit  Rouge-pale.    3.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:182,  183,  184,  PI.  9. 
1768.    4.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:5,  Tab.  14  fig.  i.     1792. 

Villenncs.     5.  Prince  Pow.  Man.  2:140.     1832. 

Bleichrothe  Glaskirsche.     6.  III.  Handb.  75  fig.,  76.     1867. 

This  cherry  is  of  interest  only  because  of  its  past.  Of  its  origin  no  record  can  be  found. 
It  is  first  mentioned  by  Duhamel,  in  1768,  under  a  somewhat  longer  name,  "  Cerisier  k 
Gros  Fruit  Rouge-pale,"  wliich  many  later  writers  have  confused  with  Carnation.  Tree 
large,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  rouiidish,  flattened;  stem  long,  thick;  cavity 
deep,  broad;  skin  thin;  color  a  clear,  brilliant  red  growing  darker  as  maturity  advances; 
flesh  transparent,  juicy,  firm,  tender,  sweet,  yet  sprightly;  of  very  good  quality;  season 
late. 
Cerise  Rouge  Sanguine.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pow.  Gcm.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Cerise  Royale  Ordinaire.     Species?     i.  Poiteau  Pain.  Franc.  2:No.  22,  PI.     1846. 

This  variety  is  known  in  Normandy  as  Cerise  Musquee  because  of  its  slight  musky 
taste.  Fruit  small,  sides  compressed;  skin  red;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  sugary;  quality  fair. 
Cerise  de  Soissons.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  55.     1831. 

Franzosiche  Sussweichsel.     2.'Dochii3.\AFiihr.  Obstkunde  y.$i.     1858. 

Admirable  de  Soissons.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  476.     i86g. 

Cerise  de  Soissons  is  described  as  a  Morello,  medium  to  above  in  size,  broadly  cordate, 
slightly  compressed,  with  a  slight  suture;  stem  short;  skin  dark  red;  flesh  red,  tender, 
juicy,  brisk  subacid;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Cerise  de  Tierce.     Species?     i.  Mas  Powj.  Cew.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Cerise  de  Xavier.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  17:363.     1851.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  215. 
1854. 

A  Morello  cherr^',  first  shown  in  1851,  by  M.  P.  Wilder,  Dorchester,  Massachusetts. 
Fruit  mediimi  in  size,  round,  dark  red,  acid. 

Cerisier  Commun  a  Fruit  Rond.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Duhamel   Trait.  Arb.  Fr.   1:173,   173. 
1768.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  658,  659.     1819. 

Under  this  heading  are  grouped  many  wild  cherries  in  France,  grown  from  seeds, 
whose  trees,  leaves  and  flowers  varj^  as  well  as  the  size,  taste  and  time  of  ripening  of  the 
fruits.     One  of  the  best  of  these  is  grown  around  Paris,  the  fruit  being  small;  stem  long; 
pit  large;  quality  and  flavor  variable. 
Ceriser  Commim  Pleureur.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Rev.  Hort.  397.     188S. 

This  cherry  was  found  in  a  Sour  Cherry  plantation.  It  resembles  Montmorency  in 
habit  of  growth  and  the  Heart  cherries  in  texture  of  flesh.  The  tree  is  used  for  ornamental 
planting  and  its  fruit  for  culinary  purposes.  Tree  very  productive,  bushy,  branches 
inclined  to  droop;  fruit  large,  oblong;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  large  cavity ;  skin  glossy,  dark 
red;  flesh  rose-colored,  transparent,  sugary,  juicy;  pit  of  medium  size,  elongated-oval; 
ripens  early  in  June. 


234  "^HE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Cerisier  a  Feuilles  Laciniees.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:267,  268  fig.     1877. 

This  is  a  cliance  seedling  first  mentioned  by  Leroy  in  liis  catalog  in  i860.  Because 
of  its  foliage  it  is  often  used  as  an  ornamental.  Tree  strong,  moderately  productive;  fruit 
generally  attached  singly,  small,  oval;  suture  apparent;  stem  long;  cavity  moderately 
large;  skin  clear  red,  marbled  with  reddish-brown;  flesh  firm,  yellowish- white,  with  abvm- 
dant,  uncolored  juice,  sugary,  slightly  acidulated;  pit  of  medium  size,  elongated-oval, 
plump. 
Cerisier  a  Gros  Fruit  Blanc.     P.  avium,     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:507.     i860. 

A  cherry  ripening  in  July  but   described  as  very  sugary  and  very  good;  flesh  watery, 
aromatic;  productive. 
Cerisier  Royal  Tardif  a  Fruit  Noir.     Species.-'     i.  Noisette  Ma«.  Cowp.  yar(i.  2:506.     i860. 

The  fruit  ripens  in  July,  becoming  deep  black. 
Cerisier  Tres-fertile.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.Fr.  1:175,  176-     1768. 

Weichselbamn  mit  btindelformigen  Friichten.     2.  Kraft    Pom.   Aust.  1:5,  Tab.   12  fig. 
I.     1792. 

Cerise  a  Trochet      3.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  56.     1831.     4.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:397, 
398  fig.     1877. 

Prolific  Cherry.     5.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:132.     1832. 

Amarelle  trh-fertik.     6.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:201  fig.,  202,  203.     1866. 

Leroy  states  that  this  variety  was  long  ago  well  known  in  France.  Because  it  was 
grown  in  the  neighborhood  of  Angers  and  Saint-Laud,  and  was  of  the  Montmorency  type, 
Leroy  says  it  was  locally  named  Cerisier  Montmorency  Hatif  de  Saint  Laud.  He  is  doubt- 
ful whether  it  existed  before  the  Eighteenth  Century^;  Duhamel  was  the  first  to  describe 
it  in  1768.  The  tree  resembles  the  Cluster  cherry  and  is  probably  but  a  variation  of  the 
Cerise  Commune  type.  Tree  small;  fruit  generally  attached  in  threes,  of  medium  size, 
globular,  compressed  at  the  stem;  cavity  rather  deep;  apex  small,  somewhat  prominent; 
stem  of  medium  size,  unequal  in  length;  skin  transparent,  clear  red,  deeper  when  mature; 
flesh  tender,  white,  juicy,  sugary,  strongly  acidulated;  stone  medium  in  size,  roundish, 
turgid ;  ripens  the  middle  of  June.  Its  graceful  habit  and  productiveness  make  it  a  favorite 
for  ornamental  purposes. 
Cerisier  de  Varenne.     Species?     i.  Noisette  Maw.  Cowp. /ard.  2:507.     1S60. 

Belle  de  Varennes.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Tree  erect,  very  vigorous;  fruit  large,  compressed;  stem  long;  color  bright  red. 
Challenge.     P.  pumila.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  353.     1896. 

Challenge  is  a  Sand  Cherry  seedling  grown  in  Canada;  fair  flavor  and  of  medium 
size. 

Champagne.     Species?     i.  Horticulturist  5:76.    77  fig.    1850.     2.   Elliott  Fr.   Book   205. 
1854. 

Champagne  is  a  seedling  raided  by  Charles  Downing,'  Newburgh,  New  York,  and  so 


'  Charles  Downing,  whose  likeness  we  show  in  the  frontispiece,  was  bom  at  Newburgh,  New  York, 
July  9,  1802.  He  spent  his  life  in  the  place  of  his  birth,  dying  January  18,  1885.  His  parents  were  natives 
of  Lexington,  Massachusetts,  who  shortly  before  the  birth  of  Charles  Downing,  the  eldest  son,  came  to 
Newburgh,  the  father  establishing  a  shop  for  the  manufacture  of  wagons,  a  business  which  he  soon 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  235 

named  because  of  the  peculiar  and  lively  mingling  of  sweet  and  acid  in  its  flavor.  Tree 
very  hardy,  vigorous,  bearing  regularly,  and  withstanding  the  attacks  of  rot  and  blight. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-cordate,  slightly  angtdar;  stem  moderately  long;  cavity 
shallow,  flat;  skin  lively  brick-red,  inclining  to  pink;  flesh  amber,  juicy,  sprightly,  rich; 
ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Champion.     P.  pmnila.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  307.     1898. 

Champion  is  one  of  many  seedlings  of  the  Manitoba  Sand,  a  native  Canadian  cherry 
named  and  described  in  1898,  by  Wm.  Saunders  of  the  Canadian  Experimental  Farms. 
Fruit  large,  very  dark  red,  nearly  black  when  ripe;  flesh  sweet,  nearly  free  from  astringency; 
quality  good;  ripens  in  Manitoba  the  last  of  August. 

Chapman.     P.aviitm.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  i^o.     1897.     2.Cal.  Nur.  Cat.  1:1:^.     1898. 
3.  Ore.  Nttr.  Cat.  21.     1903.     4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Chapman  was  grown  by  W.  H.  Chapman  of  Napa,  California,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
a  seedling  of  Black  Tartarian,  surpassing  that  variety  in  size  and  earliness.  By  some 
horticulturists  Chapman  and  California  Advance  are  considered  identical,  but  most  growers, 
particularly  in  California,  declare  the  two  to  be  distinct.  Fruit  matures  early;  very  large, 
roundish,  purplish-black;  stem  long,  slender;  flesh  slightly  tender;  ver}'  good  in  quality; 
stone  small. 

Cheresoto.     P.  pitmila  X   P.  americana.      i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  i30.-i84,  PI.  10,  PI.  11, 
185.     1911. 

Cheresoto  is  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  De  Soto  plum  from  the  South 
Dakota  Experiment  Station.  The  tree  resembles  the  pltun  in  growth  but  the  fruit,  in 
looks  and  flavor,  is  like  that  of  the  Sand  Cherry.  Fruit  rather  long  with  a  prickle  at  the 
apex;  about  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter;  skin  black  with  a  bluish  bloom, 
thin,  free  from  acerbity;  flesh  yellowish-green,  sprightly;  pit  clinging. 


abandoned  to  become  a  nurseryman.  Here,  in  the  first  successful  nursery  established  in  the  region,  were 
trained  Charles  and  Andrew  Downing,  receiving  under  the  careful  guidance  of  the  father  a  knowledge 
of  the  business  and  of  fruits  which  with  later  self  instruction  made  them  the  most  distinguished  pomol- 
ogists  of  their  day.  With  the  death  of  the  father  in  1822,  before  Charles  had  obtained  his  majority,  the 
responsibility  of  conducting  the  business  and  the  support  of  the  family  devolved  upon  him.  Andrew  J., 
the  younger  brother,  in  1834,  at  the  age  of  19,  united  with  Charles  in  the  management  of  the  niu-sery 
business  under  the  firm  name  of  C.  &  A.  J.  Downing,  a  partnership  which  lasted  only  until  1839.  Charles 
continued  in  the  nursery  business  for  many  years  during  which  time  he  became  the  foremost  pomologist 
in  the  United  States  and  eventually,  about  1850,  sold  his  holdings  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  varie- 
ties of  fruits  and  the  revision  of  the  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America.  This  great  pomological  book  was 
projected  and  published  by  Andrew  but  most  of  the  work  of  the  book  as  it  is  now  known  was  done  by 
Charles  in  revising  the  original  and  adding  to  its  many  editions.  It  is  and  has  long  been,  as  all  know, 
the  highest  authority  on  American  fruits.  Naturally  of  an  inquiring  turn  of  mind  Charles  Downing 
studied  closely  the  qualities  of  the  varieties  that  came  under  his  observation  and  seldom  described  with- 
out the  fruit  in  hand.  His  variety  orchard  is  said  to  have  contained  at  one  time  1 ,800  varieties  of  apples 
and  1 ,000  pears  with  lesser  numbers  of  the  other  fruits.  A  few  trees  of  this  wonderful  collection  still  stand. 
Charles  Downing  was  one  of  the  most  modest  and  retiring  of  men,  in  his  younger  days  delighting  in  the 
things  of  which  his  brother  wrote  and  seldom  putting  pen  to  paper  until  after  his  brother's  death  when 
he  became  a  regular  contributor  to  horticultural  publications  over  the  signature  "  C.  D."  He  was  never 
known  to  make  a  public  speech.  He  earned  his  high  distinction  in  American  pomology  by  his  accurate 
and  conscientious  descriptions  and  discussions  of  varieties  of  fruits. 


236  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

China  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:126.     1832. 

China  Heart.     2.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  30.     1828.     3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  48.     183 1. 

This  variety  was  raised  from  the  seed  of  an  Ox  Heart  by  William  Prince,  Flushing, 
New  York,  and  at  first  was  called  Cliina  Heart.  W.  R.  Prince  in  his  Pomological  Manual 
of  1832,  calls  it  China  Bigarreau  as  it  is  more  of  the  Bigarreau  than  of  the  Heart  type 
of  cherries.  Tree  vigorous,  large;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish  or  oval-cordate,  with  a 
distinct  suture ;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity ;  skin  when  fully  ripe,  glossy  red 
mottled  with  lighter  red;  flesh  firm,  somewhat  melting,  with  a  sweet,  rich,  peculiar  flavor; 
ripens  just  after  Black  Tartarian  and  forms  a  link  between  it  and  the  later  varieties; 
very  productive. 

Cheque.     P.  avium,     i.  Thoma.s  Guide  Prat.  1$,  iqi.     1876.     2.     Mas  Pow.  CeH.  11:141, 
142.     1882. 

Guigne  Choque.    3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  482.     1904. 

Originated  near  Metz,  Lorraine,  Germany.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  rather 
large;  of  a  deep  red  color  at  maturity;  flesh  white,  slightly  tinted  with  a  rose  color,  firm, 
very  juicy,  sweet;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Christbauer.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  42.     1892. 

A  sort  reported  to  ripen  before  Early  Richmond. 
Christiana.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  206.     1854. 

This  variety  was  raised  by  B.  B.  Kirtland,  Greenbush,  New  York,  and  resembles 
May  Duke  in  character  of  tree  and  fruit.  The  fruit  is  borne  in  clusters,  is  of  a  bright, 
lively  red  color,  and  has  a  sprightly  subacid  flavor. 

Churchill  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Lend.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  48.     1831.     2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
290.     1884. 

Tree  hardy,  productive;  fruit  large,  heart-shaped;  stem  long;  cavity  shallow;  skin 
glossy,  of  a  clear,  waxen,  pale  j'eUow,  bright  red  when  exposed  to  the  sun,  mottled  with 
dark  red  and  orange;  flesh  pale  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  rich,  moderately  juicy;  season  the  end 
of  July. 
Cistena.     P.  pttmila  X  P.  pissardi.     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bid.  130:190,  191.     191 1. 

Cistena  is  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  Primus  pissardi,  interesting  only 
because  of  its  beautiful  purple  foliage. 
Clark  September.     P.  avium,     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.  22:XV1II.     1890. 

Clark  September  is  a  local  sort  from  Lower  Granville,  Nova  Scotia.     The  fruits  are 
of  medium  size  and  when  fully  ripe  are  of  a  dark  red  color;  flesh  firm,  of  a  sweet  and  agree- 
able flavor. 
Cluster  Black  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  481.     1904. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  small  or  of  medium  size,  cordate;  stem  long;  skin  glossy,  black; 
flesh  very  dark  red,  tender,  juicy,  agreeably  mild  acid;  ripens  in  July. 
Cocklin  Favorite.     P.  avium,     i.  Gard.  Mon.  3:249  flg.,   1861      2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees 
Am.  458.     1869. 

Late  Amber,     i.  Hortiadturist  17:^,81.     1862. 

This  seedling  was  introduced  by  E.  H.  Cocklin,  Shepherdstown,  Pennsylvania,  but 
its  origin  is   unknown.     Tree   upright,    conical,  very   productive;   fruit   large,    roundish, 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  237 

regular,  slightly  compressed,  somewhat  flattened  at  the  base,  almost  without  a  suture;  apex 
depressed;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  deep;  skin  yellowish  shaded  and  mottled  in  the  sun 
with  a  light  crimson;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  \-inous;  quality  good;  stone  very  small 
for  the  size  of  the  frait;  season  late. 

Coe  Late  Carnation.     P.  cerasus      i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  216      1854.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  275.     1857. 

Coe' s  Spate  Rote  Kirsche.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  343,  344.     1889. 

This  is  a  late  variety  of  imknown  origin  —  possibly  a  seedling  of  Carnation.     Fruit 
medium  to  large,  cordate;  suture  shallow;  color  yellowish-amber  mottled  with  clear  red; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  subacid;  quahty  fair;  season  the  last  of  July. 
Coeur  de  Pigeon  Noir.     vSpecies?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gew.  11:148.     1882. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  cordate,  slightly  elongated. 
Coeur  de  Poule.     P.  avium,     i.  Prince  Pow.  AfcM.  2:124.     1832. 

Gros  Bigarrcaii  coeur-de- Poule      2.  Rev.  Hort.  65.     1881. 

According  to  Prince,  this  variety  was  rather  extensivel}^  cultivated  in  the  south  of 
France  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Toulouse,  where  it  was  known  as  Cor  de  GaUno.     The 
fruit  ripens  in  July,  has  the  form  of  the  Hearts;  its  vi\'id  red  changes  to  nearly  black  as 
does  also  the  juice. 
Cole.     P.  cerasus. 

Cole  is  a  rather  small-sized  Morello  of  little  value  and  no  doubt  now  out  of  culti- 
vation.    Fruit  cordate,  compressed  along  the  sutures;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  wide 
cavity;  skin  nearly  black;  flesh  tender,  rather  meaty,  dark  red,  lighter  near  the  pit,  having 
abundant,  wine-colored  juice,  sour,  sprightly;  stone  clings;  season  late. 
Columbia.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  439.     1869. 

Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  heart-shaped,  inclining 
to  a  point,  surface  angular  and  imeven,  sides  compressed;  suture  deep,  narrow;  stem  long, 
slender;  ca\aty  large,  deep;  skin  whitish-yellow,  blushed  and  mottled  with  light  red;  flesh 
whitish,  stained  with  pink,  tender,  juicy,  pleasant;  season  the  last  of  June. 
Common  Morello.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:143,  i44-  1832.  2.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.  103.     1852. 

Wild  Morello.     3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  54.     183 1. 

Ccnnmon  Red  Morello.     4.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  144.     1886. 

This  variety  must  not  be  confused  with  the  well-known  English  Morello.     Through 
self -propagation,  it  is  widely  known,  as  are  its  many  seedlings  which  oft-times  surpass  it 
in  size  and  quality. 
Como.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11: 160.     18S2. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Comtesse  de  Medicis  Spada.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Conde.     Species?     i.K.noop  Fructologie  2:^5.     177 1. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Conestoga.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  19:423.     1853.     2.  Horticulturist  17:381.     1862. 

Conestoga  was  introduced  by  Casper  Hiller,  Conestoga,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsyl- 


238  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

vania.  Tree  a  rampant,  spreading  grower,  very  productive;  fruit  very  large,  obtuse- 
cordate,  slightly  compressed  and  indented  at  the  apex;  suture  shallow;  stem  very  long, 
inserted  in  an  open  cavity;  skin  deep  red,  purplish,  somewhat  mottled;  flesh  firm,  rather 
tender,  juicy,  sugary,  brisk;    quality  good;  season  early  July. 

Constance  Maisin.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  25.     1876.     2.  Guide  Prat.  17. 
1895. 

This  is  a  Belgian  variety,  which,  according  to  Guide  Pratique,  1895,  is  very  similar 
to  Montmorency. 
Cook  Imperial.     P.  avium,     i.  Ant.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt.  25.     1904-05. 

This  variety,  a  seedling  of  Napoleon,  originated  with  Steven  Cook,  Benton  Harbor, 
Michigan.     It  is  mentioned  as  a  promising  new  sort,  resembling  Black  Tartarian  in  shape, 
flavor,  color,  and  length  of  stem  but  earlier  and  larger. 
Cornelia.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  459.     1869. 

Cornelia  originated  with  Charles  Pease,  near  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Tree  vigorous,  upright- 
spreading,  very  productive;  fruit  medium  to  above  in  size,  compressed,  heart-shaped; 
suture  slight;  stem  long;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  skin  whitish-yellow,  shaded  with  bright 
crimson  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  light  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rather  lively;  quality 
good;  stone  small;  season  the  last  of  Jime. 
Coming.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  72.     1899.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:66  fig.     1903. 

Coming  is  a  cross  between  the  Wragg  and  Lutovka  and  originated  with  A.  F.  Coil- 
man,  Corning,  Iowa.  Fruit  oblate-cordate,  above  medium  in  size;  suture  lacking; 
stem  of  medium  length,  stout,  inserted  in  a  medium  deep,  narrow  cavity;  skin  rather 
thick,  tender,  red ;  flesh  firm,  breaking ;  juice  slightly  colored,  briskly  subacid ;  quality  good ; 
stone  medium  large,  ovate ;  ripens  in  August. 

Corone.     P.    avium,     i.  Parkinson    Par.    Ter.    572.     1629.     2.  Rea   Flora    205.     1676. 
3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  291.     1884. 

Englische    Schwarze     Kronherzkirsche.     4.  Truchsess-Heim     Kirschensort.     149-152. 
1819.     5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  347.     1889. 

Corone,  as  the  references  show,  is  one  of  the  oldest-named  varieties,  though  strictly 
speaking,  since  it  was  largely  grown  from  seed,  according  to  the  old  writers,  it  is 
a  type  and  not  a  variety.  In  character  of  fruit  it  seems  to  be  midway  between  Black 
Mazzard  and  Black  Tartarian.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  below  medium  in  size, 
roundish-cordate,  compressed  and  often  roughened;  suture  deep;  stem  slender,  long;  cavity 
deep,  round,  narrow;  color  a  deep,  shining  black;  flesh  dark  purple,  very  firm,  sweet; 
ripens  late. 
Corwin.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  216.     1854. 

This  is  a  medium-sized,    roundish,   red   Morello   with  tender,   acid  flesh   and  a  large 
stone;  season  July. 
Coularde.     P.  avium,     i,  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  424-427.     18 19. 

Cerisier  de  Hollande.     2.  Duhamel  TrazV.  ylr&.Fr.  1:184,  185,  PI.  10.     1768.     3.  Leroy 
Diet.  Pom.  5:298,  346.     1877.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  363.     1889. 

Hollandische  Weichselbaum  mit  sehr  grosser  Frucht  [or]  Goulard.     5.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust. 
1:5,  Tab.  12  fig.  2.     1792. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  239 

Holldndische  grosse  Kirsche  Cotilard.     6.  Christ  Handb.  670.     1797. 

Holldndische  grosse  Weichsel  [or]  Coulard.     7.  Christ  Worterb.  284.     1802. 

Holland  Griotte.     8.  Prince   Pom.  Man.  2:141.     1S32.     9.  Kenrick  ,4m.   Orch.    280. 
1832. 

Holldndische  Sussweichsel.     10.  Dochnahl  Ftl/ir.  Obstkunde  ^i^i.     1858. 

Cerisier  coulard  de  Holland.     11.  Noisette  Man.  Contp.  Jard.  2:505.     i860. 

Leroy  states  that  Covdarde  has  been  kno'wn  since  1740  but  is  often  confused  with 
other  cherries.  According  to  Leroy,  this  variety  was  reintroduced  as  a  novelty  about 
1864,  under  the  name  Belle  d'Orleans.  American  writers,  however,  list  a  Belle  d'Orleans 
as  eariy  as  1850,  which  is  of  the  Guigne  type  rather  than  the  Griotte.  Tree  the  largest 
of  its  class;  branches  strong  and  straight;  blooms  profusely;  fruit  large,  round;  skin  red; 
flesh  firm,  reddish-white,  sweet,  agreeable;  ripens  the  end  of  June.  The  pistils  being 
much  longer  than  the  stamens,  many  flowers  are  never  fertilized  which  gives  the  blossoms 
a  blighted  appearance. 
Courte-queue  de  Gaiberg.     Species?     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  23,  192.     1876. 

Courte-pendu  de  Gaiberg.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed  as  having  been  received  from  Germany  on  the  recommendation  of  Oberdieck. 
Crawford.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed,  not  described. 
Crown  Prince.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  465.     1900. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  cordate;  skin  yellow  with  a  light  red  blush; 
flesh  whitish,  juicy,  tender,  refreshing;  quality  good;  ripens  the  last  of  May. 
Cserszeger  Hordgkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  55.     1907. 

A  3'eUow  Heart  cherry. 
Cullen  Cherrie.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  574.     1629. 

"  The  Cidlen  Cherrie  is  a  darke  red  cherrie  like  the  Agriot,  which  they  of   those 
parts  neere  Cullen  and  Vtrecht  &c.  vse  to  put  into  their  drinke,  to  give  it   the   deeper 
colour." 
Cumberland.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  205.     1854. 

Triumph    of   Cumberland.     2.  Horticulturist    7:100.     1852.     3.  Downing    Fr.    Trees 
Am.   267,  268.     1857.     4.  Mas  Poin.  Gen.  11:87,  88,  fig.  44.     1882. 

Cumberland  Heart.     5.  Gard.  Mon.  2:118.     i860. 

Cumberland  Spice.     6.  Horticulturist  17:498.     1862. 

Cumberland  is  a  chance  seedling  found  in  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania;  intro- 
duced by  David  MiUer  of  Carlisle.  Tree  strong  in  growth,  erect,  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  obtuse-cordate,  sides  compressed;  stem  rather  long,  slender,  set  in  a  broad,  open 
cavity;  apex  slightly  depressed;  suture  entirely  around  the  fruit,  but  a  Hne  on  one  side; 
skin  medium  thick,  tough,  clear  purple  changing  to  a  purplish-black;  flesh  deep  purple, 
crisp,  aromatic,  with  abundant,  colored  juice;  quality  good;  pit  roundish-oval,  compressed, 
slightly  clinging;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Cyclone.     P.  avium,     i.  Nova  Scotia  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.  23.     1894. 

This  variety  is  said  in  Nova  Scotia  to  be  somewhat  similar  to  Wood  and  Rockport 
but  to  be  superior  to  either  in  size  and  quality. 


240  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Dacotah.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hor/.  26:402,  403.     i860.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  4e,g. 
1S69. 

Dacotah  is  a  seedling  of  one  of  Professor  J.  P.  Kartland's  sorts,  originated  by  his 
son-in-law,  Charles  Pease,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  In  growth  it  resembles  Rockport;  in  fruit, 
Black  Tartarian  although  it  is  later.  The  fruit  is  borne  on  spurs  on  the  body  as  well 
as  on  the  limbs,  thus  being  protected  from  birds  by  the  foliage.  Fruit  medium  to  large, 
heart-shaped,  compressed;  suture  shallow;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  deep,  narrow;  skin 
rich  dark  red,  almost  black,  slightly  roughened;  flesh  rather  tender,  purplish,  juicy,  sweet; 
of  high  quality;  stone  of  medium  size;  productive. 
Daiber  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  344.     1889. 

Listed  by  Mathieu. 
Dankehnannskirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heitn  Kirschensort.  242-246,  677.     1819. 

Schwejelkirsche.     2.  Kriinitz  Enc.  72,  73.     1790. 

Agatkirsche.     3.  Christ  Handh.  666.     1797. 

Dankelmann's  Weisse  Herzkirsche.     4.  Ibid.  666.     1797. 

Kleine  weisse  Perlkirsche.     5.  Ibid.  683.     1797. 

Dankelmann's  Molkenkirsche.     6.  DochnaM  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:28.     1858. 

Bigarreautier  a  fruit  jaimef     7.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:504.     i860. 

Bigarreau  jaune.     8.  MortiUet  Le  Cerisier  2:133.     1866. 

In  1 791,  Truchsess  received  grafts  of  what  he  thought  were  several  distinct  varieties 
and  disseminated  them  as  such.  Later,  they  were  found  to  be  identical  with  the  Dan- 
kelmann.  The  fruit  is  recognized  from  others  of  its  class  by  its  small  size,  its  honey 
sweetness,  its  peculiar  color  and  its  transparent  skin.  Fruit  more  round  than  cordate,  with 
a  shallow  suture;  stem  slender,  inserted  in  a  narrow,  shallow  cavity;  skin  yellow  washed 
with  red,  transparent  allowing  the  pit  to  be  visible;  flesh  yellowish-white,  tender,  very 
juicy,  very  sweet  if  ripened  thoroughly ;  stone  small,  round,  almost  free  when  ripe ;  season 
the  last  of  June  to  July. 
Datge.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bid.  2nd  Ser.  3:59.     1900. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference  as  being  moderate  in  growth. 
Davenport.     P.  avium.     1.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:154.     1832. 

Davenport's  Early  Red.     2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  218.     1835. 

Davenport's  Early  Black.     3.  Ibid.  233.     1841. 

Davenport's  Early.     4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  172,  173.     1845. 

This  early  cherry,  resembling  somewhat  Black  Heart,  was  originated  nearly  a  century 
ago  by  Edward  Davenport,  Dorchester,  Massachusetts.  Tree  medium  in  size,  productive; 
fruit  above  medium  to  large,  roundish-cordate;  stem  long,  rather  thick;  skin  bright  red 
becoming  purplish-black;  flesh  firm  but  tender,  sprightly,  pleasant,  juicy,  sweet;  very 
good  in  quality;  season  early. 
De  Belleu.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bid.  2nd  Ser.  3:59.     1900. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference  as  being  a  variety  of  moderate  growth. 
De  Jacap.     Species?     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.     52.     1831. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
De  Ravaene.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  24 1 

De  Siberie  a  gros  fruit  et  a  rameaux  pendans.     Species?     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard. 
2:508.     i860. 

This  is  a  dwarf  ornamental  tree  bearing  small,   oval,  mediocre    fnuts  ripening  in 
August  and  September. 
De  Spa.    P.  cerasus.    i.  A/ag. //or^.  17:363.     1851.    2.  BowningFr.  Trees  Am.  2'j8.     1857. 

De  Spa  is  a  medium-sized,  dark  red,   acid  Morello  forming  a  prolific  bush,  ripening 
soon  after  May  Duke. 
De  Vaux.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm.  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:59.     1900. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Dearborn  Red  French.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  280.     1832. 

This  is  a  Duke  cherr>-  imported  from  France  by  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Roxbury,  Massa- 
chusetts.    The  name  ha\ang  been  lost,  the  importer  renamed  it. 
Dechenaut.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  78.     1866. 

Fruit  large,  roundish-cordate,  broad  at  the  base,  rather  flattened;  suture  faint;  skin 
bright  comelian-red,  becoming  darker  red  when  ripe,  glossy;  stem  long,  set  in  a  wide, 
deep  cavity;  flesh  tender,  succulent;  resembling  May  Duke  in  flavor  and  season. 
Delaware  Bleeding  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.     1898. 

This  is  a  medium-sized,  dark  red,  nearly  black  fruit  with  solid  flesh  and  good  flavor. 
Delicate.     P.  avium,     i,  Mag.  Hort.   19:167,   168.     1853.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book   193  fig. 
1854. 

Delicate  was  raised  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1842,  from  a  pit 
of  Yellow  Spanish,  probably  crossed  with  Black  Tartarian,  Black  Mazzard,  or  May  Duke. 
Tree  moderately  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish- 
oblate;  suture  rather  pronounced;  stem  mediimi  in  length;  skin  thin,  translucent,  amber- 
yellow  overspread  and  mottled  with  light  carmine;  flesh  pale  yellow,  jmcy,  pleasant, 
sweet;  very  good  in  quality;  stone  small,  roundish-oval;  season  the  last  of  June  and  the 
first  of  July. 
Delicieuse.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed  by  Mas. 
Denner  Black.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  48.     183 1. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Des  Cheneaux.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Deutsche  Belzweichsel.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  290.     1802.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  603,  604,  605.     1819. 

Probably  this  is  but  a  wild  seedling  used  in  grafting.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  round; 
suture  indistinct;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  glossy,  dark  brown; 
flesh  firm,  dark,  reddish  directly  under  the  skin,  juicy,  with  a  sourish  wine-flavor;  stone 
small,  oval;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Disnoder  Gewiirzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Ohstsort.  55.     1907- 

Listed  as  a  black  Bigarreau. 
Ditst.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
16 


242  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Dobbeete  Moreller.     Species?     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  54.     183 1. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Doctay.     Species?     i.  Horticulturist  17:498.     1862. 

Reported  in  the  reference  as  a  good,  late  cherry  of  second  size  as  grown  by  E.  Man- 
ning, Harrisburg,  Ohio. 

Doctor.  P.  avium,  i.  Horticulturist  2:123  fig.  1847-48.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  19:167,  168. 
1853.     3.  Mas  Lc  Verger  8:2,7,  38,  fig-  17.     1866-73. 

American  Doctor.     4.  }iogg  Fruit  Man.  71.     1866. 

Doctor  was  originated  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1842,  from 
a  pit  of  Yellow  Spanish,  probably  crossed  with  Black  Tartarian,  Black  Mazzard,  or  May 
Duke.  Hogg  called  it  American  Doctor  to  distinguish  it  from  the  German  Doctorkirsche. 
Tree  of  medium  vigor,  upright-spreading,  healthy,  very  productive;  fruit  meditim  to 
large,  roimdish-cordate;  stem  long,  rather  slender;  skin  light  yellow,  mottled,  blushed  and 
at  times  almost  entirely  overspread  with  red;  flesh  pale  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  aromatic, 
sweet;  good  in  quality;  stone  small. 
Dr.  Flynn.     P.  avium.     1.  Coates  Cat.  igii-12. 

Dr.  Flynn  is  a  chance  seedling  which  originated  in  Portland,  Oregon,  with  a  Dr.  Flynn. 
Fruit  large,  dark  red;  similar  to  Lambert  in  shape;  preceding  Napoleon. 
Dr.  Wiseman.     P.  avium,     i.  Van  Lindley  Cat.  23.     1892.     2.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult. 
321.     1897. 

This  cherry  was  named  after  Dr.  Wiseman,  Davie  County,  North  Carolina,  who 
claimed  it  to  be  the  earliest  Sweet  Cherry.  Van  Lindley  believes  it  to  be  the  Doctor 
which  originated  with  Professor  Kirtland.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  light  yellow,  shaded 
with  bright  red,  resembling  Wood. 

Doctorkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Christ  Obstbdume  161.  1791.  2.  Christ  Handb.  674. 
1797-  3-  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  402-405.  1819.  4.  ///.  Handb.  497  fig., 
498.     1861. 

This  variety  was  first  mentioned  in  1791.  It  should  not  be  confused  with  another 
sort  mentioned  by  Biittner  and  Truchsess  as  Doctorknorpelkirsche.  Fruit  large,  roundish, 
somewhat  compressed;  stem  long;  cavity  rather  deep;  skin  tough,  brownish-red  changing 
to  reddish-black;  flesh  dark  red,  melting,  juicy,  sweet  yet  with  a  sprightly  flavor;  pit 
round,  slightly  pointed;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 

Doctorknorpelkirsche.  P.  avium.  1.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  201,  202,  203.  1819. 
2.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:37.     1858. 

According  to  Truchsess,  this  sort  was  received  by  him  in  1797,  from  Buttner  at  Leipzig 
under  the  name  of  Doctorkirsche.  Because  one  or  two  other  sorts  were  growing  at  that 
time  under  this  name,  Christ  changed  this  one,  following  Biittner's  description,  to  Doctor- 
kirsche mit  Hartem  Fleisch,  which  has  since  been  shortened  to  Doctorknorpelkirsche. 
Fruit  large,  slightly  compressed;  stem  long  and  slender;  color  black;  flesh  firm,  clear  red, 
juicy,  agreeably  sweet;  ripens  the  middle  of  August. 
Dollaner  Schwarze.     P.  avium,     i.  ///.  Handb.  9  fig.,  10.     1867. 

According  to  Oberdieck,  this  variety  originated  at  Dollan,  Bohemia,  Austria,  the 
home  of  the  Dollaner  prune.     Fruit    above  medium   in  size,  truncate-cordate,  traversed 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  243 

entirely  by  a  suture;  stem  slender,  long,  set  in  a  narrow,  shallow  cavity;  skin  tough, 
brownish-black  with  light  spots,  wholly  black  when  ripe;  flesh  and  juice  dark  red,  flesh 
firm,  but  tender  enough  to  be  classed  among  the  Hearts,  sweet,  aromatic,  with  a  slight 
sourness  before  fully  ripe;  stone  elongated-oval;  season  late. 

Donna  Maria.  P.  cerastis.  i.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  326.  1851.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74. 
1S62.  3.  Am.  Hort.  An.  84  fig.  41.  85.  1869. 
This  is  a  Morello  cherry,  probably  of  French  origin.  It  is  distinct  from  the  Early 
May  grown  in  the  West  with  which  it  has  been  confused.  Donna  Maria  held  a  place 
on  the  American  Pomological  Society's  catalog  of  fruits  from  1862  until  1899.  Tree  small, 
productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish,  dark  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sprightly;  good 
in  quality;  season  late. 

Doppelte    Weichsel.     P.    cerastis.     i.  Clirist    Handh.     673.     1797.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  505,  506,  507.     1819. 
Doppelte  Amarelle.     3.  Christ  Obstbdume  158.     1791. 

Christ  first  described  this  variety  as  Doppelte  Amarelle  but  in  his  later  writings 
changed  it  to  Doppelte  Weichsel.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  Spanische  Friihweichsel 
in  being  larger,  longer  in  stem,  and  sourer.  Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  globular;  suture 
shallow;  stem  long,  rather  stout,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  dark  brownish-red,  thin, 
not  glossy  in  wet  years;  flesh  dark,  firm  for  a  Weichsel,  juicy,  light  colored,  pleasing  sub- 
acid; pit  small,  more  round  than  broad,  free;  season  the  end  of  June. 
Dorotheenkirsche.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  347.     1S89. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Dorrells  Neue  Himbeerkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  DochnaM  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:27.     1858. 

Tree  productive;  fruit  large,  cordate,  flattened;  stem  stout;  skin  dark  red;  flesh  firm, 
whitish,  sweet,  aromatic;  stone  small;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 
Doty.     Species?  1.  Am.  Inst.  An.  Rpt.  212.     1867. 

This  is  a  small  but  pleasantly  flavored  seedling  exhibited  by  William  M    Doty,  Star 
Landing,  New  Jersey. 
Double  Yellow  Spanish.     P.  avium,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  331.     1885. 

This  variety  was  imported  to  America  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Ames,  Iowa.     The 
tree  has  a  drooping  habit,  large  foliage  and  sweet  fruit  of  best  quality. 
Douce  de  Bardowick.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Dougall.     Species?     1.  Cult.  &  Count.  Gent.  39:454-     i874- 

Dougall  is  a  large,  black,  seedling  fruit  introduced  by  James  Dougall,  Amherstburgh, 
Canada.     Ripens  before  Early  Purple. 
Doulin  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  460.     1869. 

This  is  a  foreign  variety  which  may  not  be  distinct.     Tree  a  rapid,  spreading  grower, 
bears  early;  fruit  large,  heart-shaped,  compressed  on  one  side;  stem  slender,  curved,  set 
in  a  deep  cavity;  suture  slight;  skin  dark  purplish-red;  flesh  pinkish,  rather  tender,  juicy, 
sweet,  pleasant;  quality  good;  season  early  June. 
Dove  Bank.     Species?     1.  Mas  Pow.  Gew.  11:160.     1882. 
Listed  in  the  reference  given. 


244  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Downing  Red  Cheek.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing Fr.  Trees  Am.  i86  fig.  j6.     1845.     2.  Elliott 
Fr.  Book  205.     1854. 

Rouge  de  Downing.     3.  Mas  Lg  Verger  8:85,  86,  fig.  41.     1866-73. 

Downing's  Sdmling.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  346.     1889. 

This  attractive  cherry,  resembling  Yellow  Spanish,  was  raised  by  A.  J.  Downing,^ 
Newburgh,  New  York,  about  1840;  its  exact  parentage  is  unknown.  Tree  vigorous, 
upright-spreading,  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  obtuse-cordate,  slightly  compressed; 
stem  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  thin,  yellowish-white  blushed  and 
mottled  with  attractive  dark  crimson;  flesh  yellowish  but  often  very  nearly  white,  half- 
tender,  juicy,  delicate,  sweet ;  good  in  quality ;  stone  medium  in  size ;  ripens  from  the  middle 
to  the  last  of  June. 

Downton.     P.  avium,     i.  Pom.  Mag.  3:138   PI.     1830.     2.  Prince   Pom.  Man.   2:124. 
1832.    3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.     1862.     4.  ///.  Handb.  485  fig.,  486.     1861. 

Downioner  Molkenkirsche.     5.  Dochnahl  FUhr.  Obsikutide  3:^0.     1858. 

Guigne  Downton.     6.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:98,  303.     1866.     7.  Leroy  Diet.   Pom. 
5:321  fig.     1877. 

Imperatrice  Downton  1     8.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 


1  Andrew  Jackson  Downing  was  bom  in  Newburgh  on  the  Hudson,  the  town  in  which  he  always  lived 
and  which  he  loved,  October  30,  181 5.  He  perished  while  trying  to  save  other  passengers  in  the  burning 
of  the  steamer  Henry  Clay  on  the  Hudson  River,  July  28,  1852,  at  the  age  of  37.  Andrew  Downing's 
education  was  largely  acquired  from  self  instruction  although  he  attended  the  schools  of  his  native  town 
and  the  academy  in  the  adjoining  village  of  Montgomery.  His  father,  a  nurseryman,  whose  work  was 
mentioned  in  the  sketch  of  Charles  Downing,  elder  brother  of  Andrew,  gave  the  younger  son  every  oppor- 
tunity to  cultivate  an  early  developed  taste  for  horticulture,  botany  and  the  natural  sciences.  When 
but  a  youth  he  joined  his  brother  Charles  as  partner  in  a  nursery  firm,  a  relationship  maintained  for  but 
a  few  years  and  which  he  severed  to  begin  a  career  as  a  writer  on  landscape  gardening  and  pomological 
subjects.  His  first  publication  was  a  Treatise  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Landscape  Gardening  adapted 
to  North  America,  with  a  view  to  the  Improvement  oj  Country  Residences,  with  Remarks  on  Rural  Architec- 
ture, a  book  published  in  1 841,  the  author  being  but  26  years  of  age.  The  work  passed  into  instant 
popularity  and  is  the  word  of  authority  which  has  told  thousands  of  Americans  what  to  do  to  make  their 
grounds  beautiful.  Within  a  few  months  so  great  was  the  success  of  the  first  venture  that  in  response 
to  the  demand  he  published  his  Cottage  Residences,  a  companion  book  which  was  received  with  equal 
favor,  thus  giving  Andrew  Downing  first  rank  as  an  authority  on  rural  art.  In  1845  the  Fruits  and  Fruit 
Trees  of  America,  then  and  now  the  chief  pomological  authority  of  this  continent,  was  printed  simultane- 
ously in  London  and  New  York,  a  second  edition  coming  out  in  1850.  In  1846  Andrew  Downing  became 
the  founder  and  editor  of  the  Horticulturist,  which  he  continued  to  pubUsh  until  his  death.  In  1849  he 
wrote  Additional  Notes  and  Hints  about  Building  in  the  Country,  published  in  Wightwick's  Hints  to  Young 
Architects.  The  summer  of  1850  was  spent  in  England  in  the  study  of  landscape  gardening  and  rural 
architecture  from  the  result  of  which  came  his  Architecture  of  Country  Houses.  His  last  work  was  the 
editing  of  Mrs.  Loudon's  Landscape  Gardening  for  Ladies  though  Rural  Essays  appeared  after  his  death 
as  a  collection  of  his  writings  with  a  memoir  by  George  William  Curtis  and  a  Letter  to  his  Friends  by 
Frederika  Bremer.  He  was  employed  in  planting  the  public  grounds  of  the  Capitol,  the  White  House 
and  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington  when  he  met  his  untimely  death.  Downing  is  the  creator 
of  American  landscape  gardening  and  shares  with  his  brother  Charles  the  honor  of  being  the  most  dis- 
tinguished pomologist  of  the  country.  In  the  epoch-making  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America  Andrew 
Downing  was  the  real  genius,  Charles  Downing  the  conscientious  and  painstaking  student  who  worked 
out  the  details. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  245 

Downton  was  raised  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Centur>-  by  T.  A.  Knight,  Downton 
Castle,  England,  from  a  seed  of  Elton.  Tree  strong  in  growth,  spreading;  fruit  attached 
in  pairs,  large,  obtuse-cordate,  roundish;  stem  rather  long,  slender;  skin  pale  yellowish, 
heavdly  specked  with  red,  which  of  tens  merges  into  a  blush  on  the  sunny  side;  fiesh  light 
yellow,  very  tender,  juicy;  liigh  in  quality;  stone  slightly  adherent;  ripens  after  May  Duke. 
Dresdener  Mai  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium.     1.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  23.     1876. 

A  very  early  Heart  cherry  received  by  Thomas  from  Germany. 
Drogan    White    Bigarreau.     P.    avium,     i.  Hogg    Fruit    Man.    79.     1866.     2,  Thomas 
Guide  Prat.  20,  1S8.     1876. 

Drogan's  Weisse  Knorpelkirsche .     3.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort.  341,  684.      1819. 
4.  III.  Handb.  55  fig.,  56.     1867. 

This  is  one  of  Drogan's  seedlings  from  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany,  1809.  Leroy  includes 
Drogan's  White  and  Yellow  Bigarreaus  with  his  Guigne  Blanche  (Grosse)  but  the  three 
are  distinct  varieties.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish-cordate,  flattened 
on  one  side;  suture  distinct;  stem  rather  short,  stout;  cavity  wide,  deep;  apex  pointed; 
skin  tough,  pale  yellow,  mottled  and  blushed  with  red  where  much  exposed ;  flesh  firm,  pale 
\'ellow,  juicy,  sweet;  stone  plump,  ovate  to  oval;  desirable  for  table  and  kitchen  use;  late. 
Drogan  Yellow  Bigarreau.  P.  avium,  i.  III.  Handh.  147  fig.,  148.  i860.  2.  Hogg 
Fruit  Man.  79,  80.     1866.     3.  Mas  L^  Verger  8:111,  112,  fig.  54.     1866-73. 

Bigarreau  {Golden)  1    4.  Fell  Cat.  41.     1893-94. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large  to  very  large,  oblate-cordate,  resembling  May 
Duke,  compressed  on  the  faces,  trvmcate  at  the  base,  traversed  by  a  shallow  suture;  stem 
long,  stout,  inserted  in  a  wide,  deep  cavity;  skin  rather  glossy,  clear  yellow,  golden  in 
the  sun;  flesh  firm,  yellowish,  having  abundant,  uncolored  juice,  with  a  sweetness  which 
increases  as  the  season  advances;  quality  high;  pit  small,  turgid,  roundish-oval,  truncate 
at  the  base;  ripens  late. 

Drogans   Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.   avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   206, 
207,  677.     1819. 

A  Prussian  seedling  from  Guben,  Germany,  which  in  favorable  years  is  of  good  size 
and  pleasant  flavor;  skin  black;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  colored;  ripens  the  middle  of  Jvdy. 
Drooping  Guigne.     P.  avium,     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:119.     1832. 

Guignier  a  rameaux  pendans.     2.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:503.     i860. 

Noisette  lists  this  variety  under  the  Merisiers  while  others  take  it  to  be  Toussaint 
which  it  resembles  in  habit  of  growth.  Fruit  large,  roundish  or  heart-shaped,  glossy 
black,  with  a  long  stem;  flesh  reddish-black,  watery,  sweet;  season  July;  very  productive. 
Du  Comte  Egger.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Listed,  not  described. 
Du  Nord  Nouvelle.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  326.     1851. 

Mentioned  as  a  Morello  from  France  ripening  in  August.  Fruit  of  medium  size, 
bright  red,  tender,  acid;  useful  because  of  its  lateness. 

Duchesse  d'Angouleme.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:155,    156,    fig-  76.     1866-73. 
2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  3:261.     1877.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:67,  fig.  12.     1903. 

Herzogin  von  Angouleme.    4.  III.  Handh.  535  fig.,  536.     1861. 


246  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Duchesse  d'Angouleme  is  supposed  to  have  come  from  the  vicinity  of  Viemia,  Austria, 
although  som.e  writers  give  France  as  its  place  of  origin.  It  is  often  confused  with  other 
sorts.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  slightly  spreading,  productive;  fruit  medium  to 
above  in  size,  roimdish-oblate ;  stem  rather  long  and  thick,  set  in  a  large,  deep  cavity ;  skin 
firm,  bright  red;  flesh  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  agreeably  aromatic  at 
extreme  maturity;  quality  fair  to  good;  stone  nearly  round,  slightly  compressed;  ripens 
from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  June. 
Duchesse  de  Palluau.     P.  avium   X    P.  cerasus.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  19:407  fig.  28.     1853, 

2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:261,  262  fig.     1877.     3.  Rev.  Hort.  236,  237,  PL     1901. 
'  Herzogin  von  Paluau.     4.  ///.  Handb.  169  fig.,  170.     i860. 

Precoce  Lemercier  mcor.     5.  Mortillet  Le  CemzVr  2: 142-146,  fig.     1866. 

Duchesse  de  PaUuau  was  raised  about  1840  by  M.  Pierre  Bretonneau  near  Tours, 
Indre-et-Loire,  France.  In  1844  he  gave  dons  of  this  variety,  under  the  name  Duchesse 
de  Palluau,  to  Leroy  who  propagated  and  probably  disseminated  the  sort.  Tree  large, 
productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  heart-shaped,  compressed;  stem  long,  slender;  skin 
thin,  dark  purple  becoming  almost  black;  flesh  tinged  with  red,  juicy,  brisk  subacid 
becoming  sweet;  good  in  quality;  stone  nearly  free,  oblong-ovate,  small;  ripens  in  early 
mid-season. 
Duke  of  Edinburgh.     P.  avium,     i.  Agr.  Gaz.  N.  S.  Wales  19:998.     1908. 

Tree  stunted,  upright;  fruit  too  small  and  soft  for  market;  similar  to  Belle  d'Orleans; 
ripens  in  November  in  Australia. 
Dumas.     Species?     1.  Vlas  Pom.  Gen.  11:  ido.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Dunkelrothe    Knorpelkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.    Truchsess-Heim     Kirschensort.    680-682. 
1819. 

Bigarreau  a  Longue  Queue .     2.   MortiUet  Le  Cerisier  2:121,  122  fig.,    123,  219.     1866. 

Bigarreau  Rouge  Fonce.     3.  Ibid.  2:302.     1866. 

Bigarreau  Violet.     4.  Leroy  Diet.  Potn.  5:249  fig.     1877. 

This  variety  probably  originated  with  Van  Mons  in  Belgium  about  1790.  It  was 
received  by  Truchsess  a  little  later  as  a  French  sort  under  the  name  Bigarreau  Violet. 
Fruit  large,  elongated-cordate,  sides  compressed;  suttu"e  very  distinct  dividing  the  fruit 
into  halves;  stem  very  long,  more  deeply  inserted  in  unripe  fruits;  skin  firm  but  not  tough, 
yellowish,  overspread  with  dark  red,  verging  to  violet;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  juicy;  quality 
excellent;  stone  free,  small,  roundish-oval;  apex  acutely  pointed;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Duraccia.  P.  avium,  i.  L^  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  292.  1893.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soe.  Rpt.  175. 
1895. 

E.  E.  Goodrich,  Santa  Clara,  California,  received  cions  of  this  variety  from  Lucca, 
Italy,  tliinking  it  to  be  the  famous  "  Pistojese  "  used  extensively  in  Italy  for  brandying. 
Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  cordate;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  large,  deep,  regular  cavity; 
suture  deep,  extending  beyond  the  apex;  skin  thin,  tough,  smooth,  glossy,  finely  pitted, 
dark  purple  to  almost  black;  flesh  red  with  lighter  veinings,  firm,  meaty,  rich,  sweet;  quality 
very  good;  pit  of  medium  size,  plimip,  partially  adherent;  season  at  Santa  Clara  the  last 
of  July  to  August;  ships  well;  has  not  been  reported  from  the  eastern  states. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  247 

Dure  Noir  Grosse.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Not  described. 
Dwarf  Siberian.     P.  fndicosa.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:153.     1832. 

Dutch  Weeping.     2.  Lond.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  48.     1831. 

De  Siherie.     3.  Ibid.  55.     183 1.     4.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2: No.  20,  PI.     1846. 

Weeping.     5.  Kenrick  Am.  Orcli.  283.     1832. 

De  Siberie  a  jruit  rond^     6.  Noisette  Afa«.  Cowp. /arJ.  2:508.     i860. 

Dwarf  Siberian  belongs  to  Prunns  frnticosa,  the  dwarf  cherry  of  the  Old  World,  of 
which  Cerasus  chamaecerasus  is  a  synonym  This  cherry  was  introduced  into  America 
by  Prince  of  Flushing,  New  York,  and  was  thought  by  him  to  be  the  most  suitable  species 
to  furnish  stocks  for  dwarf  trees.  At  best  the  variety  reaches  a  height  of  from  three  to 
four  feet  with  branches  very  numerous,  forming  a  dense  shrub.  The  flowers  have  long 
peduncles,  often  solitary  but  are  usually  united  in  umbels  of  from  three  to  five  each, 
which  are  sessile  and  axillary;  fruit  globular,  red,  small;  flesh  red,  very  acid,  tender. 
Early  Amarella.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Albertson  &  Hobbs  Cat.  26.  1904.  2.  Vincennes  Nur. 
Cat.  26.     1906. 

Tree  upright,  hardy,  very  productive;  fruit  large,  brilliant  red  becoming  darker  as 
it  gets  riper;  stem  very  long. 

Early  Amber.  P.  avium,  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  69.  80.  1866,  2.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat. 
45.     1831. 

River's  Early  Amber  Heart.    3.  Kenrick  Am.   Orch.   234.     184 1.     4.   Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  177.     1845. 

Guigne  panachee  precoce.     5.  MortiUet  Le  Cerisier  2:97,  208.     1866. 

Bigarreau  Ambre  Precoce.     6.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:49,  50,  fig.  23.     1866-73.     7-  Leroy 
Diet.  Pom.  5:174,  17s  fig.     1877. 

Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  is  given  credit  for  this  variety  as  a 
strain  of  the  old  Early  White  Heart.  Leroy,  however,  states  that  his  grandfather  propa- 
gated this  cherry  under  the  name  Cerise  Panache  or  Suisse,  as  early  as  1790  but  without 
knowing  its  origin.  He  dropped  the  precoce  because  other  varieties  ripened  long  before 
this  one.  Tree  vigorous,  erect,  productive;  fruit  borne  in  threes,  medium  in  size,  obtuse- 
cordate,  slightly  compressed;  suture  wide;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  straight,  deep  cavity; 
skin  firm,  medium  thick,  changing  from  lively  red  to  reddish-brown;  flesh  yellowish,  tender, 
cracking,  with  uncolored  juice,  sweet,  aromatic;  pit  large  for  the  fruit;  season  early. 
Early  Black  Bigarreau.  P.  avium,  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  6g,  80.  1866.  2.  Mortillet  Le 
Cerisier  2:302.     1866. 

Fruit  large,  distinctly  heart-shaped;  stem  long;  color  jet  black;  flesh  dark  purple, 
firm,  rich,  sweet;  excellent;  season  the  last  of  Jime  and  the  first  of  July. 
Early  Eugene.     Species?     i.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  4ij.     1898. 

Reported  by  H.  L.  McGee,  Villa  Ridge,  lUinois,  as  being  a  hardy  and  productive 
variety. 

Early  May.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Rural  N.  Y.  12:375.  1861.  2.  Trans.  III.  Agr.  Soc.  5:199. 
1861-64.  3.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.  1:123.  1867.  4.  Ibid.  3:18-22.  1868.  5.  Am. 
Hort.  An.  84.     1869.     6.  Country  Gent.  3g:  118.     1874. 


248  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

This  variety  originated  a  generation  or  more  ago  in  Virginia  and  was  known  there  and 
in  neighboring  states  as  Early  May.  Later,  it  became  widely  disseminated  in  the  Middle 
West  where  it  was  often  confused  with  Early  Richmond,  Late  Kentish  and  Montmo- 
rency. Early  May  should  not  be  confused  with  a  European  cherry  of  the  same  name 
formerly  grown  upon  the  continent  but  now  seldom  seen.  The  fruit  of  the  American  sort 
is  much  like  Early  Richmond  though  of  inferior  quahty  and  is  now  probably  wholly 
replaced  by  the  latter  variety. 
Early  Prolific.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.   Book  193,  194.     1854. 

Early  Prolific  was  raised  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1842.  Tree 
healthy,  vigorous,  upright,  slightly  spreading;  fruit  large,  round,  obtuse-cordate;  suture 
distinct;  stem  variable;  skin  bright  carmine-red  mottled  on  a  light  amber-yellow  ground; 
flesh  rather  tender,  firm,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;  very  productive;  season  early  June. 
Early  Red  Bigarreau.  P.  avium,  i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:130.  1832.  2.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  69,  81,  94.     1866.     3.  T\\oma.s  Guide  Prat.  23.     1876. 

Bigarreau  Rouge  de  Guben .     4.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:242  fig.,  243.     1877. 

This  variety  originated  about  1845,  from  seed  in  the  garden  of  the  Pomological  Society, 
at  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany.  The  Russians,  who  were  growing  it  in  1858,  sent  the  variety 
from  Crimea  to  M.  Eugene  Glady,  who  in  turn  gave  cions  of  it  to  Leroy.  Tree  moderately 
vigorous,  productive;  fruit  usually  attached  in  pairs;  above  medium  to  large,  obtuse-cor- 
date, more  or  less  irregular,  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem  long,  slender,  inserted  in 
a  deep  cavity;  skin  thick,  dark  red  changing  to  reddish-brown;  flesh  dark  colored,  firm, 
breaking,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;  quality  excellent;  stone  rather  large,  ovate;  ripens  the 
last  of  June. 

Early  Red  Guigne.  P.  avium,  i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  23.  1876.  2.  Guide  Prat.  17. 
1895.     3.  Rivers  Cat.  18.     1898-99. 

This  cherry,  of  unknown  origin,  was  propagated  by  Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridge- 
worth,  England.     It  is  thought  by  some  to  be  Elton.     Fruit  large,  pale  red;  flesh  very 
tender,  rich  and  good;  ripens  in  early  June. 
Early  Red  and  Yellow.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  8:2&2.     1842. 

This  variety  was  raised  by  Robert  Manning,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  from  the  seed  of 
a  white  Bigarreau.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate;  light  red  on  a  yellow  ground; 
sweet,  juicy;  good;  ripe  the  last  of  June. 

Early  Rivers.  P.  avium,  i.  Flor.  &  Pom.  $  fig.,  6.  1872.  2,  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  28, 
204.  1876.  3.  Flor.  &  Pom.  117.  1878.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd  App. 
162.     1881.     5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  296.     1884. 

Guigne  Early  Rivers.     6.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  104  fig.,  105.     1904. 

Early  Rivers  is  a  seedling  of  Early  Purple  raised  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth, 
England;  first  fruited  in  1869.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  productive; 
fruit  large,  roimdish-cordate,  somewhat  uneven  and  indented  on  the  surface;  stem  long, 
rather  slender;  skin  thin,  deep  red  changing  to  glossy  black;  flesh  reddish,  juicy,  very 
tender,  rich,  sweet;  very  good  in  quality;  stone  very  small,  elongated;  season  early. 
Early  York.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  666.     1897. 

Fruit  mediimi  in  size;  flesh  greenish-white,  tender,  juicy,  subacid. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  249 

Ebenter  Cherry.     Species?     i.  Flor.  &  Pom.  m.     1879.     2.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  347. 
1889. 

This  cherry  is  said  to  be  cultivated  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Constance,  Germany,  notably 
at  Lindau  and  Tettnang,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  firm  flesh,    large  size  and  small  stone. 
Ripens  after  all  other  table  cherries. 
Edouard  Seneclause.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Ge7i.  11:160.     1882. 

Not  described. 
Elfner  Kirsche.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pojm.  347.     1889. 

Listed  by  Mathieu. 
Elizabeth.     P.   avium,     i.  EUiott   Fr.   Book    207.     1854.     2.  Mas    Pom.   Gen.    11:160. 
1882. 

Elizabeth  is  a  seedling  from  Caleb  Atwater,  Portage  County,  Ohio,  1823.  Tree 
vigorous,  upright,  prolific;  fruit  medium  to  large,  heart-shaped,  flattened  on  the  sides; 
stem  of  medium  length,  set  in  a  regular  cavity;  skin  rich,  dark  red;  flesh  yellowish,  sHghtly 
tinged  with  red,  rather  tender,  juicy,  pleasantly  sweet;  pit  roundish-ovate;  season  the 
middle  of  June. 

Emperor  Francis.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  ii:iii,  112,  fig.  56.     1882.     2.  Bun- 
yard-Thomas  Fr.  Gard.  42.     1904.     3.    Jour.  Roy.  Hort.  Soc.  30:133.     1906. 

Bigarreau  Empereur-Francois .     4.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  16.     1876. 

Kaiser  Franz  Josef.     5.  Proskauer  Obstsort.   56.     1907.     6.  Reui.    Pom.  Inst.  Fest- 
schrift 122.     igio. 

The  origin  of  Emperor  Francis  is  not  given  in  any  of  the  references  though  the  variety 
seems  to  be  quite  well  known  in  both  France  and  England.  Tree  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  rather  short;  cavity  medium  in  size;  skin  marbled  with 
red  on  a  yellowish-white  ground;  flesh  firm,  crisp,  sweet,  high  flavored;  stone  small,  bluntly 
pointed;  ripens  rather  late. 
English  Amber.     P.  avium.     1.  EUiott  Fr.  Book  207,  208.     1854. 

Probably  this  is  an  old  variety  known  under  some  other  name.  Tree  vigorous,  strong 
in  growth,  very  productive;  fnut  of  medium  size,  roundish-cordate,  regular;  stem  long; 
skin  delicate  amber,  mottled  with  pale  red;  flesh  whitish-yellow,  half -tender,  delicate, 
juicy,  very  sweet;  pit  of  mediimi  size;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 

English   Bearer.     P.   cerasus.     i.  Brookshaw    Pom.   Brit.   PI.    9.     1817.     2.  Brookshaw 
Hort.  Reposit.  2:131,  PI.  71  fig.  3.     1823. 

English  Preserve.     3.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  49.     183 1. 

This  variety  is  grown  in  Kent,  England,  where  it  is  known  as  English  Preserver.     It 
is  distinguished  from  the  Kentish  only  by  its  larger  size  and  the  dark,  irregular  spots  under 
the  skin.     Ripens  early  in  July. 
English  Gaskin.     Species?     i.    U.  S.  Pat.  Off-  Rpt.  309.     1854. 

An  almost  worthless  sort  mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Englische  Weinkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirsckensort.  284.     18 19. 

Fruit  large,  roimdish;  stem  long;  skin  tender,  ground-color  milky- white,  crimson 
where  exposed,  on  maturity  the  white  changes  to  yellowish;  juicy,  vinous,  aromatic;  ripens 
in  July. 


250  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Englische  Weisse  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:27.     1S5S. 

Eiiglische  liicissc  gaiis  jriihe  Herzkirsche.     2.  Christ   Haitdb.    683.     1797-     3-  Christ 
Worterb.  280.     1S02.     4.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  251,  252,  253.     1819. 

Possibly  this  is  the  same  as  the  White  Heart  of  England.  It  is  without  a  doubt  a 
separate  variety  from  the  Guignier  a  gros  fruit  blanc  of  Duhamel.  Fruit  above  medium 
in  size,  elongated-cordate;  stem  very  long,  slender,  set  in  a  deep  cavity;  suture  a  line 
skin  yellowish-white,  tinged  with  red  in  the  sun,  tmeven,  glossy,  transparent;  flesh  wliite, 
not  very  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  quality  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  cordate,  acute;  ripens 
at  the  end  of  June. 

Enopa.     P.  pumila  X   P.  triflora.     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bid.  108:1908.     2.  Ibid.    130:178  PI. 
8.     1911. 

Enopa,  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  Occident  plum,  was  sent  out  in  1908 
by  the  South  Dakota  Station.  Fruit  one  and  one-sixteenths  inches  in  diameter,  round, 
with  a  minute  prickle  at  the  apex;  skin  thin,  free  from  acerbity,  dark  red,  with  blue 
bloom;  flesh  green. 

Episcopale.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  25,  193.     1876.     2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom. 
5:26s  fig.     1877. 

This  variety,  according  to  Leroy,  was  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris  and  was  intro- 
duced by  M.  Jamin-Durand,  Bourg-la-Reine,  in   1846.     The  tree  is  distinguished  from 
that  of  Montmorency  in  being  more  erect,  less  dense,  less  productive;   the   fruit    is  more 
acid  and  later  in  ripening. 
Eppers  Weichsel.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:6-!.     1858. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  oval,  flattened  at  the  base,  brownish-red,  with 
a  deep  suture;  flesh  clear  red,  juicy,  strongly  subacid;  pit  elongated;  ripens  in  September. 
Erfurter    Augustkirsche.     P.    cerasus.     i.  Christ   Obstbdume    159.     1791.     2.  Truchsess- 
Heim   Kirschensort.  550-554.     1819. 

D'Aout  Erfurt.     3.  Mas  Potn.  Gen.  11:89,  9°.  %•  45-     1882. 

Delices  d'Erjiirt.     4.  Guide  Prat.  17.     1895. 

Erfurt  Delicious.     5.  Gard.  Chron.  19:429.     1896. 

Hochgenuss  Von  Erfurt.     6.   Proskauer  Obstsort.  59.     1907. 

This  cherry  is  well  known  in  and  about  Thuringia  forest,  Germany,  where  it  is  propa- 
gated by  suckers  and  is  valued  for  its  lateness.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  above  medium  in 
size,  roundish-cordate,  flattened;  stem  of  medium  length,  set  in  a  noticeable  cavity;  suture 
indistinct;  skin  tender,  glossy,  brownish-red  changing  to  purplish-black;  flesh  tender, 
reddish,  juicy,  sugary,  acidulated;  stone  free,  small,  pea-shaped;  ripens  the  last  of  July. 
Etopa.  P.  pumila  X  P.  triflora.  i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108:1908.  2,  Ibid.  130:179. 
191 1. 

Etopa  is  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  Occident  plum.     Said  to  be  excellent 
in  quality  and  remarkable  for  its  intense  black,  purplish  color  of  skin,  flesh  and  juice; 
skin  thin,  free  from  acerbity;  ripens  there  about  September  twelfth. 
Eugene  Furst.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Guide  Prat.  18.     1895. 

Furst's  Herzkirsche.     2.  Tiochna^A  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  ^•.2^,.     1858. 

Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  elongated-cordate;  stem  of  medium  length,  slender;  skin 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  25 1 

black;  flesh  red,  sugary,  acidulated;  matures  the  last  of  June  to  July.     Said  to  be  similar 
to  May  Duke. 

Everbearing.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Okla.  Sta.  Bui.  2:13.     1892.     2.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort. 
Man.  2:276.     1903. 

Fruit  large,  roundish-oblate,  somewhat  compressed;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  broad, 
shallow  cavity;    skin  dull  red    to  dark  red  when  ripe;    flesh  quite   tender,    juicy,  mildly 
acid;  quality  good. 
Excellente  Douce  Tardive.     P.  avium,     i.  Ami.  Pom.  Beige  2:101,  102,  PI.     1854. 

This  cherry  was  produced  from  seed,  in  France  in  1839.  Tree  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  ends;  stem  long,  stout,  inserted 
in  a  deep,  wide  cavity ;  skin  thin,  glossy,  deep  red  mottled  with  clear  red  changing  to  reddish- 
black,  often  yellowish-amber  in  the  shade;  flesh  yellowish,  melting,  sugary,  slightly  acid- 
ulated; quality  ver>'  good;  pit  small,  yellowish,  roundish,  apex  pointed;  ripens  in  August. 
Eyami.  P.  pumila  X  P.  triflora.  i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108:1908.  2.  Ibid.  130:179. 
1911. 

Eyami  is  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  Occident  plum  and  was  sent  out 
by  the  South  Dakota  Station  in  1908.     Fruit  one  and  three-sixteenths  by  one  and  five- 
sixteenths  inches  in   size,    round;    skin   thin,    dark  red,   semi-transparent;    flesh   green, 
pleasant;  pit  large. 
Ezaptan.     P.  pumila  X  P.  triflora.     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  130:180  PI.  g,  181.     1911. 

Ezaptan,  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  Occident  plum,  was  introduced 
in  191 1  by  the  South  Dakota  Station.     It  is  remarkable  for  its  early  and  heavy  bearing; 
skin  thin,  free  from  acerbity,  dark  purple;  flesh  black  purplish-red  to  the  pit. 
Faversham  Heart.     P.  avium.     1.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  49.     183 1. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Favorite.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  207  fig.     1854. 

Elliott's   Favorite.     2.  Horticulturist   2:124.     1847-48.     3.  Thomas    Am.    Fruit    Cult. 
361.     1849.     4.  Mag.  Hort.  19:167,  168.     1853. 

Favorite  is  one  of  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland's  cherries  originating  in  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
in  1842,  from  a  pit  of  Yellow  Spanish,  probably  crossed  with  Black  Tartarian,  Black  Maz- 
zard,  or  May  Duke.  The  tree  resembles  American  Heart  while  the  fruit  is  similar  to 
Choisy  in  fiavor  and  texture  but  larger.  Tree  vigorous,  half -spreading,  productive: 
fruit  medium  in  size,  round,  regular,  slightly  compressed;  stem  long,  set  in  an  even  and 
regular  cavity;  skin  pale  amber-yellow,  with  a  bright,  marbled,  carmine-red  cheek;  flesh 
pale  amber,  translucent,  tender,  delicate,  juicy,  with  a  sweet,  fine  flavor;  pit  small,  angular, 
smooth. 
Festfleischige  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  ///.  Handb.  35  fig.,  36.     1867. 

Crosse  dunkel  braunrothe    Kramelkirsche.     2.  Kraft   Pom.  Aust.   1:3,   Tab.   7   fig.    i. 
1792. 

Crosse  schwarze   Knorpelkirsche  mit  festem  Fleisch.    3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort. 
193-195.     1819. 

Bigarreau-noir  a  chair  trh-ferme .     4.  Th.om&s  Guide  Prat.  20,  189.     1876. 

This  cherry  has  the  hardest  flesh  of  all  the  black,  hard-fleshed  cherries,  differing  from 


252  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

the  Grosse  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche  in  its  firmer  flesh.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit 
rather  large,  plump,  tnmcate  at  the  apex,  sides  compressed;  suture  not  prominent;  stem 
stout,  long,  set  in  a  variable  cavity;  skin  tough,  almost  black  at  maturity,  flesh  very  firm, 
juicy,  colored,  very  sweet,  although  with  a  mixture  of  sourness;  stone  small,  turgid,  cordate, 
sides  compressed,  clinging;  ripens  late. 

Flagg.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Cult.  &  Count.  Gent.  41:502.     1876.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
3rd  App.   164.     1881. 

Flagg  was  introduced  by  its  originator,  D.  B.  Wier,  Lacon,  Illinois,  as  Wier's  Early 
Kentish,  a  selected  seedling  of  Early  Richmond,  hardier  and  ten  days  earlier.  Tree  slender, 
short-jointed,  regularly  conical,  moderate  in  growth;  at  its  best  in  high,  dry,  airy  situations, 
with  light  soil;  fruit  mediiun  in  size,  heart-shaped;  skin  black,  firm;  flesh  tender,  purplish- 
red,  juicy,  changing  from  a  rich  subacid  to  a  very  sweet,  rich  flavor;  pit  small;  adapted  to 
kitchen  and  table  use. 

Flamentine.     P.   avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   211-215.     1819.     2.  Mas  Le 
Verger  8:137,  138,  fig.  67.     1866-73. 

Bigarreautier  a  petit  jruii  hdti}.     3.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:165,  166.     1768. 

Bigarreau  a  petit  fruit  blanc.    4.  Lotid.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  46.     1831. 

Early  Guigne.     S-  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:111,  112.     1832. 

Early  White  Bigarreau.     6.  Ibid.  2:129.     1832. 

Petite  Bigarreau  hati}.     7.  Mortillet  L^  CemiVr  2: 130,  131.     1866. 

Bigarreau  Blanc  (Petit).     8.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:182  fig.,  183.     1877. 

Tiirkine  ?     9.  Reut.  Pom.  Inst.  Festschrift  121.     igio. 

This  cherry  probably  originated  more  than  a  century  ago  in  the  vicinity  of  Angers, 
France.  Names  of  wholly  distinct  varieties  have  sometimes  been  attached  to  it  causing 
much  confusion  in  the  nomenclature.  Tree  strong,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  usually  in 
threes,  above  medium  in  size,  obtuse-cordate,  flattened  at  the  base,  compressed;  suture 
often  a  line;  stem  long,  almost  stout,  inserted  in  a  deep,  narrow  cavity;  skin  thin,  glossy, 
whitish-yellow,  mottled  with  dark  red;  flesh  yellowish-white,  transparent,  rather  firm, 
juicy,  aromatic,  sugary ;  first  quality ;  stone  small,  oval ;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Flemish  Gean.     P.  avium,     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1. 

A  small,  red,  obtuse-cordate  fruit  of  fair  quality  and  tender  flesh,  ripening  early  in 
July. 

Fleurs  Doubles.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:174.     1768.     2.  Lond.  Hort. 
Soc.  Cat.  49.     183 1. 

Great  rose.     3.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  402,  574.     1629. 

Double  Floured  Cherry.     4.  Gerarde  Herball  1505  fig.  8.     1636. 

Bloem-kers  double.     5.  Knoop  Fructologie  2: i^,  7,8.     177 1. 

Weichselbaum  mit  sehr  gross  gefiillter  Bliithe.    6.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:5,  Tab.  11  fig. 
I.     1792. 

Glaskirsche  mit  dick  gefiillter  Bliithe.     7.  Christ  Handb.  680.     1797. 

Amarellenbaum  mit  ganz  gefiillter  Bliite.     8.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   640-644. 
1819. 

Small  Double  Flowering.    9.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  31.     1828. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  253 

Dwarf  Double  Flowering.     10.  "Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:1^1,  152.     1832. 

Gejidltbluhende  Amarelle.     11.  "DochmiAFiikr.  Obstkunde  y.6%.     1858. 

The  tree  of  this  variety,  unlike  many  other  double-flowering  sorts,  attains  but  mod- 
erate size,  in  many  cases  is  but  a  bush  or  shrub.  The  blossoms  are  exceedingly  double, 
very  showy,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  pink  on  opening,  the  blooming  season  extending  over 
three  or  four  weeks.  Frequently  the  blossoms  have  small  leaflets  intermingled  with  the 
petals,  while  often  a  smaller  flower  appears  to  rise  out  of  the  center  of  another.  The 
trees  very  seldom,  if  ever,  bear.  Truchsess  reports  having  fruited  it  twice  in  ten  years. 
The  early  English  writers  make  brief  mention  of  several  double-flowering  sorts  which 
have  been  included  under  this  variety. 

Fleurs   Semi-doubles.     P.   cerasus.     i.  Duhamel    Trait.   Arb.  Fr.   1:173,   PI.   V.     1768. 
2.  Lmid.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  49.     183 1. 

Lesser  rose.     3.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  402,  574.     1629. 

Red- flowered.     4.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  1538.     1688. 

Bloem-kers  double.     5.  Knoop  FrwctotogjV  2:35,  38.     177 1. 

Gefiillter  Kirschbaume.     6.  Kriinitz  Enc.  43,  44.     1790- 

Weichsel  mit  halbgejullter  Bluthe.     7.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:9,  Tab.  21  fig.  i.     1792. 

Glaskirsche  mit  halbgejullter  Bliithe.     8.  Chnst  Handb.  b'&o.     1797. 

Gedoppelte  Amarelle  mit  halbgefiillter  Bliite.     9.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  646-649. 
1819. 

HalbgefiilltblUhende  Amarelle.     10.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3:68.     1858. 

Amarelle  mit  halbgefiillter  Bliithe.     11.  III.  Handb.  93  fig.,  94.     1867. 

The  home  of  this  cherry  is  not  known,  it  having  been  greatly  confused  with  other 
double-flowering  sorts.  The  flowers  have  a  double  row  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty  petals  and 
often  have  two  pistils,  especially  on  the  older  trees.  These  generally  bear  twin-fruits  though 
often  the  pistils  are  changed  into  small,  green  leaves,  in  which  case  the  flowers  are  neither 
large  nor  attractive.  The  tree  is  of  the  Amarelle  type,  small,  blooming  profusely;  fruit 
moderately  round,  compressed  on  one  side  with  a  shallow  sutvu-e;  stem  long,  stout;  cavity 
wide ;  skin  clear  red,  becoming  darker  and  flecked  with  brown ;  flesh  whitish,  tender,  jtdcy, 
sweet,  pleasing,  subacid  at  first;  stone  oval,  bluntly  pointed,  often  small  and  round,  free 
when  fully  ripe;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Florianer  Kirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fahr.  Obstkunde  3:2, 'i-     1858. 

A  productive  seedling  Bigarreau  of  medium  size,  elongated,  angular;  stem  short,  stout; 
skin  black;  flesh  sweet,  aromatic;  second  quality;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 
Folgerkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Worterb.  283.     1802.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschen- 
sort. 415-419.     1819. 

Holldndische  Folgerkirsche  incoT.     3.  Christ //aM<i6.  673.     1797- 

Cerise  de  Folger.    4.  Mortillet  Le  CemiVr  2:158,  209.     1866. 

A  few  authors  describe  this  cherry  as  Volgers;  the  Volger  described  by  Knoop  in  177 1, 
however,  is  a  distinct  variety.  Dtihamel's  variety,  Cerise-Guigne,  is  possibly  the  same. 
Fruit  large,  roundish,  truncate  at  the  base,  in  unfavorable  seasons  the  apex  and  sides  are 
strongly  compressed,  with  a  noticeable  suture;  stem  stout,  long,  set  in  a  wide  cavity;  skin 
deep  reddish-purple,  glossy,  tender;  flesh  delicate,  sweet  with  a  piquant  taste;  stone  small, 
turgid,  roundish-oval. 


254  "^^^    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Folgers  Swolfe.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  292.     1802. 

According  to  Christ,  Salzman  says  that  in  Holland  several  Sour  Cherries  were  known 
as  Folgers.  This  is  a  large,  black,  pleasant  subacid  fruit  with  a  very  characteristic  growth. 
Fouche  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Am.  Card,  g: 264.     188S.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  y^-.^js-     1903. 

Tliis  variety  is  said  to  have  been  imported  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  Ames,  Iowa, 
from  Riga,  Russia,  where  it  was  found  planted  along  walks  and  drives.  Tree  rather  small ; 
fruit  small,  roundish-oblate;  cavity  shallow,  broad ;  stem  slender,  rather  long;  suture  a  Hne; 
skin  thin,  rather  tough,  dark  red  changing  to  crimson;  flesh  firm,  breaking,  juicy,  colored, 
sprightly  subacid;  quality  fair;  stone  nearly  round,  of  medium  size;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Frauendorfer.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:125.     1900. 

Frauendorfer  Weichsel.     2.  III.  Handb.  513  fig.,   514.     1861.     3.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.   103.     1886-87. 

Griotte  de  FrauendorJ.     4.  ThomasGuide  Prat.  22,  194.     1876. 

This  variety  was  imported  into  this  country  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  in  1883  from 
North  Silesia.  The  Montreal  Horticultural  Society  believes  two  forms  exist,  one  from 
North  Silesia  being  perfectly  hardy  while  another  from  Metz,  Germany,  is  far  less  so. 
Tree  productive;  branches  drooping;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roimdish-oblate ;  suture 
shallow;  stem  long;  cavity  small;  skin  thin,  glossy,  dark  red  at  maturity;  flesh  tender, 
tinted  with  abundant,  uncolored  juice,  acidulated;  stone  large;  matures  the  last  of  June 
and  the  first  of  July. 
French  Amarelle.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  49:453.     1890. 

Trees  thrifty  and  tall  but  set  fruit  sparingly;  fruit  large,  yellow  with  a  blush,  two 
weeks  later  than  Early  Richmond. 
French  Weichsel.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  16:99.     1891. 

In  the  reference  this  cherry  is  listed  as  a  Russian  variety  introduced  by  Professor 
J.  L.  Budd.  If  so,  it  was  probably  tmder  some  other  name,  as  it  seems  not  to  be  mentioned 
by  Budd. 

Frogmore  Early  Bigarreau.  P.  avium,  i.  Gard.  Chron.  606.  1865.  2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
298.  1884.  3.  Flor.  &  Pom.  148  fig.  1867.  4.  Bunyard-Thomas  Fr.  Gard.  43. 
1904. 

Frogmore  Early  Prolific.     5.  Daniels  Bros.  Cat.  51.     1895. 

Frogmore  Bigarreau.     6.  Agr.  Gas.  N.  S.  Wales.     998.     1908. 

Unlike  the  rest  of  its  class,  this  cherry  has  tender  flesh  but  is  a  Bigarreau  in  tree-habit, 
leaf  and  in  appearance  of  fruit,  and  is  therefore  classified  as  such.  The  variety  is  a  seedling 
raised  by  Thomas  Ingram  of  the  Frogmore  Royal  Gardens  at  Windsor,  Berkshire,  Eng- 
land. Tree  bears  freely  in  clusters;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  slightly  compressed,  with 
a  faint  suture;  stem  long,  set  in  a  small  cavity;  skin  waxen,  orange-yellow,  with  a  net- 
work of  red  and  a  blush  of  deeper  red  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  of  a  primrose  color,  very 
tender,  translucent,  rich,  sweet;  stone  spoon-shaped,  indented  on  one  side;  season  early  but 
short. 
Frogmore  Early  Crown.     Species?     i.  Gard.  Chron.  364.     1866. 

Also  a  seedling  from  Mr.  Ingram.  It  is  a  small,  red  fruit  about  ten  days  earlier  than 
May  Dvike,  of  a  rich  flavor  when  fuUy  rif)e. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  255 

Frogmore  Late  Bigarreau.  P.  avium,  i.  Flor.  cf  Pom.  229,  PL  fig.  i.  1874.  2.  Guide 
Prat.    15.      1895. 

Still  another  seedling  raised  by  Ingram  of  the  Frogmore  Royal  Gardens.     Fruit  large, 
bluntly  heart-shaped,  hanging  long  without  cracking;  suture  slight;  stem  very  long;  skin 
pale,  waxy-yellow,  bright  red  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  tender,  juicy;  season  ver>'  late. 
Frogmore  Morrelo.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  25.     1876. 

New  Frogmore  Morello.     2.  Mcintosh  5)fe.  Card.  2:543.     1885. 

This  variety  attracted  notice  on  account  of  the  perfection  to  which  it  had  been  brought 

in  the   Royal   Gardens  at  Frogmore,  Berkshire,  England,    where    it  is  believed  to  have 

originated.     For  productiveness  and  size  it  is  said  to  far  surpass  the  old  Alorello. 

Fromm  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  ///.  Handb.   63  fig.,  64.     i860.     2.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier 

2:68,  69  fig,,  70.     1866.     3.  Leroy  Dzc^.  Pw«.  5:322,  323  fig.     1877.     ^.  Can.  Exp. 

Farms  Rpt.  549.      1901. 

Fromms  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     5.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschcnsort.  164,674.     1S19.     6. 
Liege!  Sys/.  Anleit.  150,  151.     1825. 

Fromm  Heart  was  obtained  from  seed  in  1806  by  Fromm,  at  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany. 
In  sandy  soils  and  favorable  years  the  trees  are  ver>'  productive;  fruit  usually  borne  in 
pairs,  above  medium  in  size,  trimcate-cordate,  sides  compressed;  suture  shallow;  stem  of 
single  fruits  long,  stout,  inserted  in  a  wide,  deep  cavity;  skin  dark  reddish-brown  to  glossy 
black;  flesh  tender,  dark  red,  juicy,  sugary,  pleasingly  acidulated,  aromatic;  second  quality; 
pit  medium  in  size,  turgid,  roundish;  ripens  the  third  week  of  the  cherry  season. 
Friihe  bunte  Herzkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  222,  223,  224. 
1819. 

Fruhe  Lange  Weisse  Herzkirsche.     2.  Christ  IT'drterfc.  278.     1802. 

Guigne  panachee  longue  precoce.     3.  Thomas  CmJe  Prat.  18,  199.     1876. 

This  cherry  is  easily  recognized  by  its  elongated,  cylindrical  form  and  should  not  be 
confused  with  several  others  of  similar  type.  It  was  found  near  Weinberge,  Germany, 
by  Buttner  who  sent  it  to  Truchsess  in  1797.  Frtiit  medium  in  size,  cylindrical,  flattened 
on  both  sides,  slightly  drawn  in  at  the  apex  and  base;  suture  distinct  on  one  side;  stem 
long,  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  yellow,  blushed  and  faintly  splashed  with  red  where 
exposed;  flesh  pale  yellow  with  a  slight  red  tinge  imdemeath  the  skin,  moderately  firm, 
jtaicy,  without  much  sweetness;  stone  small,  elongated,  pointed  at  the  apex;  ripens  early. 
Friihe  Kurzstielige  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  55.     1907. 

Mentioned  as  a  black,  hard-fleshed  cherry. 
Friihe  Maikirsche.     P.  avium  X   P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort.   391-394. 
1819. 

Fruhe  Maikirsche  differs  from  May  Duke  in  being  darker  of  skin  and  juice,  smaller 
in  size,  sweeter,  and  less  distinct  in  suture. 

Friihe  Morello.  P.  cerasus.  i.  ///.  Handb.  185  fig.,  186.  i860.  2.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier 
2:306.  1866.  3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:47,  48,  fig.  24.  1882.  4.  Mathieu  Norn. 
Pom.  349.     1889. 

An  old  variety  of  uncertain  origin.  Tree  large,  spreading;  fruit  often  large,  roundish, 
flattened;  suture  indistinct;  stem  slender,  shallowly  inserted;  skin  tender,  nearly  black 


256  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

when  mature;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  dark  red,  acidulated;  stone  round,  plump;  ripens  the 

first  of  June  in  France. 

Friihe  Sauerkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  554,  555.     1819. 

This  cherry  is  thought  to  be  a  sub-variety  of  Kirsche  von  der  Natte.  Tree  medium 
in  growth;  branches  slender;  fruit  medium  in  size,  round,  sides  compressed;  stem  long; 
cavity  shallow;  skin  tough,  black;  flesh  tender,  dark  red,  juicy,  sour,  without  a  trace  of 
sweetness;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 

Friihe  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium.     1.  Christ  Worterb.  277.     1802.     2.  Truch- 
sess-Heim Kirschensort.  197,  198,  674,  675.     1819. 

Obtained  by  Buttner  in  1797  who  later  sent  it  to  Truchsess.     Tree  productive;  fruit 
small,  roundish-cordate,  compressed;  suture  distinct;  stem  of  medium  length;  skin  glossy, 
reddish-black  deepening  to  black;  flesh  hard,  reddish-black,   juicy,   sweet,  with  a  slight 
bitterness;  stone  ovate,  rather  large;  ripens  the  first  half  of  July. 
Friihe  von  der  Natte.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  ///.  Handb.  153  fig.,  154.     i860. 

Friihe  Natte  aus  Somen.     2.  Christ //awtfti.  671.     1797.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Xirsc/jew- 
sort.  413,  414,  415.     1819. 

Friihe  Siissweichsel  von  der  Natt.     4.  Dochnahl  Filhr.  Obstkunde  3:49.     1858. 

Hdtive  de  Nattes.     5.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:158,  304.     1866. 

Natte  h&tive  de  semis.     6.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Christ  received  this  cherry  in  1793,  as  Friihe  von  der  Natte  aus  Saamen.  Fruit 
above  medium  in  size,  cordate,  flattened  on  one  side;  suture  distinct;  stem  long,  often 
dividing  about  an  inch  down  into  two,  three,  or  four  stems;  apex  depressed;  skin  glossy, 
dark  brown  when  ripe;  flesh  dark  red,  soft,  tender,  juicy,  refreshing,  subacid;  stone  medium, 
oval;  ripens  early. 
Friiher  Gobet.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  619-621.     1819. 

Gobet  Hdtif.     2.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:125,  126,  fig.  61.     1866-73. 

Truchsess  received  this  variety  from  Mayer  as  Gros  Gobet  which  it  resembles  very 
closely  in  size,  form,  and  flavor  but  is  much  earlier  and  not  as  flattened.  Fruit  of  medium 
size,  flattened;  suture  but  a  line;  stem  one  inch  long,  often  shorter,  straight;  cavity  shallow; 
color  clear  red,  becoming  darker;  flesh  whitish  with  a  reddish  cast,  tender,  juicy,  pleasingly 
acid;  stone  small,  roimd,  free  but  hanging  to  the  stem. 

Friiheste    Bunte    Herzkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.     207-210. 
1819. 

Weiss  und  rothe  grosse  Herzkirsche.     2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:2,  Tab.  3  fig.  i.     1792. 
3.  Christ  Worterb.  277.     1802. 

Friihkirsche?    4.  Christ  Handb.  672.     1797. 

Friiheste  bunte  Molkenkirsche.     5.  'Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:  26.     1858. 

Guigne  panachee  tres-precoce.     6.  MortiUet  Le  Cerisier    2:302.     1866.     7.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  11:13,  14,  fig.  7.     1882. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  unknown  although  it  probably  originated  in  Austria, 
as  the  celebrated  Austrian  pomologist,  Kraft,  was  the  first  to  mention  it.  Tree  vigorous 
and  in  favorable  seasons  productive;  fnut  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate,  compressed, 
with  a  suture;  stem  medium,  set  in  a  deep,  narrow  cavity;  skin  tender,  yellowish-white, 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  257 

striped  with  red  around  the  base,  spotted  about  the  apex;  flesh  yellowish-white,  with 
clear  juice,  sweet,  pleasing,  deteriorates  on  hanging;  stone  small,  oval-cordate,  clinging; 
ripens  the  last  of  May. 

Friiheste  der  Mark.     Species?     i.  Mathieu   Norn.   Pom.  350.     1889.     2.  Lucas  Handb. 
Obst.  121.     1893.     3.  Lange  Allgeni.  Garten.  440.     1897. 

Fruit  medium  to  above,  truncate-cordate;  stem  very  long,  slender,  set  in  a  wide, 
deep  cavity;  skin  purplish,  glossy;  flesh  reddish,  firm,  pleasing;  ripens  early. 
Fiirst  Schwarze  Septemberkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Liegel  Syst.  Anleit.  153.     1825. 

Discovered  by  Liegel  in  Braunau,  Bohemia,  Austria,  and  named  for  his  friend  I.  E. 
Fiirst.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  small,  oblate;  stem  very  long;  skin  black;  flesh 
firm,  sweet,  aromatic;  stone  large;  one  of  the  last  to  ripen,  September  to  October. 
Galusha.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  165.     1881. 

This  cherry  is  seedling  No.  11  from  D.  B.  Wier,  Lacon,  Illinois.     Tree  hardy,  vigorous, 
an  abtindant  bearer;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  hght  red  changing  to  a  very  dark,  bright 
red;  subacid  becoming  a  rich  sweet;   ripens  three  days  before  Early  Richmond. 
Gamdale.     Species?     i.  Horticulturist  17:498.     1862. 

A  cherry  described  by  E.  Marming,  Harrisburg,  Ohio,  as  of  second  rank  in  size  and 
quality. 

Garcine.     P.    avium,     i.  Mortillet   Le   Cerisier    2:75    fig.,    76,    77.     1866.     2.  Thomas 
Guide  Prat.  24,  198.     1S76. 

Garcine  was  obtained  from  seed  about  1808  by  M.  Garcine,  near  Grenoble,  Isere, 
France.  It  is  propagated  in  that  locality  by  suckers,  hence  it  was  called  by  some, 
Aventuri^re.  Tree  pyramidal,  productive;  fruit  large,  oblate,  ends  drawn  in  and  flattened, 
sides  convex;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  large,  deep  cavity;  skin  glossy  black;  flesh  dark, 
firm,  sugarj',  aromatic,  juicy;  stone  large,  turgid;  ripens  the  middle  of  Jime. 
Gardiner.     P.  avium,     i.  Me.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  22:175.     1906. 

Gardiner  is  a  seedling  of  Black  Tartarian.     It  is  frequently  kiUed  back  by  severe 
winters  in  Maine. 
Gaskins.     Species?     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  298.     1884. 

Gaskins  is  a  corruption  of  Gascoignes.  About  Rye,  Sussex,  England,  the  name  is 
still  in  general  use,  the  people  believing  the  variety  was  brought  from  Gascony,  France. 
Gauchers  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  56.     1907. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Geer.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  156.     1897. 

Geer  is  a  new  cherry  from  eastern  Oregon  said  to  be  later  than  Napoleon  and  to 
surpass  it  in  size  and  quality. 

Gelbe   Herzkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Christ   Obstbdume    161.     1791.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  342-349.     18 19. 

Grosser  weisser  gldnzender  Herzkirschbaum.     3.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:2,  Tab.  4  fig.   i. 
1792. 

Guigne  Jaune.     4.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:99,  303.     1866. 

Guigne  Grosse  ambree.     5.  Le  Bon  Jard.  345.     1882. 

First  mentioned  in  1786  as  Gelbe  or  Weisse  Herzkirsche.     It  is  distinguished  from 
17 


258  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Goldgelbe  Herzkirsche  through  its  cordate  form,  lighter  color  and  earUer  ripening.  Friiit 
above  mediijm  in  size,  borne  in  twos  and  threes,  cordate,  sides  compressed;  suture  shallow; 
stem  long,  slender,  slightly  inserted;  skin  pale  yellow,  glossy,  tough,  adherent,  blushed 
with  red  on  the  sides;  flesh  clear,  not  tender,  juicy,  acidulated;  stone  free,  small,  elongated- 
cordate;  ripens  in  July. 
Gelbe  WachskLrsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  355,  685,  686.     1819. 

2.  DochnahiFuhr.  Obstkunde  ^:2,i-     1858. 

An  unproductive  seedling  from  the  North  Sea,  ripening  later  than  Gelbe  Herzkirsche 
which  it  resembles.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  round,  flattened;  stem  long;  skin  glossy,  clear 
waxy-yellow,  transparent;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  moderately  sweet,  without  aroma;  ripens 
from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  July. 
Gemeine  Glaskirsche.     P.  avium  X  P-  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  292.     1802. 

This  is  a  well-known  Duke  cherry  in  Germany.      Tree  large ;  fruit  large,  almost  round ; 
skin  clear,  light  red  on  a  yellow  ground;  flesh  melting,  with  uncolored  juice,  pleasant  sour- 
ness; ripens  early  in  July  and  lasts  a  long  while. 
Genesee.     P.  avium. 

A  chance  seedling  of  the  Bigarreau  type  originating  about  twenty-five  years  ago 
and  recently  introduced  by  J.  A.  Morgan  of  Scottsville,  New  York.  The  fruit  is  above 
medium  in  size,  cordate,  compressed;  cavity  shallow,  wide,  flaring;  suture  a  line;  apex 
roundish;  stem  slender,  long;  skin  medium  thick,  tender,  adherent,  dark  red  mottled 
with  amber;  dots  numerous,  small,  obscure;  flesh  yellowish-white,  juicy,  meaty,  crisp, 
mild,  sweet;  quality  good;  stone  clinging,  medium,  ovate,  flattened,  smooth,  slightly 
tinged  red;  use  late  market. 
German.     P.  avium,     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:199.     1899. 

German  (Kraus).     2.  Ibid.  143:181.     1897. 

German  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  Michigan  from  New  York.     Tree  vigorous, 
though  not  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish-cordate;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  broad, 
moderately  deep  cavity;  color  very  dark  red,  nearly  black;  flesh  firm,  red,  sweet,  slightly 
bitter,  with  dark  juice;  ripens  early  in  July. 
German  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:147.     1832. 

Griotte   d'Allemagne.    2.  Duhamel    Trait.    Arb.    Fr.    1:192,    193,    PL    XIV.     1768. 

3.  Christ  Obsibaume  159.     1791.     4.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:276,  277  fig.     1877. 
Deutscher  Griottier  Weichselbaum.     5.  Kraft  Pom.  Ausi.  1:6,  Tab.   16  fig.  2.     1792. 
Deutsche  Griotte.     6.  Christ   Handb.    675.     1797.     7.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort. 

569.  570,  571.     1819. 
Grosse  Deutsche  Behkirsche.     8.  Ibid.  421.     1819. 
Griotte  de  Chaux.     9.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1. 
German  Duke.     10.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  280.     1832. 
Deutsche  Weichsel.     11.  Dochna-hl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:62.     1858. 
Siissweichsel  von  Chaux.     12.  III.  Handb.  71  fig.,  72.     1867. 
De  Chaux.     13.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  478.     1869. 
Cerise  d'Allemagne.     14.  Le  Bon  Jard.  346.     1882. 
This  old  variety  is  badly  confused   with  other  cherries  and   its  origin  is  imcertain. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  259 

Fruit  large,  roundish-oblate;  stem  long,  slender;    cavity  deep,  wide;  skin  glossy,  tough, 
brownish,  almost  black;    flesh  firm,  dark  red,  juicy,  with   pleasing  acidity,  sweet  if  in  a 
dry,  warm  soil;  stone  large,  oval-pointed;  ripens  the  middle  of  July;  productive. 
Gennersdorf.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:60.     1900. 

Bigarreau  noir  de  Germersdorj.     2.  ThomsiS  Guide  Prat.  22,  189.     1S76. 

Germersdorfer  Grosse  Kirsche.    3.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  HI:  No.  7,  PI.     1882. 

A  seedhng  of  German  origin.     Tree  large,   vigorous,   productive;   fnut  very  large, 
roundish-cordate;  suture  distinct;  stem  medium,  set  in  a  deep,  wide  cavity;  skin  dark 
brown  with  dark  spots  and  streaks ;  flesh  rather  firm,  light  red,  juice  tinted,  sweet,  pleas- 
ingly acidulated;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval;  ripens  the  fifth  week  of  the  season. 
Geschiltztblattrige  Siissweichsel.     P.  avium.     1.  Dochnahl  Fw/tr.  Obstkmide  s:4-j.     1858. 

An  ornamental  cherry  distinguished  from  May  Duke  through  its  smaller  frviit  and 
laciniated  leaves. 
Gestriefte  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   259,   260.     1819. 

2.  DochnakA  Fiikr.  Ohstkunde  i:  10.     1858. 

Fnut  cordate;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  thin,  tender,  white, 
streaked  with  red,  which,  if  allowed  to  remain  on  the  tree,  becomes  nearly  solid  red;  flesh 
tender,  soft,  fibrous  imder  the  skin,  juicy,  colorless,  honey-sweet,  refreshing;  ripens  in 
July  lasting  about  three  weeks. 
Gewbhnliche  Muskatellerkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Handb.  6 j 2.     1797. 

Fruit  smaller  than  that  of  the  Black  or  Red  Muskateller,  roundish,  very  dark  brown, 
almost  black;  flesh  red,  pleasant  subacid;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 
Giant.     P.  avium,     i.  Burbank  Cat.  8.     1914. 

Giant  was  grown  in  1900  by  Luther  Burbank  and  introduced  by  The  Luther  Burbank 
Company  in  19 14.     It  is  claimed  by  its  introducer  that  it  is  the  largest  cherry  grown. 
Tree  rapid  in  growth,  with  large  and  heavy  foliage;  fruit  glossy  black,  rich,  sweet,  delicious; 
ripens  in  California  about  June  20th. 
Gibb.     P.   cerasus.     i.  la.   Sta.   Bui.   2:39.     1888.     2.  la.   Hort.   Soc.   Rpt.    79.     1890. 

3,  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:17.     1910. 

Gibb  was  imported  from  Orel,  Central  Russia,  without  a  name.  It  is  much  like 
Brusseler  Braime  in  tree,  fruit,  and  in  habit  of  bearing  a  double  crop  of  blossoms  and  fruit, 
but  is  hardier.  Fruit  large,  roundish-cordate;  stem  stout;  skin  thick,  tender,  dark  crim- 
son changing  to  purplish-red;  flesh  dark  red,  meaty;  quality  good;  stone  large,  oblong; 
ripens  the  last  of  July  to  early  August. 
Gifford.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  270.     1857. 

Fruit  small,  light  red,  rotmdish-cordate,  very  sweet;  productive;  season  the  last  of 
June. 
Glasherzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  246-248.     1819. 

Grosse  Glas-Herzkirsche.     2.  Christ  Worterb.  281.     1802. 

Glas-Molkenkirsche.    3.  Dochnahl  Fw/jr.  OtsifewMcfe  3:30,  31.     1858. 

This  cherry  differs  from  others  of  its  class  in  being  rounder,  darker,  and  later.  Fruit 
of  medium  size,  roundish-cordate,  convex  on  one  side,  compressed  on  the  other,  with 
a  shallow  suture;  stem  long,  slender,  shaUowly  inserted;  skin  mingled  with  dull  red  and 


260  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

clear  white,  often  streaked;  flesh  yellowish-white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  but  not  high;  stone 
large,  acutely  pointed;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 

Glaskirsche  von  der  Natte.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.   470-473,  689. 
1819. 

According  to  Truchsess  this  variety  is  very  similar  to,  and  often  taken  for  Double 
Natte,  Friihe  von  der  Natte,  and  Double  Glass. 
Glasskirsche  Kurzstielige.     P.  avium,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  331.     1885. 

This  Sweet  Cherry  is  supposed  to  have  come  from  Vilna,  Russia. 
Gloire  de  France.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  26,  194.     1876.     2.  Leroy  Diet. 
Pom.  5:271,  272  fig.     1877.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  162.     1881. 

Bonnemain.     4.  Guide  Prat.  9,  184.     1895. 

Originated  from  seed  by  Auguste  Bonnemain,  Etamps,  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  fruit- 
ing in  1845  for  the  first  time.  On  Mazzard  stock  the  tree  never  reaches  full  size  but  on 
Mahaleb  it  grows  large  and  regular  and  is  more  globular  in  form.  At  best  it  is  only 
moderately  productive.  Fruit  borne  in  threes,  medium  in  size,  roundish-oblate,  somewhat 
depressed;  suture  broad,  shallow,  often  indistinct;  apex  rather  large,  shghtly  depressed; 
stem  short,  thick,  inserted  in  a  wide  cavity;  skin  a  reddish-brick  color,  occasionally 
mottled  with  greenish-brown  in  the  shade  and  red  on  the  simny  side ;  flesh  pale  red,  grayish, 
transparent,  rather  tender  and  fibrous,  with  abundant  juice,  sprightly  acidulated,  agree- 
able; pit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  convex;  season  the  first  of  July. 
Golden  Knob.     Species?     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1. 

Golden  Knob  is  a  worthless,  medium-sized,  oval  cherry  ripening  the  middle  of  July; 
skin  yellow  and  flesh  firm. 
Goldgelbe  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  350-354.     18 19. 

Kleine  Ambra,   [or]  Goldgelber  Herzkirschhaum.     2.  Kraft   Pom.  Aust.   1:2,  Tab.  4 
fig.  2.     1792. 

Kleine  Ambra.    3.  Christ  Hattdb.  665.     1797. 

Distinguished  from  other  yellow  Heart  cherries  by  its  rotmd  form,  dark  yellow  color, 
and  rather  firm  flesh.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  suture  a  line;  stem  very  long, 
slender,  deeply  inserted;  skin  thin,  tough,  readily  removed,  transparent,  glossy,  golden- 
yellow;  flesh  moderately  tender,  yellowish,  with  darker  spots  showing  through  the  skin, 
very  juicy,  with  a  pleasing  sweetness  when  ripe;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  slightly 
adherent;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Goldsmith  Black  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  47.     183 1. 

Mentioned  but  not  described  in  this  reference. 
Goodspeed.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:70.     1903. 

Goodspeed  is  of  the  Montmorency  type  ripening  just  after  Early  Richmond.  The 
trees  are  long-lived  and  regular  bearers.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblate,  sHghtly  cordate; 
cavity  deep,  broad;  suture  shallow;  stem  short,  stout;  skin  thin,  tender,  dark  red;  flesh 
moderately  firm,  tender,  with  uncolored  juice,  slightly  subacid;  quaHty  good;  stone  free, 
of  mediimi  size,  roundish-ovate. 
Gonnley.     Species?     i.  Can.  Hort.  20:317.     1897.     2.  Ibid.  21:297.     i897- 

This  hardy  seedling,  now  about  twenty-five  years  old,  was  found  by  John  Gonnley 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  26 1 

of   Pickering,  Canada.     It  resembles  Montmorency  in  color,  English  Morello  in   shape, 
and  a  Bigarreau  in  texture.     Its  firm,  yellowish  flesh  parts  readily  from  the  pit. 
Gottorper.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  289,  290,  291.     1819.     2.  Liegel 
Syst.  Anleit.  159.     1825. 

Gottorper  Marmorkirsche.     3.  TiochnaiA  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  ^'.i^i.     1858. 

Cerise  de  Gottorpe.     4.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:117-119.     1866. 

Originated  in  the  vicinity  of  Coburg,  Germany,  toward  the  latter  part  of  the  Eight- 
eenth Century.  It  resembles  Yellow  Spanish.  Tree  above  medium  in  size,  very  pro- 
ductive; fruit  abruptly  cordate  to  roundish;  stem  short,  slender;  cavity  shallow;  skin 
tough,  red,  mottled  with  yellow;  flesh  yeUo wish-white,  not  very  firm,  juicy,  usually  very 
sweet,  slightly  aromatic;  stone  small,  oblate,  free;  ripens  the  fourth  week  of  the  cherry 
season;  cracks  in  the  rain  when  nearly  mature;  excellent  for  home  use. 
Gould  No.  X.     Species?     i.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  211.     1896. 

Reported  by  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  in  1896. 
Governor  Luce.     Species?     1.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid.  143:181.     1897. 

Listed  as  growing  at  the  Michigan  Station. 
Grafenburger  Friihkirsche.     Species?     i.  Reut.  Pom.  Insi.  Festschrift  121.     1910. 

A  very  productive,  strong-growing  cherry  recommended  for  table  and  market  use; 
fruit  large,  truncate-cordate,  red,  earl}'. 
Graham.     P.  avium,     i.  Wash.  Sta.  Bid.  92:28.     1910. 

The  Washington  Experiment  Station  lists  this    variety  as:   Tree    of   meditun    size, 
upright,  with  abundant  foliage;  fruit  small,  rotmd;  skin  thin,  tender,  dark  red;  flesh  Ught 
red,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;  good;  season  the  last  of  July;  productive. 
Grande  Ronde.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  156.     1897. 

A  new,  early,  large,  black  cherry  recommended  in  eastern  Oregon;  ships  well. 
Great  Bearing.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Rea  Flora  205.     1676. 

Fnoit   large,   blackish-red  on  the  outer  side  when  ripe,   blood-red  within.     Ripens 
late,  with  a  sharp  taste;  bears  well. 
Great  Leafed.     Species?     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  571.     1629. 

This  is  a  variety  with  very  large  leaves;  relatively  unproductive,  bearing  pale  red  fruit 
of  only  medivun  size. 

Gridley.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:123,  124.  1832.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.i&j.  1845.  3.  Gard.  Mon.  ii:2ig.  1869.  4.  Am.  Potn.  Soc.  Cat.  12.  1871. 
Apple.     5.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  234.     1849. 

This  variety  was  discovered  by  William  Maccarty  about  the  beginning  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  growing  in  the  garden  of  Deacon  Samuel  Gridley,  Roxburj-,  Massachusetts. 
For  a  good  many  years  it  was  considered  a  valuable  cherry  but  later  was  supplanted  by 
better  sorts.  Tree  upright,  vigorous,  very  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish; 
stem  short;  color  black;  flesh  firm,  purplish-red,  medium  juicy,  sprightly,  rather  acid 
at  first  becoming  milder  when  fully  ripe;  stone  small;  matures  in  mid-season. 
Grenner  Glas.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Ont.  Dept.  Agr.  Fr.  Ont.  94.     1914- 

Tree  upright,  vigorous,  moderately  productive;  fruit  borne  in  clusters,  large,  oblate, 
one-sided;  suture  distinct  on  one  side;  stem  long;  cavity  broad,  shallow;  apex  a  small 


262  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

depression;  skin  bright  red;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  very  juicy,  tart;  quality  good;  season 
the  middle  of  July. 

Griotte  Acher.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:275  fig.,  276.     1877.     2.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  11:67,  68,  fig.  34.     1882.     3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  482.     1904. 

Griotte  Double.     4.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:35,38,39.     1771. 

Acker's  Weichsel.    5.  Mathieu  Nam.  Pom.  332.     1889. 

The  origin  of  Griotte  Acher  is  not  known  but  it  may  have  sprung  up  by  chance  in  Hol- 
land a  century  and  a  half  ago.  Tree  medium  in  growth,  productive;  fruit  usually  borne  in 
pairs,  medium  to  large,  flattened  heart-shaped  with  truncate  sides;  cavity  narrow;  suture 
distinct;  stem  variable,  usually  long,  medium  thick;  skin  rather  firm,  vivid  purple  shading 
to  almost  purplish-black;  flesh  tender,  slightly  stringy,  reddish-purple,  medium  sweet, 
somewhat  pleasing  because  of  a  shght  tart,  acid  flavor,  with  abundant,  violet  juice;  stone 
medium  in  size,  ovoid,  triuicate  at  the  base,  turgid;  ripens  the  last  of  July  and  the  first 
of  August. 
Griotte  de  Biittner.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Am.  Gard.  9:264.     1888. 

A  dwarf  sort  that  blossoms  and  ripens  late;  much  like  Imperial  Morello. 
Griotte  Commune.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Noisette  Maw.  Cow^. /arii.  2:508.     i860.     2.  Thomas 
Guide  Prat.  26,  194.     1876.     3.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:282  fig.,  283.     1877. 

Griotte.    4.  Duhamel  Trait  Arb.  Fr.  1:187-189,  PI.  XII.     1768.     5.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  431,  432.     1819. 

Griotte  simple.     6.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:36,  39.     1771. 

Griottier  Weichselbaum.     7.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:6,  Tab.  15  fig.  2.     1792. 

Common  French  Griotte.     8.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:148.     1832. 

Gemeine  Siissweichsel.     9.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:49.     1858. 

Cerise  Commune.     10.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:146  fig.,  147,  148,  220.     1866. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  imknown  but  according  to  French  writers  it  was  brought 
from  Syria  by  the  Crusaders  about  1485.  Tree  large,  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size, 
usually  borne  in  pairs,  distinguished  from  others  of  its  class  by  its  firm  flesh,  its  black 
skin,  and  its  colored  juice,  oblate,  flattened  at  the  base;  suture  slight;  stem  long,  rather 
stout,  set  in  a  broad,  shallow  cavity;  skin  thin,  glossy,  dark  red,  changing  to  black;  flesh 
colored,  firm,  vinous,  aromatic,  juicy;  first  quality;  pit  small,  turgid,  round;  ripens  the 
first  of  July. 

Griotte  Douce  Precoce.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:35,  39.     1771.     2.  Thomas 
Guide  Prat.  21,  194.     1876.     3.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:118.     1900. 

Siisse  Friihweichsel.    4.  Liegel  Syst.  Anleit.  170.     1825.     5.  ///.  Handb.  183  fig.,  184. 
i860. 

Liegel's  Siisse  Friihweichsel.    6.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:58.     1858. 

This  variety  is  often  confused  with  Siisse  Friihweichsel.  The  two  are  distinct,  how- 
ever, in  that  the  latter  has  light  colored  flesh  while  the  former  is  a  dark  fleshed  sort.  Tree 
vigorous,  drooping,  productive;  fnoit  often  borne  in  twos  or  threes,  of  medium  size,  roundish, 
compressed;  suture  shallow;  stem  rather  slender,  variable,  medium  to  above  in  length, 
inserted  in  a  narrow,  shallow  cavity;  skin  dark  brownish-red  changing  to  reddish-black; 
fiesh  tender,  dark  red,  juicy,  subacid,  becoming  milder  at  maturity;  stone  small,  roundish; 
ripens  the  forepart  of  June. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  263 

Griotte  de  Kleparow.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1.     2.  Mortillet  L« 
Cerisier  2:186  fig.,  1S7,  221.     1866. 

Polnische  grosse  Weichsel.     3.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:8,  Tab.  20  fig.  2.     1792. 

Pohlnische  Kirsche.     4.  Christ  Handb.  682.     1797. 

Polnische  Weichsel.     5.  'Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  Z'.bo.     1858. 

Kleparower  Sussweichsel.    6.  ///.  Handb.  69  fig.,  70.     1867. 

Kleparavoska.     7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  75.     1883. 

Griotte  Kleparite.     8.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:277.     1903-     9-  la.  Sta.  Bui. 
73:71  fig.     1903. 

Budd  fovind  this  variety  very  hardy  about  Galicia,  Austria,  and  Warsaw,  Russia, 
and  imported  it  for  central  and  southern  Iowa.  It  is  grown  from  seed  in  the  forests  of 
Poland.  The  Griotte  Kleparite  of  Budd-Hansen  is  probably  the  same  variety.  Tree 
strong  in  growth,  large,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  generally  attached  in  pairs, 
roimdish-cordate,  sides  often  compressed;  suture  shallow,  often  a  line;  stem  long,  slender, 
set  in  a  wide,  deep  cavity;  skin  tough,  clinging  to  the  flesh,  glossy,  dark  brownish-red, 
deep  black  when  ripe;  flesh  tender,  fibrous,  lightly  colored,  juicy,  acid,  although  sugary, 
aromatic;  quality  fair;  pit  small,  turgid,  almost  spherical;  ripens  the  last  of  July. 
Griotte  Lodigiana.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:290,  291  fig.     1877. 

Introduced  into  France  from  Florence,  Italy,  by  Leroy  about  1864.  Fruit  of  medium 
size,  globular,  compressed  at  the  ends;  stem  of  medium  length,  inserted  in  a  wide  cavity; 
apex  depressed;  skin  deep  red;  flesh  pale  yellow,  tender,  slightly  fibrous,  juicy,  very  sugary, 
slightly  acidulated;  second  quality;  stone  of  medium  size,  round,  turgid;  ripens  the  last 
of  June. 
Griotte  Noire.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas,  Guide  Prat.  26.     1876. 

Listed  as  a  large,  blackish-red,  acidulated  fruit,  ripening  in  July. 
Griotte  Noire  de  Piemont.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:294,  295  fig.     1877. 

Griotte  a  gros  fruit  noir  de  Piemont.     2.  Thomas,  Guide  Prat.  26.     1876. 

This  variety,  probably  from  Piedmont,  Italy,  was  received  by  Leroy  in  1S64.  Fruit 
generally  borne  in  pairs,  above  mediimi  in  size,  globular,  compressed  at  the  ends;  suture 
indistinct;  stem  long,  set  in  a  deep  cavity;  skin  uniformly  blackish-red;  flesh  tender,  red- 
dish, very  juicy,  acidulated,  slightly  sweet;  quality  fair;  stone  of  medium  size,  roundish- 
oval,  swollen;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Griotte  du  Nord  Amelioree.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  27.     1876. 

Mentioned  as  possibly'  larger  and  better  than  Griotte  du  Nord. 
Griotte  a  Petit  Fruit.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Griotte  Precoce.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  329.     1885.     2.  Budd-Hansen  Am. 
Hort.  Man.  2:277.     1903- 

According  to  the  first  reference,  this  variety  was  brought  into  Spain  from  Central 
Asia  and  was  known  in  parts  of  Europe  as  "  Early  Spanish."  It  was  imported  to  America 
from  Russia.  Tree  hardy;  fruit  large,  flattened;  suture  distinct;  stem  medium  in  size, 
curved,  set  in  a  deep  cavity;  skin  bright,  glossy  red;  flesh  soft,  breaking,  uncolored;  quality 
very  good;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 


264  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Griotte  Rouge  de  Piemont.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:303  fig.,  304,  385.     1877. 

Griotte  a  gros  fruit  rouge  de  Piemont.     2.  ThormLS  Guide  Prat.  26.     1876. 

According  to  Lero3^  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  this  chem-  is  the  one  spoken  of 
by  Pliny  under  the  name,  "Apronian."  Fruit  attached  in  pairs,  above  medium  in  size, 
globular,  compressed  at  the  ends;  suture  indistinct;  stem  short,  stout,  set  in  a  small 
cavity;  skin  lively  red;  flesh  whitish,  tender,  juicy,  acidulated,  somewhat, bitter  yet  sugary; 
second  quality ;  stone  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  swollen ;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Griotte  de  Schaarbeck.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Noni.  Pom.  353.     1889. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Griotte  Tardive  d'Annecy.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pow.  6"<7;r.  11: 160.     1882. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Griotte  Tardive  de  Plombieres.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hart.  503.     1888. 

This  variety  is  recommended  because  of  its  lateness  but  it  remains  a  local  variety, 
little  known  outside  of  Plombieres,  Vosges,  France,  where  it  was  fotmd.  Fruit  oval- 
cordate,  elongated  at  the  apex;  skin  glossy,  brownish  at  complete  maturity;  flesh  firm, 
adherent  to  the  stone,  whitish-gray,  very  sweet,  agreeable;  pit  cordate;  ripens  the  last 
of  August,  remaining  on  the  tree  during  September. 
Griotte  de  Toscane.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:304,  305  fig.,  396.     1877. 

Leroy  brought  this  cherry  from  Florence,  Italy,  to  France  about  1864.  Fruit  glob- 
ular, more  or  less  compressed  at  the  ends;  suture  verj'  shallow;  stem  long,  set  in  a  pro- 
nounced cavity;  skin  intense  red  changing  to  blackish;  flesh  of  a  garnet  color,  tender, 
juicy,  sugary,  slightly  bitter;  second  quality;  stone  of  medium  size,  roimd,  turgid;  ripens 
in  early  July. 
Griotte  de  Turquie.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     1.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  51.     1831. 

Fruit  large,  round,  red;  flesh  tender,  ripens  early  in  July.     Similar  to  Choisy. 
Griottier  a  Feuilles  Cucullees.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Diet.   Pom.  5:267,  286  fig.,  287. 
1877. 

Cerisier  cuculle?     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11: 160.     1882. 

Originated  at  Toiu^s,  Inde-et-Loire,  France.  Its  only  point  of  merit  is  in  its  cucul- 
lated  foUage.  Fruit  small,  globular,  compressed  at  the  ends;  suture  imperceptile;  stem 
short;  cavity  variable;  skin  almost  clear  red;  flesh  tender,  light  rose-colored,  jioicy,  acidu- 
lated, mildly  sweet;  quality  hardly  fair;  pit  very  small,  round,  more  or  less  swollen;  ripens 
at  the  end  of  June. 
Griottier  a  Fruit  Aigre.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:508.     i860. 

Tree  of  mediimi  size,  rather  vigorous;  fruit  small,  oval-roimdish,  blackish;  flesh  tender, 
juicy;  mediocre  quality;  ripens  in  September  and  October  in  France. 
Griottier  a  Longues  Feuilles.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:291,  292  fig.     1877. 

Leroy  grew  this  cherry  as  early  as  1845  but  did  not  know  its  origin.  Fruit  above 
medium  in  size,  globular,  slightly  compressed  at  the  ends;  stem  very  short,  inserted  in  a 
pronovmced  cavity;  skin  deep  red,  with  gray  dots;  flesh  tender,  fibrous,  yellowish-white, 
juicy,  acidulated,  shghtly  sweet,  agreeable;  second  quality;  stone  of  medium  size,  round- 
ish-oval, tiu-gjd;  ripens  the  first  of  July. 
Groll  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  354.     1889. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  ::65 

Gros  Bigarreau  Rond.     P.  avium,     i.  Mortillet  Le  CmsjVr  2:114,  208.     1866. 

Fruit  large,  even,  roundish,  though  often  larger  and  less  flattened  than  Bigarreau 
d'ltalie;  stem  medium  in  length;  color  becoming  black;  flesh  red,  firm,  sweet,  pleasing; 
pit  small  and  slightly  elongated;  ripens  the  last  of  May. 
Gros  Guindoul  Hatif.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Rev.  Hort.  335.     1870-71. 

Tree  large;  fruit  of  first  size,  superior  quality,  large,  dark  red,  juicy,  sprightly;  ripens 
in  Jime-July. 
Grosse  Blanche  Carree.     P.  avium,  i.  Mag.  Hort.  9:204.     1843. 

A  firm,  red,  heart-shaped  cherry  of  second  size  and  quality,  used  principally  for  the 
table,  ripening  in  July. 

Grosse  Bunte  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  226,  227,  228. 
1819. 

Weiss  Herzkirsclie.     2.  Christ  Obstbdume  161.     1791. 

Grosse  bunte  Molkenkirsche.     3.  Dochnahl  Ftihr.  Obstkunde  3: 2&.     1858. 

This  cherrj-  is  distinguished  from  others  of  its  class  by  its  peculiar  coloring.  At  one 
time  it  was  recommended  because  of  its  size,  flavor,  and  length  of  season.  Fruit  large, 
thick  at  the  base,  both  sides  compressed  and  marked  by  a  sutvu-e;  stem  long,  slender,  set 
in  a  shallow  opening;  groimd  color  a  ding>'  pale  yellow  more  or  less  covered  with  red;  flesh 
tender,  melting,  pleasing;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 
Grosse  Friedrichskirsche.     Species?     i.  DochnaM Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:2,9.     1838. 

Fruit  large,  compressed,  roundish-cordate,  pale  yeUow,  washed  with  crimson;  flesh 
slightly  aromatic;  ripens  the  end  of  June;  productive. 

Grosse  Glaskirsche.     P.  avium  X  P-  cerasus.     i.  Krunitz  Enc.  57,  58.     1790.     2.  Christ 
Worterb.  292.     1802.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  473-475.     1819. 

Grosse  Cerise  Transparente.     4.  MortiUet  Le  Cemier  2: 172-175,  fig.     1866.     e,.  Guide 
Prat.  18,  190.     1895. 

Through  an  error  which  he  later  rectified,  Truchsess  described  the  Double  Glass  as 
this  variety.  This  cherr>'  differs  in  ha\'ing  a  shorter  stem,  larger  size  and  in  ripening  later. 
Fruit  very  large,  almost  round,  fiattened  at  the  ends,  depressed  at  the  apex;  stem  stout, 
short,  inserted  in  a  large  cavity;  skin  glossy,  becoming  dark  red;  flesh  pale  yellowish,  melt- 
ing, juicy,  mild  yet  with  a  piquant,  pleasing  sourness;  stone  roundish,  turgid,  clinging 
to  the  flesh  more  than  to  the  stem;  ripens  in  August. 
Grosse  Gomballoise.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pow.  Cew.  11:150,  151.     1S82. 

Bigarreau  Grosse  Gomballoise.     2.  Guide  Prat.  17.     1895. 

Fruit  large  to  ver>'  large,  thickly  cordate,  often  elongated,  tnmcate  at  the  ends;  suttire 
deep,  but  a  colored  line  on  one  side;  stem  long,  stout,  set  in  a  large,  deep  cavity;  skin  thick, 
firm,  intense  ptu-ple  changing  to  ahnost  black;  flesh  purple,  firm,  juicy,  sugary,  vinous, 
aromatic;  pit  of  medium  size;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 

Grosse  Guigne  Blanche.     P.   avium.     1.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   258.     1819.     2. 
Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:315,  316  fig.     1877. 

Guigne  a  gros  fruit  blanc.     3.  Duhamel   Trait.  Arb.  Fr.   1:161,   PI.    i   fig.   3-      1/68. 

4.  Mortillet  Z^  Cmster  2:98,  99.     1S66. 
Kleine  weisse  Friihkirsche.     5.  Christ  Worterb.  278.     1802. 


266  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Guigne  Blanche.    6.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  51.     1831.     7.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  20,  PI. 
20.     1871. 

Early  White  Guigne.     8.  Prince  Pow.  Maw.  2:112.     1832. 

White  Heart,    g.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Gard.  loj .     1846. 

An  old  variety,  probably  of  French  origin,  which,  according  to  Leroy,  was  described  by 
Merlet  in  1667.  Fruit  large,  attached  in  pairs,  cordate,  slightly  elongated;  stem  medium 
in  length,  set  in  a  wide  cavity;  skin  dull  yellow,  tinged  and  mottled  with  dull  red;  flesh 
whitish,  tender,  juicy,  slightly  acidulated;  quaUty  fair,  insipid  in  wet  seasons;  stone  large, 
ovoid,  clinging;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 

Grosse  Guigne  Noire   a  Court  Pedicelle.     P.   avium,     i.  Noisette  Man.   Comp.   Jard. 
2:503.     i860. 

Guignier  a  Gros  Fruit  Noir  et  Court  Pedoncule.  2.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  28,  PI.  28. 
1871. 

An   old  variety  of  uncertain  origin.     Fruit   large,   roundish-cordate;   suture  broad; 
stem  short,  set  in  a  narrow,  shallow  cavity ;  skin  tender  but  firm,  beautiful  black  at  matu- 
rity; flesh  soft,  juicy,  agreeable;  quality  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  reddish;  ripens 
the  last  of  June. 
Grosse  Hockerige  Marmorkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.Obstkunde  3:42.  1858. 

Fruit  very  large,  uneven,  roughened,  dark  red;  flesh  hard,  rather  sweet;  ripens  at  the 
end  of  July;  not  very  productive. 
Grosse  Mogulkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Obstbdume  160.     1791. 

Fruit  large,  cordate,  red,  dotted  here  and  there  with  white;  flesh  mild;  excellent;  pit 
small. 

Grosse  Morelle.      P.    cerasus.      1.   Christ    Worterb.     284.      1802.      2.   Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  545-548.     1819. 

Grosse  Morelle  double!    3.  Mas  Pow.  G"eM.  11:161.     1882. 

Fruit  large,  globular;  stem  medium  in  length,  slender,  set  in  a  smooth  cavity;  skin 
glossy,    smooth,   inky -black;   flesh  blood-red,   veined,   juicy,   wine-sour,   not   unpleasant; 
stone  of  medium  size,  blood-red;  ripens  from  the  end  of  June  to  July;  often  dried. 
Grosse  Nonnenkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  287.     1802.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  517,  518,  519.     1819. 

Varrenne,  De.    3.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  56.     183 1. 

Grosse  Cerise  des  Religieuses.     4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:97,  98.  fig-  49-     1882. 

Probably  of  French  origin.     Tree  moderately  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  round, 
sides  tmevenly  compressed,  with  a  shallow  suture;  stem  long,  set  in  a  wide  cavity;  skin 
brownish-black,   glossy;  flesh  tender,   colored,  juicy,   subacid;  stone  small,   very  broad, 
clinging  to  the  stem;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Grosse  Picarde.     P.  cerasus. 

The  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  received  this  variety  from  F.  Jamin, 
Bourg-la-Reine,  France,  in  1905,  after  which  trees  were  sent  to  this  Station  for  testing. 
Tree  vigorous,  rapid  in  growth;  fruit  of  the  Montmorency  type,  above  medium  in  size, 
roundish-cordate,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  intermediate  in  depth  and  width,  abrupt; 
suture  a  line;  apex  roundish;  stem  slender,  long;  skin  moderately  thick,  tough,  separating 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  267 

readily  from  the  pulp,  very  dark  red;  dots  nimierous,  small,  obsoire;  flesh  dark  red,  stringy, 
tender,  melting,  astringent,  sour,  juicy;  poor  to  fair  in  quality;  stone  of  medium  size,  ovate, 
slightly  pointed,  smooth,  tinged  with  purple;  season  very  late. 

Grosse  Schwarze  Friihe  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Kxa.it  Poyn.  Aust.  1:2,  Tab.  2  fig.  2. 
1792.     2.  Christ  PFortert.  274.     1802.     3.  TT\ichsess-ii&\m.  Kirschensort.  158.   1819. 

Guigne  a  Gros  Fruit  Noir  Hdtif.     4.  Pom.  France  7: No.  25,  PI.  25.     1871. 

This  cherry  differs  from  Fruhe  Maiherzkirsche  in  having  a  firmer  flesh.     Fruit  above 
medium  in  size,  cordate,  pointed,  black;  suture  distinct  on  one  side;  stem  long,    slender, 
deeply  set;  ripens  in  June. 
Grosse  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Worterb.  275.     1802. 

Gemeine  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.  2.  Trachsess-Hebn  Kirschensort.  142-145,156,157.  1819. 

Guignier  a  gros  jruit  noir?    5.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:502.     i860. 

Fruit  large,  cordate,  flattened  on  one  side;  stem  long,  set  in  a  deep  cavity;  skin  thick, 
dark  red  changing  to  black,  pitted;  flesh  rather  firm,  tender,  fibrous,  dark  red,  juicy, 
exceedingly  sweet  and  refreshing,  with  a  sUghtly  bitterish  after-taste;  stone  cUnging;  ripens 
in  July. 

Grosse    Spate    Schwarze    Knorpelkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Christ    Worterb.    277.     1802. 
2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  200,  201.     1819. 

Fovmd  in  a  German  garden  in  1797;  distinguished  from  Elkhom  in  ripening  later. 
Fruit  large,  round,  flattened  on  the  sides  and  apex;  skin  black,  glossy;  stem  thick;  flesh 
firm,  juicy;  ripens  early  in  August. 

Grosse   Siisse   Maiherzkirsche.      P.  avium,      i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.    126-130. 
1819.     2.  TiochnSihl  Fiihr.  Obsikunde  y.  20.     1S58. 

Grosse  Siisse  Maikirsche.    ^.  Christ  Handb.  662.     1797. 

Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roimdish-cordate,  sides  compressed;  stem  of  medium 
length,  stout,  set  in  a  narrow,  shallow  cavity;  skin  tough,  almost  black;  flesh  tender,  red- 
dish-black, juicy,  sprightly,  rich;  stone  of  medium  size,  broadly  cordate,  with  a  faint  point; 
ripens  at  the  end  of  June;  used  for  table  and  kitchen. 
Grosse  Tardive.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Cwtie  Pra^  17.     1876. 

Grosse  spate  Amarelle.     2.  Proskauer  Obstsort.     58.     1907. 

Grosse  Tardive  is  thought  to  have  originated  near  Paris,  France.  It  ripens  the  first 
of  August  when  all  other  sweet,  black  cherries  are  gone.  The  tree  resembles  Montmorency. 
Grosse  Transparente.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:60.     1900. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Grosse  Ungarische  Kirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Krunitz  Enc.  66-68.     1790. 

Ungarische  Herzkirsche.    2.  Chxist  Handb.  661.     1797. 

Grosse  schwarze  ungarische  Herzkirsche.    3.  'Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Ohstkunde  y.  20.     1858. 

Fruit  large,  oval,  rather  angular;  stem  medium  in  length;  cavity  deep,  irregular; 
suture  distinct;  skin  glossy,  black;  flesh  dark  red,  fine-grained,  aromatic,  sweet;  stone 
large,  oval;  ripens  early  in  July;  productive. 
Grosse  de  Verrirees.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  71,  72,  PI.    1870-71. 

This  cherry  is  extensively  grown  at  Verrieres,  France,  where  it  is  often  called,  "  La 
Grosse."     The  fruit,  however,  is  but  a  trifle  larger  than  Cerise  Commune  from  which  it 


268  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

differs  only  in  its  slightly  elongated-cordate  form;  stem  medium  in  length;  skin  deep  red; 

flesh  red,  juicy,  sweet;  season  the  middle  of  July. 

Grosse  de  Wagnellee.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  465.     1869. 

A  vigorous,  productive  cherry  of  Belgian  origin;  fruit  large,  oval;  skin  yellow,  washed 
and  spotted  with  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  ripens  in  July. 
Grosse  Weinkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Oberdieck  Obst-Sort.  385.     1S81. 

Grosse-Griotte  a  vin .     2.  Thomas  Gw^de  Prat.  21,  196.     1876. 

Fruit  flattened,  roundish,  rather  large;  stem  rather  long;  suture  indistinct;  skin  very 
dark,  glossy  red;  flesh  tender,  dark  red,  juicy,  sprightly,  acid;  pit  egg-oval;  ripens  in  July; 
used  for  conserves  and  coloring  wines. 

Grosse  Weisse  Friihkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  285,  679,  680. 
1819. 

Fruit  large,  truncate-cordate,  one  side  compressed,  with  a  shallow  suture;  stem  long, 
stout,  set  in  a  wide,  shallow  cavity;  skin  firm,  tough,  pale  yellow,  washed  with  deep  red; 
flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasing;  stone  small,  round,  plump,  partly  clinging;  ripens  the 
middle  of  July. 
Groth  Braune  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  358.     1889. 

Listed  without  description  in  this  reference. 
Groth  Gelbe  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  56.     1907. 

Bigarreau  jaune  de  Groth.     2.  T\\oma.s,  Guide  Prat.  27,  189.     1876. 

Groih's  Wachskirsche.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  337,  358.     1889. 

Tree  vigorous  and  very  productive;  frtiit  rather  large,  truncate-cordate;  skin  trans- 
parent, brilliant  yellow;  flesh  rather  firm,  very  sweet,  agreeable;  first  quality;  matures 
early  in  July. 
Griinstiel-Kirsche.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkmide  3:22.     1858. 

Fruit  black,  of   medium  size,  obtuse-cordate,  noticeably  furrowed;  stem  long,  shal- 
lowly  inserted;  flesh  firm,  colored,  subacid;  pit  of  medium  size,  round,  somewhat  clinging; 
ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Guben.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  549.     1901. 

Bigarreau  tioir  de  Guben.     2.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  190.     1876. 

Gubener  Schwarze  Knorpel.     3.  Oberdieck  065i-Sor/.  369.     1881. 

Late  Black  Bigarreau?     4.  Guide  Prat.  18.     1895. 

Guben  originated  near  the  town  of  the  same  name  in  Prussia,  Germany.  Fruit  large, 
obtuse-cordate,  sides  slightly  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem  rather  long;  cavity 
shallow;  skin  firm,  glossy,  nearly  black;  flesh  firm,  dark  red,  sweet,  with  a  pleasing  sourness; 
pit  roundish ;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 

Gubens  Ehre.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  358.     1889.     2.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten. 
423.     1897. 

Fruit  large,  dark  red,  with  a  slightly  aromatic  flavor. 
Guigne  Anglaise  Blanche  Precoce.     P.  avium,    i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Guigne  d'Argovie.     P.  avium,     i.  Lowd.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  51.     183 1. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  269 

Guigne  Blanche  Precoce.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:316.     1877. 

Received  by  Leroy  from  Germany  in  1S60  and  said  by  him  to  lack  size  and  qualitjr. 
Guigne  Bonne  Alostoise.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  359.     1889. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Guigne  de  Buxeuil.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Guigne  Camee  Winkler.     P.  avium,     i.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:317,  318  fig.,  319.     1877. 

Winkler  ivcissc  Herzkirsche.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirsehensort.  278,  279.     1819. 

Guigne  Blanche  de  Winkler.     3.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:161,  162,  fig.  79.     1866-73. 

Guigne  de  Winkler.     4.  ThomasGuide  Prat.  15,  199.     1876. 

This  variety  is  said  to  be  a  seedling  raised  by  a  Herr  Winkler  at  Guben,  Prussia, 
Germany,  about  1816.  Fruit  attached  in  pairs,  large,  roundish-cordate,  compressed; 
suture  not  prominent;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  deep,  narrow  cavity;  skin  flesh-colored; 
flesh  tender,  slightly  fibrous,  light  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasingly  aromatic;  pit  of  medium 
size,  plump,  oval;  ripens  the  second  week  of  the  cherry  season. 
Guigne  de  Chamblondes.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  359.     1889. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Guigne  Chamonale.     P.  avium.     1.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:151.     1882. 

Flowers  and  foliage  only  described. 
Guigne   Chavanne.     P.   avium.     1.  Mas   Potn.  Gen.   11:161.     1882.     2.  Mathieu    Nom. 
Pom.  359.     1889. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Guigne   Courte-queue  d'Oullins.     P.  avium,     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:62   fig.,  63,  218. 
1866. 

Guigne  a  courte  queuel     2.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  20.     1887. 

This  variety  is  said  to  have  originated  at  Oullins,  near  Lyons,  France.  Tree  vigorous, 
upright,  productive;  fruit  rather  large,  obtuse-cordate,  truncate;  stem  short  to  very  short, 
inserted  in  a  shallow,  narrow  cavity;  suture  a  well-marked  line;  skin  rather  thick,  glossy, 
shaded  with  red  changing  to  deep  black;  flesh  red,  tender  but  not  soft,  sweet  with  some 
acidity,  agreeable;  quality  excellent;  pit  large  for  the  size  of  the  fruit,  ovoid;  ripens  early 
in  June. 
Guigne  Ecarlate.     P.  avium.     1.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  s^-     1831. 

A  worthless,  medium-sized,  red,  oval  fruit,  with  firm  flesh,  ripening  in  July. 
Guigne  de  I'Escalier.     P.  avium,     i.  ThomasGuide  Prat.  24.     1876.     2.  Guide  Prat.  11. 
1895. 

This  is  a  large,  brownish-black,  French  cherry  of  the  Heart  class.     Fruit  with  an 
uneven  surface;  flesh  red,  sugary,  sweet;  first  quality;  ripens  the  first  of  July. 
Guigne  de  Gland.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  213.     1880. 

Guigne  de  Gland  received  its  name  from  the  small  community  of  Gland,  Aisne,  France, 
where  it  appears  to  have  been  first  culti\'ated.     It  is  one  of  the  first  to  be  found  on  the 
markets;  is  very  productive,  and  of  good  quahty;  fruit  large,  clear  red,  very  sweet. 
Guigne  Grosse  Rouge  Hative.     P.  avium.     1.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  51.     183 1. 

A  firm,  red,  cordate  cherry  of  second  quality  for  table  use;  ripens  in  July. 


270  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Guigne  Grosse  Rouge  Tardive.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hori.  Soc.  Cat.  si-     1831. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Guigne  Guindole.     P.  avium.     1.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  18,  198.     1876. 

Many  writers,  including  Leroy,  believe  this  cherry  to  be  identical  with  the  Flamen- 
tine.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  grown  for  market;  fruit  large,  elongated-cordate;  skin 
deep  red  with  carmine  mottling  on  a  yellowish  ground;  flesh  tender,  soft,  juicy,  sugary; 
matures  the  last  part  of  June. 
Guigne  Hative  d'Elsdorf.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  2'j,  ig8.     1876. 

A  German  variety  "  much  recommended." 
Guigne  Marbree.     P.  avium.     1.  Pom.  France  7:^0.  18.  PI.  18.     1871.     2.  Wickson  CaZ. 
Fruits.  286.     1889.     3.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  523.     1906. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  vmcertain.     Fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  wide, 
shallow;  stem  of  medium  length,  set  in  a  shallow,  wide  cavity;  skin  glossy,  white,  washed 
with  a  rose  color  changing  to  carmine,  adherent  to  the  pulp;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  sweet, 
faintly  aromatic;  pit  small,  roundish;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Guigne  Marie  Besnard.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  15.     1876. 

A  large,  oblong.  Heart  cherry  of  good  quality;  skin  light  yellow  overspread  with  red; 
flesh  tender,  juicy;  late. 
Guigne  de  Nice.     P.  avium,     i.  ThomasGuide  Prat.  24.   1876.     2.  Guide  Prat.  11.     1895. 

Fruit  very  large,  oblong,  light  red;  season  early  in  warm  years;  trees  rather  tender. 
Guigne  Noir  Luisante.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  208.     1854.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  74.     1862. 

Guignier  a  gros  fruit  noir  luisant.     3.  Duhamel  Trait  Arb.  Fr.  1:162,  163.     1768. 

Grosse  gldnzende  schwarze  Herkirsche.     4.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:2,  Tab.  3  fig.  2.     1792. 
5.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  146,  147.     1819. 

Grosse  Guigne  noire  luisante.     6.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:72  fig.  73,  74,  218.     1866. 

Guigne  Reinette  noire.     7.  ThomasGuide  Prat.  24.     1876. 

Guigne  noire  hative  a  gros  fruits.     8.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  108  fig.,  109.     1904. 

This  variety  should  not  be  mistaken  for  the  Black  Spanish  of  the  Germans  although 
Elliott  speaks  of  it  as  such  with  the  statement  that  it  was  grown  in  New  Jersey  about 
1823,  from  whence  it  was  introduced  into  Ohio.  It  was  known  as  Guigne  Reinette  Noire 
about  the  provinces  of  Main  and  Anjou,  France,  where  it  is  said  to  have  originated.  Some 
authors  have  confused  it  with  Hogg's  Black  Heart  from  which  it  differs  in  being  more 
firm.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  usually  attached  in  threes,  obtuse- 
cordate,  plump;  suture  wide;  stem  medium  in  length,  inserted  in  a  rather  wide,  deep  cavity; 
skin  thick,  glossy,  brownish-red  changing  to  black;  flesh  colored,  tender,  fibrous,  juicy, 
sweet,  vinous;  quality  good;  pit  small,  roundish-oval,  turgid;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Guigne  Noire  Hative.     P.  avium,     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  51.     1831. 

Guignier  d,  Gros  Fruit  noir  hatif .     2.  Leroy  Djci.  Pom.  5:330  fig.,  331.     1877. 

This  old  variety  originated  in  France  early  in  the  Sixteenth  Centiu-y.  Tree  moderately 
productive;  fruit  attached  in  threes,  large,  obtuse-cordate,  irregular;  stem  long,  stout; 
cavity  large;  skin  becomes  reddish-black;  flesh  deep  red,  fibrous,  juicy,  acidulated,  sweet; 
quality  fair;  pit  above  medium,  ovoid,  plimip;  ripens  the  last  of  May. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  271 

Guigne  Noire  de  Monstreux.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  24.     1876. 

Described  by  M.  M.  Verilhac,  nirrserjTnan  at  Annonay,  France,  as  a  large,  good, 
productive  cherr\^  ripening  the  first  part  of  June. 
Guigne  Nouvelle  Espece.     P.  avium,     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  51.     1831. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Guigne  Olive.     P.  avium,     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:79,  80  fig.,  81,  220.     1866. 

Fruit  large,  elongated-oval,  more  pointed  at  the  cavity ;  suture  wide ;  stem  long,  slender, 
set  in  a  slightly  deep,  abrupt  cavity;  skin  at  first  rose-colored,  marbled  with  red  changing 
to  almost  black;  flesh  tender,  colored,  agreeably  acid,  with  a  slight  bitterness;  pit  very 
large,  oval,  resembling  the  pit  of  an  olive;  ripens  at  the  beginning  of  July. 
Guigne  Petite  Blanche.     P.  avium,     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  51.     1831. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Guigne  Petite  Rouge.     P.  avium,     i.  Lo}id.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  51.     1831. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Guigne  la  Plus  Hative.     P.  avium,    i.  Mortillet  Le  Cemz^r  2:51-54,  fig.     1866. 

Guigne  marbree  precoce.     2.  Mas  Le  Verger  %:iis,  116,  fig.  56.     1866-73. 

Guigne  d'Annonay.     3.  ThomasGuide  Prat.  15,  197.     1876. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  cordate,  often  slightly  elongated;  skin  thin,  mottled  with  red 
changing  to  almost  black;  stem  moderately  slender,  set  in  a  rather  deep,  wide  cavity; 
flesh  pvu-plish,  tender,  juicy,  agreeably  acidulated;  pit  small,  ovoid;  ripens  the  last  of  May. 
Guigne  Precoce  Leo  d'Ounons.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  Gs-     1881. 

This  variety  was  found  in  an  orchard  near  Vigne,  France.     The  fruit  is  large  and 
sweet  with  an  agreeably  aromatic  juice;  ripens  the  first  half  of  June. 
Guigne  Precoce  de  Mathere.     P.  avium,     i.  ThoTnas  Guide  Prat.  27.     1876. 

Early  Mathere.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  416.     1899. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roimdish-oval;  stem  short;  skin  red;  flesh  yellow- 
ish-red, juicy,  sweet;  stone  small,  clinging;  early. 
Guigne  Precoce  Ponctuee.     P.  avium,     i.  MortiUet  I^  CemzVr  2:208.     1866. 

A  variegated  cherry  with  imcolored  juice,  mentioned  by  MortiUet. 
Guigne  de  Provence.     P.  avium.     1.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  18.     1876.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen. 
11:152.     1882.     3.  Guide  Prat.  18.     1895. 

Although  very  similar  to  Transparente  de  Coe,  according  to  Guide  Pratique,  1895, 
Guigne  de  Provence  is  a  distinct  variety.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  obtuse-cordate;  skin  reddish-carmine;  flesh  rather  firm,  sweet;  first  quality;  matures 
the  last  half  of  June. 

Guigne  Ramon  Oliva.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  355.     1888.     2.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France 
Pom.  112  fig.,  113.     1904. 

A  chance  seedling  noticed  first  by  M.  Charoze,  horticulturist,  at  Pyramide-Trelaz^, 
near  Angers,  France.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  usually  borne  in  twos  or  threes, 
roundish-cordate;  suture  indistinct;  stem  long;  color  brownish-black,  glossy;  flesh  fine, 
juicy,  sweet;  pit  large,  oval;  ripens  early  in  June. 
Guigne  Rose  Hative.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  24,  199.     1876. 

Kleine  jriihe  rothe  Herzkirsche.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  164.     1819. 


272  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Rosenroihe  Maikirsche.     3.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.   Obstkunde  3:18.     1858.     4.  III.  Handb. 

SS  fig-.  56-      i860. 

Guignier  a  fruit  rose  hdtif.     5.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:503.     i860. 

Guigne  Rose  Hative  was  received  by  Jahn  from  Dodmahl  who  believed  Rheinpfalz, 
a  former  palatinate  in  Germany,  to  be  its  home.  Tree  productive,  drooping;  fruit  of 
medium  size,  uneven  particularly  about  the  stem,  roundish-cordate,  sides  flattened;  suture 
indistinct;  stem  medium  in  length;  cavity  shallow;  skin  rose-colored  in  the  middle  of  May, 
later  changing  to  a  reddish-purple  or  black;  flesh  tender,  with  colored  juice,  sweet  if  ripe; 
stone  rather  large,  ovate  to  oval;  ripens  at  the  end  of  May  or  the  beginning  of  June. 
Guigne  Rouge  Commune.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:152.     1882. 

The  flowers  and  foliage  only  are  described. 
Guigne    Rouge   Ponctuee.     P.   avium,     i.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:89  fig.,  90,  91,   218. 
1866. 

This  cherry  is  similar  to  Rothe  Molkenkirsche  but  is  different  in  pit.  It  was  found 
in  the  province  of  ITsere,  France.  Fruit  large  to  above,  depressed  at  both  extremities, 
flattened  on  both  sides,  one  of  which  is  traversed  by  a  wide,  shallow  suttu-e;  stem  above 
medium  in  length,  set  in  a  shallow,  rather  narrow  cavity;  skin  firm,  thick,  brilliant,  changing 
to  deep  red,  mottled;  flesh  white,  faintly  rose-colored  especially  about  the  pit,  moderately 
firm,  at  maturity  it  loses  its  sotUTiess  becoming  sugar}'  and  aromatic;  pit  large,  oblong- 
oval;  ripens  at  the  beginning  of  June. 
Guigne  de  Russie  a  Fruit  Blanc.     P.  avium,     x.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Guigne  Tres  Precoce.     P.  avium,     i.  Hogg  Frtiit  Man.  275,  301.     18S4. 

A  very  early,  black  cherry,  a  week  earlier  than  the  Early  Purple.     Fruit  rather  small, 
obtuse-cordate,  irregular  in  outline;  stem  long,  slender,  deeply  inserted  in  a  wide  cavity; 
skin  quite  black;  flesh  very  tender;  juice  colored;  good. 
Guigne  van  der  Broek.     P.  avium,     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:39,  40.     1771. 

A  very  small,  juicy  cherry  similar  to  the  Black  Guigne  in  form,  color  and  taste;  some- 
what oblong;  dark,  brownish-black;  of  a  very  sweet,  agreeable  taste. 
Guigne  Villeneuve.     P.  avium      i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  15.     1S76. 

Villeneuver  Herzkirsche.     2.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  57.     1907. 

This  variety  is  believed  to  be  native  to  the  region  around  the  Auvergne  mountains, 
France.  Fruit  very  large,  quadrangular;  skin  a  vivid  rose  color  overspreading  a  whitish 
ground;  ripens  late  in  June. 

Guignier   a  Fruit  Noir  et  Tres-long  Pedoncule.     P.   avium,     i.  Noisette  Man.   Comp. 
Jard.  2:503.     i860. 

Obtained    from    seed   and   fruited  first  in   1824.     Tree  erect,   vigorous;   fruit   small, 
conical,  black;   stem  nearly   four   inches  long;   flesh   watery,    colored,  sweet,  agreeably 
acidulated. 
Guignier  a  Petit  Fruit  Noir.     P.  avium,     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:502.     i860. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  Grosse  Schwarze  Herzkirsche  only  in  size  of  fruit. 
Guindoux  Noir  de  Faix.     Species?     i.  ThomsiS  Guide  Prat.  26.     1876. 

Mentioned  by  Thomas  without  description. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  273 

Gunsleber  Spate  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  320,  321. 
1819. 

A  seedling  of  White  Spanish  ripening  early  in  August.     Fruit  small,  blushed  with  light 
and  dark  red  on  a  white  ground;  flesh  firm,  sweet;  unproductive. 
Halbgefiilltbliihende  Weichsel.     P.cerasus.   i.  DochnahlFii/ir.  OtiifewHcfe  3:66,  67.    1858. 

Schwarze  Weichsel  mit  halb  gejuUtcr  Blute.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  606,  607, 
608.     1819. 

Truchsess  says  that  only  the  semi-doubles  have  perfect  pistils  and  the  other  flowers 
do  not  produce  fruit.     Fruit  oblate;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavit)^;  skin  thin, 
tough,  glossy,  black;  flesh  tender,  fibrous  near  the  stem,  with  dark  juice,  pleasing. 
Halifax.     Species?     i.  Ant.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  94.     1854. 

HaHfax  is  an  old  variety  reported  from  Maryland. 
Hallock.     P.  avium. 

Hallock  is  a  supposed  seedling  of  Downer  found  by  Nicholas  Hallock,  Milton,  New 
York;  not  disseminated.     It  resembles  Downer  in  color  but  is  slightly  smaller  and  about 
two  weeks  later. 
Hallowell.     P.  avium,     i.  Me.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  22:175.     1906. 

HaUowell  is  a  seedUng  of  Black  Tartarian. 
Hamell  Kirsche.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Hamels  Arissen.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Hartlib.     Species?     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Hartlippe.     Species?     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.     1629. 

"  The  Hartlippe  Cherrie  is  so  called  of  the  place  where  the  best  of  this  kinde  is  noursed 
up,  being  betweene  Sittingboume  and  Chattam  in  Kent,  and  is  the  biggest  of  our  English 
kindes." 
Hartz  Mountain.     Species?     i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  48.     1874. 

This  variety  was  brought  from  Germany  by  a  Mr.  Meyer  of  St.  Peter,  Minnesota, 
with  whom  it  has  proved  hardy  and  productive. 
Hative  de  Balis.     Species?     i.  Matliieu  Nom.  Pom.  362.     1S89. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Hative  ou  Precoce.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Hative  de  Prin.     P.cerasus.     1.  Rev.  Hort.  280,  281,  VI.     1893.     2.  Guide  Prat.  ij.     1895. 

Priner  Friihweichsel.     3.   Proskauer  Obstsort.  59.     1907. 

This  variety  was  introduced  by  M.  Maquerlot  of  Fismes,  Mame,  France.     It  resembles 
Montmorency  in  shape,  with  a  longer  stem.     Fruit  often  borne  in  fours;  cavity  deep; 
skin  thin,  deep  red;  flesh  of  a  rose  color,  transparent,  sugary,  acidulated,  juicy;  pit  of 
medium  size,  orbiculated. 
Hative  de  St.  Jean.     Species?     1.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
18 


274  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Headley.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  ii:i6i.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Healy.     P.  avium,     i.  Sweet  Cat.  11.     1897. 

Healy  is   an  old,  sweet  variety  thought  to   have  come  from  Pennsylvania;    intro- 
duced by  George  A.  Sweet,  Dansville,  New  York. 
Hedelfingen.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  549.     1901. 

Hedelfingen  Risenkirsche.     2.  III.  Handb.  77  fig.,  78.     i860. 

Colassale  d' Hedelfingen.    3.  MortiUet  Le  Cerisier  2:7,01.     1866. 

Geante  d'Hedelfingen.    4.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  194.     1876. 

Monstrueuse  d'Hedelfingen.    5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:59,  60,  fig.  30.     1882. 

Bigarreau  de  Hedelfingen.     6.  Gard.  Chron.  20:160.     1896. 

This  variety  probably  originated  in  the  village  of  Hedelfingen,  Germany.  Tree 
strong,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  very  large,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  noticeable  on  both 
sides;  stem  very  long;  cavity  deep,  narrow;  skin  glossy,  tough,  dark  brown  changing  to 
black,  with  light  red  dots;  flesh  fibrous,  dark  red,  more  tender  than  many  Bigarreaus, 
yet  firm,  juicy,  pleasing,  aromatic;  stone  of  medium  size,  long,  truncate  at  the  base;  ripens 
in  July;  good  for  table,  kitchen  and  market. 

Hedwigs  Kirsche.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882.     2,  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
362.     1889. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Heidelberger  Kirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  290.     1802. 

A  very  dark,  black,  small,  short-stemmed  Sour  Cherry  ripening  at  the  beginning  of 
September. 
Heiges.     P.  avium.     1.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  40.     1S95. 

Heiges  is  a  seedling  of  the  Bigarreau  type,  from  C.  E.  Hoskins,  Springbrook,  Oregon, 
ripening  there  the  last  of  June.  Fruit  large,  heart-shaped,  very  smooth;  cavity  medium 
in  size  and  depth,  regular,  flaring;  stem  short,  slender;  suture  shallow,  narrow;  skin  thin, 
tenacious,  dark  purplish-black,  with  minute  golden,  indented  dots;  flesh  very  dark,  pur- 
plish-black, with  a  few  light  veins,  meaty,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  quality  best; 
pit  large,  oval,  semi-clinging. 
Heintzen  (Heintze's)  Friihe  Kirsche.    Species?    i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  362.     1889. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Henneberger  Grafenkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Handb.  675.     1797.     2.  Truchsess- 
Heim    Kirschensort.    548,    549,    55°-     1819.    3.  Dochnahl  FUhr.   Obstkunde  3:64. 
1858.     4.  Christ  Obstbdume  159.     1791. 

Cerise  du  Comte  de  Henneberg.    5.  MortiUet  Le  Cerisier  2:307.     1866. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  flattened,  without  a  suture;  black  when  ripe;  stem  long,  slender, 
shallowly  inserted;  flesh  tender,  with  a  pleasant  sourness;  ripens  in  July. 
Hensel  Early.     Species?     1,  Horticulturist  22:22,2,  ?^g.     1867. 

Hensel  is  an  accidental  seedKng  found  on  the  grounds  of  G.  W.  Zahm,  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  and  named  after  the  former  owner  of  the  property.  Tree  moderate  in 
growth,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  roundish,  obtuse  at  the  base;  stem  slender;  flesh  half- 
tender,  juicy;  good;  ripens  the  first  part  of  June;  not  disposed  to  rot. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  275 

Herzkirsche  Leona  Quesnel.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  362.     1889. 

Alentioned  but  not  described  by  Mathieu. 
Herzkirsche  Trauben.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:153.     1882. 

The  flowers  and  foliage  only  are  described. 
Herzkirsche  Wils  Friihe.     Species?     i.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten.  439.     1897. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Herzkirschweichsel.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Handb.  673.     1797. 

According  to  Christ,  this  cherry  is  a  Morello;  fruit  large,  with  an  indistinct  suture; 
stem  rather  long,  deeply  set;  color  reddish-black;  flesh  tender,  subacid;  stone  cordate; 
ripens  the  middle  of  July. 

Herzog  May.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Sac.  Rpt.  330.     1885.     2.  Ohio  Hart. 
Soc.  Rpt.  22.     1892-93. 

Imported  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  from  Southwestern  Russia  where  it  does  well  on 
wet,  unfavorable  soil.     Tree  open  and  upright,  a  true  Duke  of  the  best  quahty. 
Hoadley.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  209  fig.     1854. 

Hoadley  was  raised  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1842,  and  was 
named  by  EUiott  in  honor  of  George  Hoadley  of  Cleveland.  Tree  healthy,  vigorous, 
with  a  rotmd,  spreading  head;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roimdish-cordate ;  stem  of 
medium  length;  cavity  shallow;  skin  pale  yellow,  mottled  and  striped  with  clear  carmine; 
flesh  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  almost  translucent;  pit  of  medium  size; 
season  the  last  of  June;  valuable  for  table  use  but  will  not  stand  shipment. 
Hockenberg.     P.  cerasus. 

Mentioned  in  a  letter  from  H.  Back  &  Sons,  New  Trenton,  Indiana,  as  resembling 
an  Amarelle;  of  no  particular  value. 

Hogg  Black  Gean.     P.  avium.     1.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  69,  84.     1866.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen. 
11:161.     1882. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  long;  skin  black,  glossy;  flesh  and  juice 
dark,  rich,  sweet,  tender;  season  at  the  beginning  of  July. 
Hogg  Red  Gean.     P.  avium.     1.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  69,  84.     1S66. 

Fruit  medium  large,  roundish,  inclined  to  heart-shape;  stem  long;  skin  red,  mottled 
with  amber-yellow;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  sweet,  rich,  with  uncolored  juice;  ripens  the 
first  of  July. 
Hoke.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     1.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pmn.  Rpt.  24.     1894. 

Hoke  is  a  Duke,  long  known  in  York  Coimty,  Pennsylvania,  and  regarded  as  worthy 
of  wider  dissemination.  It  originated  at  Hanover,  Pennsylvania,  with  Henry  Wirt,  and 
was  knowm  as  Wirt  until  the  farm  changed  hands  in  1848,  when  it  became  known  as 
Hoke.  The  fruit,  as  growTi  at  this  Station,  is  large,  obtuse-cordate;  cavity  large,  deep; 
skin  thick,  tough,  resisting  rot  in  rainy  weather,  dark,  mottled  with  red;  stem  long, 
moderately  tliick,  swollen  at  either  end;  flesh  firm,  meaty,  dark  pink,  subacid,  sprightly; 
quality  verj'  good;  stone  medium;  season  the  last  of  Jtme. 

Hollandische    Spate    Weichsel.     P.    cerasus.     i.  Christ    Handb.    b-j-j.     1797.     2.  Christ 
Worterb.  288.     1802. 

Hollandische  Kirsche.    3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  597-599.     18 19. 

Hollandische  Weichsel.    4.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:65.     1858. 


276  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Tliis  variety  is  distinguished  from  others  of  its  class  by  its  smaller  stone,  tender   flesh, 
longer  stem  and  later  ripening.     Tree  never  large,  productive;  fruit  large,  nearly  round, 
sides  slightly  compressed;  suture  distinct;  stem  long;  color  brownish-red;  flesh  tender, 
colored,  juicy,  very  sour;  ripens  in  August  but  hangs  until  September. 
Holman  Duke.     P.  avium  X   P.  cerasus.     i.  Langley  Pomona  86,  PI.  17  fig.  i.     1729. 

2.  Prince  Poin.  Man.  2:135,   136.     1832.     3.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  99. 
1846.    4.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:346,  347  fig.     1877. 

Cerise  Royale  Tardive  D'Angleterre.    5.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  1:107,  108,  PI.     1853. 

Cherry-Duck.    6.  Noisette  Man.  Camp.  Jard.  2:507.     i860. 

Royale    Tardive.     7.  Mortillet   Le   Cerisier   2:155,    iS6    fig-,    i57.    158.    i°Z-     1866. 
8.  Pom.  France  7:No.  i,  PI.  i.     1871.    9.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Holman  Duke  is  thought  to  be  of  English  origin  and  a  seedling  of  May  Duke.  The 
name,  Royale  Tardive,  a  synonym  of  Holman  Duke,  has  been  used  interchangeably  for 
several  Duke  cherries.  Fruit  large  to  above,  roundish-cordate;  suture  moderate;  stem 
above  medium  in  size,  set  in  a  rather  deep,  narrow,  irregular  cavity;  skin  thin,  brownish- 
red  changing  to  nearly  black  when  fully  mattu-e;  flesh  red,  fibrous,  juicy,  vinous,  acidulated; 
pit  of  medium  size,  ovoid;  dorsal  sutvire  not  very  apparent;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Holme  Late  Duke.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  27.     1876. 

Mentioned  by  Thomas  without  a  description. 
Holstein.     Species?     i.  Mag.  Hort.  17:363.     1851. 

A  medixun-sized,  round,  red,  seedling  cherry. 
Homer.     P.    cerasus.     1.  la.  Sta.    Bui.    73:71,    72.     1903.     2.  Jewell    Cat.    35.     1906. 

3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Homer  is  a  seedling  of  the  Morello  type  from  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  introduced 
from  Homer,  Minnesota;  said  to  be  valuable  in  the  Northwest.  Fruit  meditun  to  large, 
roundish-oblate;  stem  short,  stout;  cavity  shallow,  moderately  broad;  skin  red,  becoming 
darker,  thin,  rather  tough;  flesh  tender,  xmcolored,  juicy,  mildly  subacid;  pit  round,  semi- 
clinging;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 

Honey.     P.  avium,     i.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  251.     1817.     2.  ElUott  Fr.  Book  217.     1854. 
3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  243.     1858. 

Large  Honey.     4.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     183 1. 

Yellow  Honey.     5.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:110.     1832. 

Cream.     6.  Horticulturist  1:148.     1846-47. 

Summer's  Honeyl    7.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  228.     1849. 

Late  Honey?    8.  Ibid.  235,  236.     1849. 

Honey,  though  grown  only  in  America,  is  probably  of  foreign  origin  —  an  old  sort 
renamed.     Tree  similar  to  Black  Mazzard  but  more  spreading.     Fruit  small,  roundish- 
oval,  yellowish,  mottled  with  red,  becoming  deep  amber-red;  stem  long,  slender;  flesh 
tender,  melting,  juicy,  sweet;  pit  large;  season  the  middle  of  July. 
Honey  Dew.     P.  avium,     i.  Conn.  Bd.  Agr.  Rpt.  11:340.     1877. 

Spoken  of  as  a  valuable  variety  originating  in  Connecticut. 
Honeywood.     P.  avium,     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831.     2.  Mag.  Hort.  g:  205.     1843. 

Mentioned  as  im worthy  of  cultivation. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  277 

Hoppock  Yellow.     P.  avium,     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid.  12:164.     1886. 

This  variety  originated  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  from  seed  sown  by  Cornelius 
Hoppock.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  cordate,  sweet;  ver>'  productive. 

Hoskins.     P.  avium,     i.    U.  S.   D.  A.  Rpt.   262.     1S92.     2,  Ibid.   292,   PI.  VI.     1893. 
3.  Am.  Pmi.  Soc.  Rpt.  150.     1895.     4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.     1899. 

Hoskins  originated  with  C.  E.  Hoskins,*  Newberg,  Oregon,  about  18S0,  as  a  seedling 
of  Napoleon.  Tree  ^'igo^ous,  upright,  somewhat  spreading;  fruit  large,  roundish-cordate 
suture  a  line;  stem  short,  set  in  a  rovmdish  cavity ;  color  dull  purplish-red;  flesh  purple, 
fibrous,  firm,  sprightly,  sweet;  quality  good;  ripens  in  mid -season. 

Hovey.     P.  avium,     i.  Hovey  Fr.  Am.  2:25,  26,  PI.     1851.     2.  Mag.  Hort.  19:405,    406 
fig.  27.     1853.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.     1862. 

Hovey  originated  with  C.  M.  Hovey,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  being  selected  from 
a  bed  of  seedHngs  in  1839;  first  fniited  in  1848.  For  a  time  it  was  considered  a  cherry 
of  considerable  value  but  at  present  it  is  but  little  known.  Tree  very  vigorous,  upright, 
spreading,  productive;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  short,  rather  stout;  skin  rich 
amber  mottled  with  brilliant  red;  flesh  pale  amber,  rather  firm  but  tender,  sprightly 
becoming  sweet;  very  good  in  quality;  stone  slightly  adherent  to  the  pulp,  small,  oval. 
Hoy.     P.  avium.     1.  Chase  Cat.  12.     1909.     2.  Ibid.  PI.     1910. 

A  new  cherry  recently  found  in  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Philadelphia  and  introduced 
in  1909  by  the  Chase  Nursery  Company,  Geneva,  New  York,  as  a  very  valuable  Sweet 
Cherry.  As  grown  at  the  Geneva  Station  it  is  smaller  and  no  better  than  Napoleon. 
Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  unproductive  on  the  Station  grounds.  Fruit  large,  roundish- 
cordate,  slightly  flattened,  with  irregiilar  siuiaces;  cavity  deep;  sutiu-e  a  line;  stem  of 
medium  thickness  and  length,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  rather  thin,  of  medium  toughness, 
adhering  to  the  pulp,  amber  covered  with  light  red,  sometimes  spotted;  flesh  whitish, 
juicy,  stringy,  tender,  somewhat  meaty,  crisp,  sprightly,  sweet;  quality  good;  stone  cling- 
ing, roundish,  plump;  ripens  in  mid-season. 


'  Oregon  has  given  to  pomology  two  notable  breeders  of  cherries,  Seth  Lewelling  and  C.  E.  Hoskins, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch.  Cyrus  Edwin  Hoskins  was  bom  on  a  farm  in  Clinton  County,  Ohio,  July  3, 
1842,  and  there  he  grew  to  manhood.  Almost  at  the  first  call  for  men  to  defend  the  Union  in  the  Civil 
War,  Mr.  Hoskins  responded  and  joined  the  13th  Ohio  regiment,  serving  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Returning  to  Ohio,  he  gave  attention  to  fruit  culture,  testing  many  varieties  of  several  frmts  and  producing 
some  new  grapes  and  berries.  In  1877  Mr.  Hoskins  moved  to  Newberg,  Yamhill  County,  Oregon,  settling 
on  new  land  and  thus  becoming  a  pioneer  in  the  Northwest.  His  first  pomological  venture  in  Oregon 
was  in  growing  prunes,  his  orchard  of  this  fruit  being  one  of  the  first,  and  he  is  credited  with  having  built 
one  of  the  first  evaporators  for  the  curing  of  prunes  in  America.  For  some  years  he  maintained  his  prune 
ranch  and  evaporator,  developing  a  product  that  gave  him  the  highest  reputation  in  prune  markets  and 
made  him  one  of  the  leading  authorities  on  this  fruit  in  the  United  States.  Early  in  his  orchard  work 
in  Oregon  Mr.  Hoskins  began  to  produce  new  varieties  of  cherries  and  soon  offered  for  sale  a  number  of 
promising  seedlings  of  which  Vesta,  Lake,  Occident,  Stryker  and  Hoskins  were  most  worthy.  Unfortu- 
nately, ill  health  in  the  family  compelled  Mr.  Hoskins  to  move  from  Yamhill  County,  to  which  place,  after 
having  spent  several  years  in  Jackson  Cotmty,  Oregon,  and  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  he  returned  with  the 
expectation  of  taking  up  his  work  in  breeding  cherries  and  prunes,  but  his  death,  August  18,  1908,  occurred 
before  his  work  had  been  again  well  begun.  The  Pacific  Northwest  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  Hoskins 
for  the  spendid  part  he  played  in  developing  the  fruit  industry  of  that  region  and  pomologists  the  country 
over  owe  him  much  for  his  labors  in  breeding  cherries. 


278  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Hubbard.     P.  cerasus.     i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  437.     1898. 

Hubbard  is  a  variety  of  the  Morello  class  grown  about  Villa  Ridge,  Illinois.  Tree 
dwarfish,  drooping,  bears  early,  productive;  fruit  large,  cordate,  nearly  black;  precedes 
Earlj'  Richmond. 

Hungarian  Gean,     P.  avium,     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1.     2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
302.     1884. 

Hungarian   Cherry   of  Zwerts.     3.  Parkinson    Par.    Tcr.    574.     1629.     4.  Rea  Flora 
206.     1676. 

Although  there  seems  to  be  a  discrepancy  in  the  size  of  the  cherry  mentioned  by 
Parkinson  and  Rea  and  the  one  described  by  Hogg,  all  three  writers  undoubtedly  referred 
to  the  same  sort.  While  the  first  two  references  describe  the  variety  as  exceptionally 
large  no  definite  statements  are  made,  thus  giving  strength  to  the  following  description 
made  by  Hogg  many  years  later.  Tree  productive;  fruit  rather  below  medium  in  size, 
obtuse-cordate;  skin  amber,  mottled  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  white,  half-tender, 
mildly  sweet;  quality  fair;  stone  large,  ovate;  ripens  in  July. 

Hyde  Late  Black.     P.  avium,     i.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  237.     1849.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  262.     1857. 

This  variety  originated  with  T.  &  G.  Hyde,  Newton,  Massachusetts.  Tree  strong 
in  growth,  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  obtiase-cordate,  purplish-black;  flesh  half- 
firm,  melting,  juicy;  resembles  Eagle  but  is  later. 

Hyde  Red  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  8:284.     1842.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
175-     1845. 

Hyde's  Seedling.    3.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  232.     1849. 

Another  seedling  from  T.  &  G.  Hyde,  Newton,  Massachusetts.     Tree  vigorous,  hardy, 
spreading,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  cordate;  stem  short;  skin  pale  yellow,  becoming 
lively  red;  flesh  tender,  with  a  pleasant  sprightUness,  juicy;  season  early  July. 
Imperial  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  279.     1857. 

Poitou  griotte.     2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:148.     1832. 

Imperial.     3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  209.     1854. 

Griotte  Imperiale.    4.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  17,  195.     1876.     5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui. 
17:9.     1892. 

Griotte  a  Courte  Queue.    6.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:284  fig.,  285.     1877. 

Guindoux  du  Poitou.     7.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:113,  114,  fig.  57.     1882. 

Kaiserliche  Weichsel.    8.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  364.     1889. 

An  old  variety  recently  introduced  into  the  Northwest  where  it  has  proved  very  hardy. 
Tree  small,  low-headed,  productive,  bears  early;  fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish-oval; 
stem  very  short,  shaUowly  inserted;  skin  very  dark  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  pleasantly 
acid  when  ripe;  pit  small,  long,  pointed;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Incomparable  en  Beaute.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Intorka.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  667.     1897. 

Intorka  is  an  importation  from  Russia.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  yellow  and 
red;  flesh  firm,  yellowish,  subacid. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  279 

Jaune  de  Prusse.     P.  avium,     i.  Mcintosh  Bk.  Card.  2:344.     1855.     2.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  466.     1869.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:93,  94-  %•  47-     1882. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  small,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  long,  slender,  inserted 
in  a  narrow  cavity;  skin  firm,   light  yellow,  translucent;  flesh  yellowish- white,   tender, 
juicy,  sweet  but  slightly  bitter  before  it  is  fully  ripe;   pit  large  for  the  size  of  the  fruit; 
ripens  after  Downer. 
Jean  Arendsen.     Species?     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:37.     1771. 

According  to  Knoop,  it  closely  resembles  the  round  Pragische  MuskateUer  in  both 
form  and  color  but  is  not  as  good  in  quaUty. 
Jenkin  Black  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  47.     183 1. 

Mentioned  without  description. 
Jerusalem  Kirsche  von   der  Natte.     Species?     i.  Mas   Pmn.  Gen.   11:153,    154.     1882. 

Flowers  and  leaves  only  are  described. 
Jerusalemskirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  557-561.     1S19. 

Spate    Konigliche    Weichsel.    2.  Kraft    Pofn.    Aust.    i:S,    Tab.    19    fig.    2.     1792. 
3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  561-563.     1819. 

Spate  grosse  k&nigliche  Weichsel.     4.  Christ  Handb.  6S3.     1797. 

Pyramidenkirsclie .     5.  Christ  Worterb.  291.     1802. 

Pyramidenweicksel.     6.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  529-531.     1819. 

The  origin  of  this  old  variety  is  unknown  but  it  was  chiefly  grown  in  Germany.  Tree 
unproductive;  fruit  large,  oval,  with  a  shallow  suture;  stem  long,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity; 
skin  dark  red,  changing  to  black,  glossy;  flesh  moderately  firm,  juicy,  pleasing  subacid; 
pit  large,  walnut-shaped,  clinging;  ripens  the  last  of  July  in  Germany. 
Jocosot.  P.  avium,  i.  Mag.  Hort.  19:167,  16S,  404.  1853.  2.  EUiott  Fr.  Book  197 
fig.     1854. 

Jockotos.     3.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  270.     1857. 

Jocosot  was  raised  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1842,  from  a  pit 
of  the  Yellow  Spanish  and  named  after  an  Indian  chief.  Tree  thrifty,  rovmd-topped, 
productive;  fruit  large,  regular,  obtuse-cordate,  indented  at  the  apex,  sides  compressed; 
suture  broad;  stem  long,  set  in  a  cavity  of  mediimi  size;  skin  glossy,  of  a  dark-liver  color, 
almost  black;  flesh  tender,  with  indistinct  radiating  lines,  juicy,  sweet;  pit  below  medium 
in  size,  smooth;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 

Joel  Keil  Kleine  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fahr.  Obstkunde  3:22. 
1S58. 

Fruit  small,  roundish-cordate;  suture  indistinct;  stem  long,  slender,  shaUowly  inserted; 
skin  black;  flesh  rather  firm,  sweet,  juicy,  colored;  pit  oval,  clinging;  ripens  the  middle 
of  July  to  the  middle  of  August. 

June  Amarelle.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  330.     1885.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:72. 
1903. 

Cerisier  juniat.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  649,  650,  691.     1819. 

Junius  Amarelle.    4.  T>ochxi3.):A  Fahr.  Obstkmide  ^■.■jo.     1858. 

Juniat  Amarelle.    5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882.     6.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  328. 
1888.     7.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:243.     1898-99. 

June  Morello.     8.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  19:548.     1892. 


28o  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Truchsess  refers  to  this  cherry  as  having  been  described  by  Sickler  in  1805.  Budd, 
in  his  importations  of  1883,  from  Russia,  included  this  variety.  Tree  of  medium  size, 
vigorous,  rather  unproductive;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roundish-oblate;  stem  stout, 
of  medium  length;  suture  indistinct;  skin  thin,  rather  tough,  separating  readily  from  the 
pulp,  light  red;  flesh  firm,  meaty,  yellowish,  juicy;  flavor  subacid;  quality  fair;  stone  of 
medium  size,  somewhat  round;  season  that  of  Early  Richmond  which  it  resembles  in  size, 
flavor  and  color. 
June  Duke.     P.  amum  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  269.     1857. 

Shippen.     2.  Coxe  Ctilt.  Fr.  Trees  248.     181 7. 

A   tart  variety  similar  to  May   Duke,  known  about  Philadelphia  as  Shippen  and 
Wetherill.     Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large  and  pleasing;  ripens  late  in  Jime. 
Justinische    Morello.     P.   cerasus.     i.  Christ   Worterb.    291.     1802.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  523,  524.     1819. 

Justinische  Amarelle.     3.  Christ  Handh.  683.     1797. 

This  variety  is  separated  from  other  Sour  Cherries  ripening  with  it,  through  its  firm 
flesh,  its  straight,  shallowly  set  stem  and  its  astringent,  sour  flavor.     Fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish,  sides  broadly  compressed;  stem  of  medium  length,  rather  stout;  suture 
shallow;  skin  tough,  brownish-red;  flesh  dark  red,  with  clear  red  juice. 
Kamdesa.     P.  pumila  X  P.  persica.     i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108:1908. 

Noted  in  the  reference  as  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  Opulent  peach. 
"  The  blossoms  show  a  tendency  to  double." 

Kappenblattrige  Siissweichsel.     P.  avium   X    P.  cerasus.     i.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde 
3:47-     1858. 

Distinguished  from  May  Duke  tlirough  its  smaller  fruit  and  rolled  leaves. 
Kassin  Friihe  Herzkirsche.     P.  amum.     i.  Lauche  Ergdnzungsband  601.     1883.     2.  Can. 
Exp.  Farm  Bid.  2nd  Ser.  3:60.     1900. 

Kassin,  a  vineyardist,  in  Potsdam,  Prussia,  Germany,  raised  this  sort  from 
seed.  Fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  sides  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem  of 
medium  length,  thick,  set  in  a  small  cavity ;  skin  dark  brown  changing  to  reddish-black, 
dotted;  flesh  dark,  juicy,  sweet;  excellent;  stone  roundish-oval;  ripens  the  first  week  of 
the  season. 
Katie.     (P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus)  X  P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Hart.  An.  86  fig.     1869. 

Katie  is  a  seedling  of  Louis  Philippe  crossed  with  a  Mazzard.     The  tree  has  the 
Mazzard  habit  of  growth,  yet  produces  fruit  resembling  May  Duke  in  form  and  size  but 
deeper  in  color;  flesh  tender;  matures  with  Downer. 
Kaufmann.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  345.     1906. 

Kaufmann  is  a  stray  seedling  of  English  Morello  from  Minnesota.     It  is  larger  and 
a  little  longer  in  stem  than  the  supposed   parent  and  ripens  with  the  last  of   the  Early 
Richmond. 
Kazan  Seedling.     Species?     1.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:240.     1898-99. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Kelly.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  253.     1Q03. 

A  Sweet  Cherry  from  Berrien  County,  Michigan. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  28 1 

Kennicott.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  210  fig.     1854. 

Kennicott  was  raised  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland  and  named  by  Elliott  after  Dr. 
J.  A.  Kennicott  of  Northfield,  Illinois.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  spreading,  productive; 
fruit  large,  oval-cordate,  compressed;  suture  shallow;  stem  short,  inserted  in  an  irregular 
cavity;  skin  amber-yellow,  mottled  with  bright,  clear,  glossy  red;  flesh  yellowish-white, 
firm,  juicy,  sweet;  pit  below  medium  in  size,  smooth;  ripens  about  the  middle  of  July. 
Kentish  Drier.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831. 

A  medivun-sized,  red  cherry  of  first  quality  used  for  culinary  purposes;  ripening  in 
July.     Confused  by  some  with  Early  Richmond. 
Kentish  Preserve.     Species?     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Keokuk.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.   19:167,    168.     1853.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book   210  fig. 
1854. 

Keokuk  is  another  seedling  raised  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  from 
a  pit  of  Yellow  Spanish,  probably  crossed  with  Black  Tartarian,  Black  Mazzard,  or  May 
Duke.  Tree  vigorous,  strong;  fruit  large,  cordate;  stem  stout;  skin  dark  purplish-black; 
flesh  half-tender,  purple,  rather  coarse;  deficient  in  flavor;  pit  of  medium  size;  season 
early  in  July. 
Kesterter  Friih  Kirsche.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  364.     1889. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
King  George  the  Second.     P.  avium,     i.  Brookshaw  Pom.  Brit.  PI.  6.     1817.     2.  Brook- 
shaw  Hort.  Reposit.  1:3,  PL  II  fig.  i.     1823. 

This  variety  is  distinguished  from  other  black  cherries  by  its  uneven  surface.     Fruit 
large,  with  a  rich,  sweet  flavor;  ripens  the  first  of  June  and  hangs  for  six  weeks. 
King  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  78.     1890.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui. 
2nd  Ser.  3:60.     1900.     3.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:277.     1903. 

King  Morello  is  another  of  Budd's  importations  from  Russia.     Tree  very  hardy, 
moderate  in  growth;  frtdt  large,  oblate;  stem  variable;  skin  dark  red;  flesh  yeUowish- 
white,  firm,  sprightly,  juicy,  good;  pit  very  small;  ripens  with  Early  Richmond. 
Kirsche  von  Basel.     P.  avium,     i.  HI.  Handb.  19  fig.,  20.     1867. 

Jahn,  in  his  Handbuch,  calls  attention  to  the  error  in  calling  this  variety  Bigarreau 
Hatif  de  Bale  as  it  is  not  a  Bigarreau  but  a  variegated  Heart.  Fruit  compressed  imevenly 
giving  it  a  cordate  appearance,  small;  suture  shallow;  apex  slightly  depressed;  stem  long, 
slender,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  thin,  bright  yellow  washed  with  pale  red,  mottled 
and  streaked;  flesh  pale  yellow,  soft,  with  abundant,  uncolored  juice,  pleasing  but  not 
high  in  quality;  stone  large,  roundish,  slightly  pointed;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Kirchheimer.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Christ  Worterb.  290.  1802.  2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  549. 
1 90 1. 

Kirchheimer  Weichsel.  3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  580-583.  1819.  4.  ///. 
Handb.  85  fig.,  86.     1867. 

This  old  cherry  is  from  Kirchheim,  Erfurt,  Prussia,  Germany.  It  is  propagated 
by  root  cuttings  and  is  used  for  wine  and  for  canning.  It  is  mentioned  as  growing  in 
British  Columbia  but  is  otherwise  not  spoken  of  by  American  writers.    Tree  large,  vigorous, 


282  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

drooping;  fruit  of  medium  size,  round;  suture  a  line;  stem  long,  slender,  shallowly  inserted; 
skin  thin,  glossy,  almost  black  when  ripe;  flesh  mild  subacid,  pleasing,  juicy;  stone  small, 
oval,  turgid;  ripens  at  the  end  of  July. 
Kirtland  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Horticulturist  22:292,  293  fig.     1867. 

Kirtland's  Large  Morello.     2.  Horticulturist  N.  S.  3:123.     1853. 

Large  Morello.     3.  Elliott  Fr.  5<3ofe  210.     1854. 

A  seedling  originated  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio;  it  thrives  in  sections 
of  the  south  and  west  where  Sweet  Cherries  are  generally  unsuccessful.  Tree  vigorous, 
spreading;  fruit  uniformly  distributed,  borne  in  pairs,  large,  uniform,  roundish;  stem 
short;  cavity  round,  narrow;  skin  glossy,  dark  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  acid;  high  quality; 
pit  small;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Kleindienst  Braune  Knorpel.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom    Pom.  363.     1S89. 

Bigarreau  Brun  Kleindienst.     2.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:184,  185  fig.     1877. 

Leroy,  in  1866,  stated  that  this  variety  was  raised  from  seed  by  M.  Kleindienst, 
a  vineyardist  at  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany.  Tree  moderately  productive;  fruit  usually 
borne  in  pairs,  large,  cordate,  flattened;  stem  long,  moderately  stout;  skin  vivid  red, 
changing  from  grayish-red  to  almost  black;  flesh  of  a  whitish-rose  color,  firm,  filamentose, 
juicy,  sugary,  acidulated,  aromatic;  first  quality;  pit  large,  ovoid;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
KIeine\AniareIle.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  644-646.     1819. 

Truchsess  states  that  this  variety  was  described  by  Biittner  in  1797,  as  Kleine  Glas- 
kirsche  but  that  it  belongs  to  the  Amarelles.     Tree  productive;  fruit  small,  globular,  pale 
reddish-yellow;  flesh  melting,  water>';  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Kleine  Bunte  Friihkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  248-251.     1819. 

Bigarreau  a  petit  fruit  rouge  hdtij.     2.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:166,   167.     1768. 
3.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  47.     1831. 

Bigarreautier  a  petit  Jruit  rouge.    4.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort.  308-310.     1819. 

Bigarreau  rouge  hatif  {petit).     5.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:243  fig.,  244.     1877. 

Petit  Bigarreau  Hdtifi     6.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:105,  106,  fig.  53.     1882. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  usually  attached  in  pairs,  irregular,  cordate,  flattened  on  both 
faces;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  almost  wholly  red,  occasionally  showing  streaks  of  yellow; 
flesh  yellowish,  firm,  juicy,  aromatic;  pit  of  medium  size,  ovoid;  ripens  about  the  middle 
of  June. 
Kleine  Bunte  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort.  219-222.     1819. 

Kleine  bunte  Molkenkirsche.     2.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:28.     1858. 

Fruit   small,   nearly   roimd,   sides  compressed;   suture  distinct;   stem   long,   slender, 
deeply  inserted;  skin  dull  blood-red,  with  yellow  spots;  flesh  tender,  pale  yellow,  juicy, 
honey  sweet;  stone  small;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 
Kleine  Friihe  Amarelle.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.  650-652.     1819. 

Fruit  small,  round,  flattened;  stem  short;  suture  a  line;  skin  clear  red,  transparent, 
tender;  flesh  tender,  pleasant  subacid;  stone  small,  adhering  more  to  the  stem  than  to 
the  flesh;  ripens  the  last  half  of  July. 
Kleine  Natte.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  365.     1889. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  283 

Kleine   Nonnenkirsche.     P.   cerasus.     1.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   583-588.     1819. 
2.  Dochnahl  Fji/rr.  Obstkunde  3:6$,  66.     1858. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  of  the  common  wild  Sour  Cherry.  The  fruit  is  the  smallest 
of  the  Sour  Cherries  and  resembles  the  black  Bird  cherries  but  has  a  shorter  stem.  Tree 
of  medium  size,  drooping;  fruit  very  small,  oblate;  stem  short,  shallowly  inserted;  skin 
glossy,  black,  thin  but  tough;  flesh  firm,  tender,  juicy, with  a  peculiar  sourness;  stone  small, 
round,  adhering  to  the  flesh  more  than  to  the  stem,  stained  violet;  ripens  early  in  August 
continuing  for  three  weeks. 

Kleine  Schwarze  Friihe  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium.     1.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  155, 
156.     1819.     2.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:20.     185S. 

No  doubt  this  \'ariet}',  the  Kleine  Schwarze  Herzkirsche,  and  the  Black  Heart  greatly 
resemble  each  other  and  some  writers  combine  them. 

Kleine  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Worterb  275.     1S02.     2.  Truchsess- 
Heim  Kirschensort.  148,  149.     1819. 

Mayer's  kleine  schwarze  Herzkirsche.     3.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:22.     1858. 

This  variety  is  distinguished  from  the  Grosse  Schwarze  Herzkirsche  only  through 
its  size  and  later  ripening;  fruit  regular,  cordate,  somewhat  flattened;  skin  brownish-black; 
flesh  soft,  tender;  ripens  the  latter  part  of  July. 

Kleine  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium.  1.  Christ  Worterb.  277.     1802.     2.  Truch- 
sess-Heim Kirschensort.  195-197,  674.     1819. 

Distinguished  from  others  of  its  class  through  its  smaUness  and  firmness.  Fruit 
small,  variable,  flattened  at  the  ends;  suture  often  lacking;  skin  very  dark  brown;  flesh 
firm,  dark  red,  juicy,  not  unpleasant  but  not  excellent ;  stone  small ;  ripens  early  in  August ; 
productive. 

Kleine    Weisse    Friihkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim     Kirschensort.    256-258. 
1819.     2.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3 12  J.     1858. 

Described  as  one  of  the  first  to  ripen.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblate,  compressed; 
stem  long,  inserted  in  a  shallow  basin;  skin  tough,  yellowish-white,  shaded  with  red;  flesh 
tender,  juicy,  sweet;  ripens  early  in  Jtme. 

Kleiner  Friiher  May  Herzkirschbaum.     P.  avium,     i.  Kraft   Pom.   Aust.   1:1,   Tab.   2 
fig.  I.     1792. 

Distinguished  from  the  Grosser  Fruher  Mai-Herzkirschbaum  by  its  inferior  size  and 
lighter  flesh  and  juice;  ripens  at  the  end  of  May. 
Knapp.     Species?     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  290.     1889. 

This  cherry  is  a  seedling  from  George  Knapp,   Lafayette,   Oregon;  introduced  by 
E.  R.  Poppleton,  1885;  fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  black. 
Knight  Late  Black.     P.  avium,     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831.     2.  Mag.  Hort.  9:204. 

1843. 

Bigarreau-noir  de  Knight.     3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  190.     1876. 

Fruit  large,  black,  obtuse-cordate,  firm;  second  quality;  ripens  at  the  end  of  July. 
Knudson.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus. 

According  to  a  letter  from  the  Utah  Experiment  Station,  this  variety  was  discovered 
by  William  O.  Knudson,  Brigham  City,  Utah,  in  1896.     Although  similar  to  Late  Duke, 


284  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

further  testing  may  prove  it  distinct.     Tree  bears  early,  hardy;  frmt  medium  to  large, 

bright  scarlet;  ripens  over  a  long  period;  used  for  pies  and  canning. 

Knyasnaia  Sjevera.     P.  cerasus  X  P.  avium,     i,  S.  P.  I.  Bui.  72:519-     1912.     2.  Ibid. 

73:536  PI.  1912- 
This  is  a  large-fruited  cherry,  originated  in  1888  by  the  Russian  plant-breeder,  I.  V 
Mijurin,  at  Kozlov,  Central  Russia,  and  named  "  Knyasnaia  Sjevera,"  meaning  "  Queen  of 
the  North."  The  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  introduced  it  into  this  country 
under  the  number  32674.  It  is  claimed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  an  early  Vladimir  and  a 
variety  of  Sweet  Cherry  called  "White  Winkler."  It  possesses  excellent  shipping  and 
keeping  qualities.  This  cherry  has  stood  the  severe  winters  of  Central  Russia  very  well 
and  may  be  expected  to  thrive  in  parts  of  the  Middle  West  and  where  the  climate  is  more 
or  less  semi-arid.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  with  few  side  branches;  trunk  smooth  and 
clean;  fruit  large,   pale  red,  with  a  fresh  sour-sweet  flavor;  ripening  about  the  end  of 

June. 

Koch  Spate  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Ftihr.  Obstkunde  3:38. 
1858.     2.  Matliieu  ISImn.  Pom.  365.     1889. 

Originated  about  1851.     Fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  shallow;  stem  medium 
long,    shallowly   inserted;  skin   glossy,  black;   flesh   firm,  piquant;    quality  high;  stone 
small,  roundish-oval;  ripens  at  the  end  of  August. 
Kochs  Ostheimer  Weichsel.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Proskauer  Ohstsort.  59.     1907. 

Kochs  verbesserte  Ostheimer  Weichsel.    2.  Reut.  Pom.  Inst.  Festschrift  122.     1910. 

A  strong-growing,  productive  variety,  said  to  exceed  its  parent,  Ostheim,  in  size,  color, 
and  flavor. 
Keeper.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  341.     1893. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Kolaki.    P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:29,  30,  fig.  15.     1882. 

According  to  Oberdieck,  this  variety  is  of  Bohemian  origin.  Fruit  of  mediimi  size, 
cordate,  slightly  elongated;  apex  obtuse;  sutiore  distinct;  stem  medium  long,  slender,  set 
in  a  narrow,  shallow  cavity;  skin  moderately  firm,  transparent,  yellow  in  the  sun,  purplish 
in  the  shade;  flesh  tinged  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  somewhat  sugary;  first  quaUty;  pit  small, 
oval,  flattened  at  the  base,  obtuse  at  the  apex;  ripens  the  first  of  June. 
Korkovanyer  Kirsche.     Species?     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  $6.     1907. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Koslov.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Budd-Hansen  ^m.  Hort  Maw.  2:278.     1903. 

Koslov  bush  Morello.     2.  Can.  Hort.  12:216,  fig.  58,  21S.     1889. 

Koslov-Morello.    3.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:128.     1900. 

The  Koslov  cherries  are  seedUngs,  not  a  single  variety.  A  number  of  seedlings  were 
imported  by  the  Ontario  Fruit  Growers'  Association  in  1889,  from  Koslov,  Crimea,  Russia, 
where  they  were  grown  by  Russian  peasants,  being  propagated  from  pits.  The  trees  are 
low,  bush-shaped,  slow  in  coming  into  bearing  and  most  of  the  fruit  is  worthless.  The 
one  most  grown  is  moderately  large,  roundish,  pointed  at  the  apex;  sutiore  barely  traceable; 
stem  long,  set  in  a  slight  depression;  skin  dark  red,  turning  black;  flesh  dark  red,  tender, 
juicy,  acid;  ripens  from  the  last  of  July  to  the  last  of  August. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  285 

Kostelnice.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:19,  20,  fig.  10.     1882. 

Originated  in  Neustadt,  Prussia,  Germany.     Tree  moderately  vigorous;  fruit  medium 
to  below  in  size,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  short,  set  in  a  straight,  rather  deep  cavity;  skin 
tough,  vivid  purple  changing  to  almost  black;   flesh  tender,  juicy,  vinous,  agreeably  acid- 
ulated; good;  stone  very  small,  ovoid,  turgid;  ripens  early  in  Jime. 
Kostelniti.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Kriek  van  den  Broek.     Species?     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  165,  166.     1819. 

This  variety,  coming  to  Truchsess  in  1808,  from  Holland,  was  confused  with  several 
others  received  at  the  same  time. 
Kritzendorfer  Einsiedekirsche.     Species?     i.  Obstziichter  %:s^.     1910. 

An  intensely  black,  large,  late  cherry  which  is  valued  for  market  because  of  its  color. 
Kronberger  Kirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Worterb.  274.     1802. 

Kronkirsche.     2.  Christ  Handb.  663.     1797. 

Kronberg  Black  Heart.     3.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   124-126.     1819.     4.  Mag. 
Hort.  9:203.     1843. 

Kronberger  Herzkirsche.     5.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  48.     1831. 

Wildling  von  Kronberg.     6.  ///.  Handb.  29  fig.,  30.     1867. 

Bigarreau  de  Kronberg.     7.  Guide  Prat.  15,  182.     1895. 

According  to  German  pomologists,  this  variety  was  raised  from  seed  at  Kronberg, 
Prussia,  Germany.  Tree  productive;  frtiit  of  mediixm  size,  obtuse-cordate,  sides  unevenly 
compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem  long,  stout,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  tough,  glossy, 
black  when  mature,  lighter  along  the  sutiire;  flesh  firmer  than  others  of  its  class,  dark  red, 
aromatic,  sweet ;  pit  broadly  cordate,  somewhat  adherent ;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 
Kronprinz  von  Hannover.     P.  avium,     i.  III.  Handb.  479  fig.,  480.     1S61. 

Prince  Royal  du  Hanovre.     2.  Mortillet  Le  Cm5«>r  2:302.     1866. 

Bigarreau  Prince  Royal  de  Hanovre.     3.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:232  fig.     1877. 

Prince  de  Hanovre.     4.  Mas  Pcnn.  Gen.  11:43,  44.  %•  22.     1882. 

Grown  by  M.  Lieke,  a  nurseryman  at  Hildesheim,  Prussia,  Germany,  fruiting  for  the 
first  time  in  1854.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  usually  attached  in 
pairs,  roundish  to  pointed-cordate;  suture  shallow;  stem  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  rather 
deep  cavity;  skin  rather  tender,  glossy,  yellowish,  streaked  and  mottled  with  red;  flesh 
firm,  yellowish,  juicy,  pleasingly  acidulated;  pit  medium  large,  ovate,  plump;  ripens  early 
in  June. 
Kriiger  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  III.  Handb.  67  fig.,  68.     i860. 

Kriigers  schwarze  Herzkirsche.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  161,  162.     i8ig. 

Krugers  Herzkirsche  zu  Frankfurt.     3.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  52.     1831. 

Guigne  de  Kruger.    4.  T\\oma.s  Guide  Prat.  18,  198.     1876.     5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:77, 
78,  fig.  39.     1882. 

This  cherry  was  first  heard  of  at  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany,  in  1810.  It  is  distin- 
guished from  Eagle  in  being  larger,  shorter  stemmed,  lighter  in  color,  and  less  tender  in 
flesh.  Tree  vigorous,  productive,  upright;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  oblate;  suture 
shallow;  stem  medium  long,  rather  deeply  inserted;  skin  dark  brown  or  black;  flesh  dark 


286  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

red,  juicy,  vinous,  tender,  yet  often  firm;  stone  small,  roundish-oval,  plump,  adhering 
slightly  to  the  flesh  on  one  side;  ripens  about  the  middle  of  July. 
La  Nappe.      Species?     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  S9-     iQo?- 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Lacure  (Large).     P.  avium,     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.     1629. 

"  The  great  Lacure  or  Hart  Cherrie  differeth  not  in  forme,  but  in  greatnesse,  being 
usually  twice  as  great  as  the  former  [Lacure  (Small)],  and  of  a  reddish  blacke  colour  also: 
both  of  them  are  of  a  firme  substance,  and  reasonable  sweete.     Some  doe  call  the  white 
cherrie,  the  White  hart  cherrie." 
Lacure  (Small).     P.  avium,     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.     1629. 

"  The  smaller  Lacure  or  Hart  Cherrie  is  a  reasonable  faire  Cherrie,  full  above,  and  a 
little  pointing  downward,  after  the  fashion  of  a  heart,  as  it  is  usually  pointed,  blackish 
when  it  is  full  ripe,  and  lesser  than  the  next  "  [Lactire  (Large)]. 
Lade  Late.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:60.     1900. 

Von  Lade's  Spate  Knorpelkirsche.     2.  Lauche  Ergdnzungsband  605.     1883. 

Bigarreau  Tardij  de  Lade.     3.  Guide  Prat.  15,  184.     1895. 

A  German  variety  probably  raised  from  seed  by  M.  Lad6.  Fruit  of  medium  size, 
long,  cordate,  compressed  at  the  stem,  roundish  at  the  apex;  sutiu-e  indistinct;  stem  long, 
thin,  slightly  curved;  cavity  shallow;  skin  yellowish  overspread  with  glossy  light  red, 
darker  in  the  sun,  faintly  streaked;  flesh  firm,  yellowish,  sweet,  vinous;  excellent;  stone 
long,  oval;  ripens  in  September  lasting  a  month;  productive. 

Lady  of  the   Lake.     P.   avium,      i.  Country  Gent.   28:398.     1866-67.     2.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  467.     1869. 

Lady  of  the  Lake  is  a  seedling  from  Charles  Pease,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Tree  vigorous, 
upright-spreading,  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  roimdish-obtuse-conic,  compressed, 
with  a  shallow  suture;  stem  medium,  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity;  skin  light  yellow,  shaded 
and  mottled  with  bright  crimson;  flesh  half-tender,  pale  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  season 
according  to  the  climate,  early  May  to  late  June. 
Lady  Southampton.     P.  avium,     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  69,  85.     1866. 

Lady  Southampton's   Yellow.     2.  Land.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.   53.     1831.     3.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  187.     1845. 

According  to  the  reference,  this  is  an  almost  worthless  yellow  Bigarreau.     Fniit  of 
medium  size,  heart-shaped;  skin  yellow;  flesh  pale,  firm,  rather  dry,  with  uncolored  juice, 
season  the  middle  of  July. 
Laeder  Kirsebaer.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  53.     1831. 

Mentioned  but  not  described. 
Lake.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.     1909. 

Lake  was  named  in  honor  of  Professor  E.  R.  Lake,  then  of  the  Oregon  Agricultural 
College,  by  the  originator,  C.  E.  Hoskins,  Springbrook,  Oregon.    The  tree  came  into  bearing 
about  1892  and  is  reported  in  the  American  Pomological  Society's  fruit  list  of  1909  as 
succeeding  well  in  the  northwest.     Fruit  large,  sweet,  and  very  good. 
Laker  or  Loker  Bunte  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  n:i6i.     1882. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  287 

Lamaurie.     P.  avium,     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  177:31.     1899. 

Early  Lamaurie.    2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  461.     1869.     3.  Wickson  Cat.  Fruits 
286,  291.     1889. 

The  chief  asset  of  this  variety  is  its  earliness  for  which  it  is  cultivated  in  England, 
France  and  America.  The  parentage  and  originator  are  unknown.  Tree  of  medium  \'igor 
and  productiveness;  fruit  large,  roundish-cordate,  compressed;  stem  slender;  skin  thin, 
moderately  tough;  color  dark  reddish-purple;  flesh  dark  red,  juicy,  stringy,  tender,  mild, 
sweet;  of  ver>'  good  quality;  season  very  early. 

Lampen    Schwarze   Knorpelkirsche.     P.   avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.    204, 
205,  676.     1S19. 

hampers  Knorpel-  Kirsche.     2.  Lond.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  53.     1831. 

Bigarreau  noir  de  Lampe.     3.  Alortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:302.     1S66.     4.  Thomas  Guide 
Prat.  20,  190.     1S76.     5.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:226  fig.,  227,  352.     1877. 

A  German  cherry  raised  from  seed  at  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany,  in  18 10,  and  named 
for  its  originator.  Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  attached  in  twos  and  threes,  obtuse-cordate; 
stem  slender,  set  in  a  wide,  shallow  cavity;  skin  tliLn,  rather  dark  reddish-brown;  flesh 
dark  red,  rather  firm,  juicy,  sugary,  wine-like;  second  quality;  pit  large,  oval;  ripens  early 
in  June. 

Lancaster.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  163.     i88i.     2.  Del.  Sta. 
An.  Rpt.  12:111.     1900. 

Lancaster  is  an  accidental  seedling  on  the  grovmds  of  Daniel  Smeych,  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  more  open  and  spreading  than  Early  Richmond; 
fruit  medium  large,  heart-shaped  to  oblate,  slightly  roundish;  cavity  deep,  broad;  stem 
long,  slender;  suture  very  slight;  apex  small;  skin  light  red,  very  thin,  tender;  flesh  white, 
moderately  soft,  juicy,  sweet  with  a  sprightly  flavor;  stone  roundish,  sHghtly  ovate,  par- 
tially free;  season  June. 
Langsurer  PrachtweichseL     Species?     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  sg.     1907. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Large  Black  Gean.     P.  avium,     i.  Loitd.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     1831. 

A  medium-sized,  flrm,  black  Heart  cherry  of  poor  quality,  ripening  early  in  July. 
Large  Double  Flowering.     P.  avium,     i.  Thacher  ylw.  Ore/;.  217.     1822.     2.  Prince  P<7W. 
Man.  2:111.     1832.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  199.     1845. 

Merisziere.     4.  Rea  Flora  20.     1676. 

Merise  a  Fleur  Double.     5.  Duhamel   Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:157.     1768.     6.  Lond.  Hort. 
Soc.  Cat.  53.     183 1. 

Kramelkirschenbaum  mit  gross  gefiillter  Bliithe.     7.  Kraft   Pom.  Aust.   1:4,   Tab.   8. 
1792. 

Herzkirschenbaum  mit  grosse  gefullter  Bliithe.     8.   Christ  Handb.  668.     1797. 

Susskirschenbaum  mit  ganz  gefullter  Bltite.     9.  Truchsess-HeLm  Kirschensort.   363-370. 
1819. 

Gejidltbliihende  Susskirsche.     10.  TiocYmahlFUhr.  Obstkunde  Z''^-^-     1858. 

This  variety  in  growth  and  foliage  resembles  the  Mazzard  and  Black  Heart  and  not 
the  common  double-flowering  cherry  with  its  small  tree  and  small,  pointed  leaves.     The 


288  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

flowers  which  appear  at  the  usual  season  are  produced  in  the  most  showy  profusion  being 
from  one  to  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter ;  they  are  composed  of  about  forty  white 
petals  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  rose,  with  about  thirty  stamens  and  a  large,  abortive  pistil. 
The  nttmerous  double  flowers,  resembling  clusters  of  small,  white  roses,  make  the  tree  a 
very  useful  ornamental. 
Large  Griotte.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Maw.  2:148.     1832. 

Large  Griotte  resembles  Griotte  Commune  but  is  larger  and  earlier;    skin  glossy 
black;  flesh  dark  red,  firm,  sweet,  pleasing. 
Large  Guindolle.     Species?     i.  Prince  Pom.  Maw.  2:149,  150.     1832. 

Leaves  are  deeply  indented,  double- toothed ;  fruit  large,  flattened  at  the  ends,  pale 
red;  flesh  white,  melting,  juicy;  ripens  at  the  end  of  Jime  or  beginning  of  July. 
Large   Heart-shaped   Bigarreau.     P.    avium,     i.  Prince    Pmi.   Man.    2:129.     1832.     2. 
Elliott  Fr.  Book  199  fig.     1854. 

Bigarreau  Gros  Monstrueux.    3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  46.     1831. 

Bigarreau  Gros  Coeuret.     4.  Ibid.  46.     1831.     5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  453.     1869. 

Monstrous  Heart.     6.  Kogg  Fruit  Man.  78,  87.     1866. 

A  variety  of  French  origin  which  was  never  extensively  grown  in  America.  Tree 
strong,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish-cordate;  suture  often  raised;  stem  vari- 
able, set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  dark,  glossy  red,  nearly  black,  surface  uneven;  flesh 
firm  but  tender,  reddish,  pleasant,  moderately  jmcy;  good  in  quality;  stone  large,  oval; 
ripens  the  first  of  July. 
Large  Late  Red  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:128,  129.     1832. 

Bigarreau  a  gros  Fruit  Rouge  Tardij.     2.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  46.     1831. 

The  fruit  is  somewhat  smaller  and  much  later  in  maturity  than  that  of  the  Large 
Red  Bigarreau.     The  color  is  dark  red  on  the  shaded  side  and  on  the  other  a  brownish-red, 
almost  black  which  has  given  it  the   name   Black    Bigarreau;    flesh    firm,    juicy   and   of 
excellent  flavor. 
Large  Spanish.     Species?     i.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  1:1754. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Laroses  Glaskirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  ///.  Handb.  177  fig.,  178.     i860. 

Larose.     2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:352  fig.,  353.     1877. 

This  cherry  was  raised  from  seed  in  1826  by  M.  Larose,  of  Neuilly-sur-Seine,  France. 
Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  usually  borne  in  pairs,  large,  obtuse-cordate;  sides  com- 
pressed; suture  shallow;  stem  medium  in  length,  set  in  a  large,  deep  cavity;  skin  glossy, 
tough,  mottled  with  pale  red  becoming  darker;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  slightly  fibrous, 
juicy,  mildly  acid;  pit  rather  large,  plump,  oval,  flattened  at  the  base;  ripens  the  last  of 
July. 

Late  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Horticulturist  2:124.      1847-48.     2,  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book 
235.     1849.     3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  igg.     1854. 

Late  Bigarreau  was  raised  in  1842  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Tree  vigorous,  roimd-topped,  very  productive;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  occasionally 
somewhat  angular;  stem  long;  skin  attractive  yellow,  occasionally  nearly  overspread  with 
crimson-red,  delicately  blotched  or  mottled;  flesh  yellowish,  with  distinct  radiating  lines. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  289 

juicy,  iirm,  crisp,  sweet,  pleasant;  verj'  good  in  quality;  stone  rather  small,  roundish; 
season  late,  the  same  as  Downer. 

Late  Black  Bigarreau.  P.  avium,  i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:130.  1832.  2.  Mortillet  Le 
Cerisier  2:112  fig.  25,  113,  114.  1866.  3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  338.  1889. 
This  variety  differs  from  Black  Bigarreau  in  being  smaller,  less  heart-shaped,  and 
in  ripening  later.  It  was  first  known  as  Bigarreau  Noir  Tardif  but  Prince,  in  1832,  at 
vvliich  time  he  possibly  brought  it  to  America,  translated  the  name  into  EngHsh  and  called 
it  Late  Black  Bigarreau  under  wliich  name  it  is  now  known  in  English  and  American 
pomologies.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  cordate;  suture 
indistinct;  color  dark  brownish-red  changing  to  glossy  black;  flesh  purpUsh-red,  with 
abundant,  highly  colored  juice,  very  firm,  crisp,  sweet  yet  sprightly,  aromatic;  quality 
good ;  ripens  in  mid-season  or  later. 
Late  Gean.     P.  avium,     i.  Lond.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1. 

According  to  the  reference,  this  is  a  small,  black  Heart  of  poor  quality  ripening  early 
in  July. 
Late  Large  Black  Griotte.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:145,  146.     1832. 

Worthy  of  consideration  because  of  its  beauty  and  lateness,  often  remaining  on  the 
tree  until  October.  Tree  of  medium  size;  branches  numerous,  slender;  fruit  large,  rovmdish; 
stem  very  long;  skin  dark  red,  nearly  black;  flesh  red,  very  acid  and  bitter,  somewhat 
milder  at  maturity. 

Late  Purple  Guigne.     P.  avium,     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  69,  85.     1866.     2.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  46S.     1869.     3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  24.     1876. 
A  large,  dark  red,  German  variety  ripening  the  latter  part  of  July;  flesh  firm,  juicy, 
agreeable. 

Late  Richmond.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:111.  1900.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bui. 
73:73.  1903. 
The  origin  of  this  variety  is  uncertain  but  it  seems  to  have  been  grown  in  the  Middle 
West  about  forty  years  ago.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Early  Richmond  differing 
from  its  parent  in  ripening  later,  being  of  better  quality,  and  more  upright  in  growth. 
Fruit  round,  conical;  stem  thick,  moderately  long;  cavity  shallow,  broad;  skin  thin;  flesh 
tender,  with  abundant,  colorless  juice,  acid;  quality  good;  ripens  a  week  or  ten  days  later 
than  Early  Richmond;  unproductive. 
Late  Ripe.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Gerarde  Herball  1504,  1505,  fig.  5.     1636. 

According  to  Gerarde,  this  cherry  is  similar  to  the  wild  English  cherry  in  branches 
and  foliage  but  the  flowers  are  often  doubled;  fruit  small,  round,  dark  red,  often  dried 
with  the  stems  on;  used  by  physicians. 
Late  White  Guigne.     P.  avium.     1.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:113.     1832. 

Fruit  nearly  roimd,  with  a  deep  suture;  skin  whitish  or  very  pale  amber,  tinged  with 
light  red ;  flesh  firm,  agreeable ;  ripens  in  France  in  September. 
Latham.     Species?     i.  Ont.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  3:45.     1896. 
Listed  as  having  been  grown  at  the  Simcoe  Station. 
Laura.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  468.     1869. 

Laura   originated   with   Charles   Pease,   Cleveland,    Ohio.     Tree   spreading,   upright, 
19 


290  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  heart-shaped,  globular,  often  one-sided;  stem  medium, 
inserted  in  a  shallow  depression;  skin  pale  yellow,  largely  overspread  with  rich,  bright 
red;  flesh  white,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  half -tender;  pit  medium  to  small;  ripens  early  in  June 
and  hangs  well. 

Leather  Stocking.  P.  avium,  i.  Mag.  Hort.  19:167,  168.  1853.  2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
211,  212.     1S54. 

Leather  Stocking  was  grown  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1842, 
from  a  pit  of  Yellow  Spanish.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  moderately  productive;  fruit  large, 
heart-shaped,  often  obtuse;  skin  faint  red  becoming  a  rich  reddish-black  when  fully  ripe, 
with  irregular  stripes  and  blotches  of  black;  cavity  deep,  open;  flesh  firm,  tinged  with 
red,  sweet,  fair;  pit  of  medium  size;  season  the  last  of  July. 

Leib.  P.  avium,  i.  Card.  Mon.  14:28.  1872.  2.  Horticulturist  29:256.  1874.  3. 
Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. -ivA  Ap^.  163.     1881. 

This  variety  was  brought  from  Germany  about  1850  and  planted  in  the  garden  of 
a  Mr.  Leib,  Galena,  Illinois.  It  resembles  Early  Richmond  and  was  claimed  to  be  very 
productive  and  hardy  at  the  time  of  its  introduction;  it  has  not  been  widely  disseminated. 
Tree  hardy,  healthy,  upright  in  growth,  bearing  abundantly;  fruit  of  a  crimson  color, 
sweet;  quality  good;  season  the  end  of  June,  following  Early  Richmond. 
Leitzkauer.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  287.     1802. 

Saner  Einmach  and  Backkirsche.     2.  Kriinitz  Enc.  73,  74.     1790. 

Leitzkauer  Einmachweichsel.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  567-569.     1819. 

No  doubt  the  name  of  this  cherry  arises  from  the  cloister,  Leitzkau,  in  Magdeburg, 
Prussia,  Germany,  where  it  is  widely  planted.  It  is  propagated  by  root  cuttings  and  if 
not  pruned,  grows  tall,  weak  and  drooping.  Fruit  medium  to  small,  roundish;  stem  long; 
skin  dark  brown  to  glossy  black;  flesh  reddish,  juicy,  sour;  stone  small,  red;  ripens  in  August; 
of  little  value. 

Lemercier.  P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.  i.  Hort.  Reg.  (Am.)  1:343,  344.  1835.  2.  Mag. 
Hort.  13:399  fig.,  400.  1847.  3.  Hogg  Frttit  Man.  85.  1866.  4.  Thomas  Guide 
Prat.  25.     1876.     5.  Leroy  Dirt.  Pow.  5:353,  354  fig.     1877. 

Friihe  Lemercier.     6.  Ul.  Handb.  157  fig.,  158.     i860. 

Discovered  by  M.  Lemercier  in  Brabant,  Belgium,  about  1830;  introduced  into  Paris 
in  1835  and  into  America  in  1842.  It  resembles  Late  Duke  with  which  it  ripens.  Fruit 
large,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  shallow;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  wide,  deep  cavity;  skin 
glossy,  transparent,  mottled  with  red;  flesh  yellowish  before  ripe,  becoming  red,  firm  but 
melting,  juicy,  slightly  acidulated,  with  a  peculiar  fragrance;  stone  rather  large,  roundish, 
truncate  at  the  base,  slightly  clinging;  ripens  the  last  of  July. 
Leopold  (n).     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  367.     1889. 

Mentioned  but  not  described. 
Leopoldskirsche.      P.    cerasus.      i.    Christ    Handb.     674.       1797.      2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  564-566.     1819. 

Griotte  de  Leopold.     3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  26,  195.     1876. 

This  variety  was  received  by  Truchsess  in  1796  from  Pastor  Winter  as  Brusseler 
Bruyn  by  which  name  it  was  called  by  a  few  German  pomologists.     It  should  not  be  con- 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  29 1 

fused  with  the  present  Brusseler  Braune.  Fruit  large,  almost  round,  compressed  on  one 
side;  skin  dark  brown  changing  to  nearly  black;  flesh  dark  red,  juicy,  melting,  mild  when 
mature;  stone  almost  round;  ripens  toward  the  end  of  July.  The  drooping  branches, 
the  small,  sour  cherry  leaves  which  turn  yellow  and  drop  and  the  sweetness  in  flavor  sepa- 
rate it  from  the  Grosse  Morelle. 

Leschken  (Leschke's)  Schwarze  Knorpel  Kirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
367.     1889. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Lethe.     P.  avium.     1.   U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  40.     1895. 

Lethe  was  grown  by  C.  E.  Hoskiiis,  Springbrook,  Oregon.  Fruit  of  the  Bigarreau 
type,  large,  heart-shaped,  surface  smooth,  glossy;  cavity  medium  in  size  and  depth,  irreg- 
ular, flaring,  marked  by  irregular  waves;  suture  shallow;  stem  very  long,  slender,  curved; 
skin  thin,  tenacious,  ptirplish-black ;  dots  minute,  indented;  flesh  very  dark  purplish-red, 
firm,  meaty,  juicy,  mild  subacid,  almost  sweet;  quality  good;  pit  large,  oval,  semi-clinging; 
ripens  the  last  of  June  in  Oregon. 
Liefeld  Braime.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nam.  Pom.  367.     1889. 

Guigne  brune  de  Liefeld.     2.  Guide  Prat.  6,  191.     1895. 

Tree  of  mediimi  size,  very  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large,  cordate,  brownish, 
mottled;  flesh  red,  sweet;  of  first  quality;  matures  early  in  June. 

Lieke  Bunte  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  III.  Haiidb.  61  fig.,  62.     1867.     2.  Mathieu 
Notn.  Pom.  367.     1889. 

Bigarreau  Tardi  de  Lieke.    3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  21,  190.     1876. 

Originated  with  Herr  Lieke  of  Hildesheim,  Prussia,  Germany,  fruiting  for  the  first 
time  in  185 1.  The  fruit  is  one  of  the  latest  to  ripen;  large,  obtuse-cordate,  compressed; 
stem  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  rather  wide,  deep  cavity;  suture  indistinct;  skin  glossy, 
tough,  yellow,  streaked  and  spotted  with  a  mild  red;  flesh  faintly  yellow,  firm,  sweet  with 
a  pleasing  sourness;  stone  small,  oval;  season  late. 
Lincoln  (I).     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  468.     1869. 

Lincoln  is  a  vigorous,  spreading  variety,  found  near  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Fruit  large, 
oblong-cordate,  pointed;  suture  broad,  shallow;  stem  long;  cavity  deep;  skin  dark  brown 
when  ripe;  flesh  firm,  veined  and  mottled  with  shades  of  red,  juicy,  sprightly,  sweet,  pleas- 
ant; pit  above  meditim  in  size;  season  the  first  to  the  middle  of  Jioly. 
Lincoln  (11).  P.  avium,  i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  289.  1889.  2.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:29. 
1910. 

Seth  LeweUing  of  Milwaukee,  Oregon,  raised  this  variety  in  1865  probably  from  a 
seed  of  Eagle.      Tree  large,  spreading,  with  an  open  top,  seriously  affected  with  black 
apliis;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-cordate;  skin  very  dark,  thick,  tough;  stem  short; 
flesh  firm,  deep  red,  juicy;  good  quality;  pit  small,  round. 
Lindley.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  211.     1854. 

Lindley  was  raised  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland  from  seeds  given  him  by  M.  Lindley, 
Euclid,  Ohio.  Tree  vigorous,  moderately  prolific;  fruit  large,  heart-shaped,  surface 
tmeven;  skin  dark  purplish-red;  flesh  almost  firm,  tinged  red,  juicy,  deficient  in  richness; 
season  the  first  of  July. 


292  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Lipp.     P.  avium,     i.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:279.     1903. 

Lip p  Late  Blood.     2.  Green  Cai.  29.     1906. 

Lipp  originated  in  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania.     Fruit  large,  dark  red  or  crimson;  stem 
long;  flesh  and  juice  very  dark,  meaty;  late. 
Litham.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Stone  &  Wellington  Ca/.  33.     1907. 

!        This  is  a  Russian  cherry  introduced  by  Stone  &  Wellington,  Toronto,  Ontario.     Fruit 
of  medium  size;  color  red;  flesh  firm. 
Little  Phil.     Species?     i.  Wyo.  Sta.  Bui.  34:  i2q.     1897. 

Mentioned  as  not  hardy  in  Wyoming. 
Logan.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  ig:i6j,  168.     1853.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  5ooA;  200  fig.     1854. 
r-      3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  24,  201.     1876. 

Logan  is  another  of  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland's  cherries  originating  in  1842  from  a  pit 
of  Yellow  Spanish.  Tree  hardly  healthy,  somewhat  spreading;  frrat  large,  obtuse-cordate, 
with  a  shallow  depression  at  the  apex;  stem  variable,  set  in  a  deep  cavity;  skin  purplish- 
black  when  ripe;  flesh  firm,  dark  red,  with  white,  radiating  lines,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  pit 
above  medium  in  size,  oval;  mid-season. 
Long  Finger.     Species?     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  574.     1629. 

"  The  long  finger  Cherry  is  another  small  long  red  one,  being  long  and  round  like  a 
finger,  whereof  it  took  the  name:     .     .     ." 
Look  No  Further.     P.  avium,     i.    U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.  294.     1853. 

This  variety  was  introduced  into  this  countr>'  in  1815,  from  the  Royal  Gardens  of 
Luxembourg,  Paris,  by  Samson  V.  S.  Wilder  of  Bolton,  Massachusetts.     Said  to  be  very 
productive,  sweet,  large  and  attractive. 
Lord  Belhaven  White  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  56.     1S31. 

Mentioned  but  not  described. 
Lothaunner  Erfurter.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Lothkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  288.     1802.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschen- 
sort.  595-597.      1819.     3.  T)ochnah\Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3\()$.     1858. 

Fruit  large,  nearly  round,  flattened  on  one  side;  stem  long;  skin  reddish-black;  flesh 
very  tender,  red,  sour;  ripens  the  first  of  August. 
Louise.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Chase  Bros.  Cat.  20.     1907. 

Louise  was  found  about  1887  by  the  late  Lewis  Chase  in  the  vicinity  of  Rochester, 
New  York.     Tree  hardy,  productive;  fruit  large,  dark  red,  sour;  ripens  in  June. 
Louisiana  Iron  Clad.    P.  cerasus.     i.  La.  Sta.  Bui.  22:682.    1893.    2.  Ibid.    112:11.    1908. 

This  cherry  originated  in  Louisiana  about  1900  with  A.  K.  Clingman.     It  is  said  to 
be  the  only  cherry  which  will  produce  fruit  in  Louisiana;  of  the  Morello  type. 
Lowener  Friihkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Oberdieck  06s/-Sor/.  359.     i83i. 

Friihe  Englische  Kirsche  aus  L&wen.     2.  ///.  Handb.  79  fig.,  80.     1867. 

Hdtive  de  Louvain.     3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  17,  200.     1876. 

Lowener  Friihweichsel.     4.   Proskauer  Obstsort.  59.     1907. 

This  variety  probably  originated  in  Belgium  nearly  half  a  century  ago.     Fruit  variable 
in  size,  often  large,  sides  and  ends  compressed  giving  it  a  square  appearance ;  suture  shallow ; 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  293 

Stem  long,  strongly  inserted  in  a  wide,  regular,  deep  cavity;  skin  rather  glossy,  dark  brown- 
ish-red; flesh  dark  red,  tender,  juicy,  acidulated,  refreshing;  stone  plump,  almost  round, 
base  abrupt,  with  a  slight  depression;  early. 

Lucien.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.   228,   229.     iSig.     2.  Liegel  Syst. 
Anleit.    157.     1825.     3.  Mas  Le   Verger  8:79,   80,  fig.  38.      1866-73.     4-  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  367.     1889.     5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Sev.  3:61.     1900. 
Guigne  Lucien.     6.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  18,  198.     1876. 

This  foreign  variety  is  planted  in  Canada  but  is  not  known  in  the  United  States. 
It  was  found  by  Uellner  in  Liineburg,  Prussia,  about  1806.     Leroy  is  of  the  opinion  that 
this  is  the  cherry  he  calls  Guigne  Camee  Winkler  which  came  out  a  few  years  later  as  a 
seedling  of  Winkler  from  Guben,  Prussia. 
Ludwig  Bigarreau.     P.  avium.     1.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  86.     1866. 

Guigne  Ludwig.     2.  ThomBS,  Guide  Prat.  18,  198.     1876.     3.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:326 

fig.     1877. 
Ludwig's  Bunte  Herzkirschc.     4.  Matliieu  Norn.  Pom.  367,  368.     1889. 
Ludwig  is  a  seedling  obtained  by  Thomas  Rivers  of   Sawbridgeworth,  England,  about 
i860.     Fruit  large,  cordate,  terminating  in  a  sharp  point;  suture  slightly  indistinct;  stem 
very  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  wide  cavity;  skin  glossy,  bright  red,  paler  on  the  shaded 
side;  flesh  pale  yellow,  tender,  melting;  pit  small,  rotmdish,  plump;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Lukeward.     P.  avium,     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.     1629.     2.  Phillips  Comp.  Card.  79. 
183 1.     3.  ¥\oy-L{ndlQy  Guide  Orch.  Gard.  106.     1846. 
Lukeward's  Heart.     4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:125.     1832. 

A  variety  supposed  to  have  come  from  Italy  which  has  long  since  passed  from  culti- 
vation. Fruit  cordate,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black;  ripens  early  in  August. 
Lundie  Guigne.  P.  avium,  i.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  43.  1803.  2.  Prince  Pom. 
Man.  2:118.  1832.  3.  Elliott  Fr.  Sooyfe  218.  1854. 
Lvmdie  Guigne  is  an  old  English  cherry  first  spoken  of  by  Forsyth  in  1803.  Tree 
vigorous,  large;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-elongated,  dark  purpHsh-black ;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  subacid,  pleasant;  season  July. 

McAdow.  P.  avium,  i.  Am.  Hort.  An.  &8&g.  1869.  2.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  32.  1869. 
AIcAdow  is  supposed  to  be  a  cross  between  Black  Tartarian  and  Elton,  grown  from 
seed  by  Dr.  McAdow,  Chillicothe,  Ohio.  Tree  vigorous,  productive,  bears  early;  fruit 
large,  obtuse-cordate,  compressed,  without  a  suture;  stem  slender,  deeply  inserted;  skin 
light,  pale  yellow,  overspread  and  mottled  indistinctly  with  light,  clear  red;  flesh  firm, 
yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  pleasant  but  not  rich;  quaUty  good;  stone  mediimi  to  large,  oval. 
MacRoach.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Green-River  Nur.  Cat.  23.     1899. 

This  cherry  was  found  near  Guthrie,  Kentucky,  on  the  farm  of  John  MacRoach, 
where  it  has  fruited  for  many  years  and  is  considered  a  very  good  cherry  of  the  May  Duke 
type. 
Madame  Courtois.     P.  avium,     i.  Rev.  Hort.  335.     1870-71. 

Found  by  Bonamy,  a  nurseryman,  in  i860,  upon  a  farm  belonging  to  the  Chiteau 
of  Lamothe,  near  Puylaurens,  Tarn,  France.  Tree  productive;  fruit  large;  skin  clear 
red;  flesh  tinted  with  a  rose  color,  sweet,  very  agreeable;  ripens  in  June-July. 


294  "^^^    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Madame  Gregoire.     P.  avium.  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  26.     1876.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  iS.     1895. 

This  variety  is  said  in  Guide  Pratique,  1895,  to  be  very  similar  to  Reine  Hortense. 
Madeleine.     P.  cerasus.     i.  T\\oma.s  Guide  Prat.  26,  201.     1876. 

Cerise  Commune  {de  la  Madeleine).     2.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.   12,    PL     1846. 

Cerisier  de  la  Madleine.     3.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:507.     i860. 

Amarelle  de  la  Madleine.     4.  Mortillet  Le  CemiVr  2:205.     1866. 

Madeleine  is  probably  a  late  strain  of  the  old  Cerise  Commune  formerly  extensively 
grown  about  Paris.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  ends;  suture  a  line; 
stem  medium  in  length;    skin  clear  red  changing  to  brownish-red;  flesh  whitish,  tender, 
acid;  pit  small;  ripens  the  last  of  July;  productive. 
Madison.     P.  avium.     1.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  211.     1854. 

Madison  Bigarreau.     2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  235.     1S41.     3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult, 
367.     1849. 

Madison's  Bunte  Herzkirsche.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  368.     1889. 

Madison  is  a  seedling  of  the  White  Bigarreau,  raised  by  Robert  Manning,  Salem, 
Massachusetts.  Tree  healthy,  productive,  moderate  in  growth,  spreading;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  regular,  heart-shaped;  stem  rather  short,  slender;  skin  heavily  dotted  and  mottled 
with  rich  red  on  amber-yellow  ground;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  tender,  juicy,  with  agreeable 
sprightliness ;  pit  small,  oval;  season  the  last  of  June. 
Magann.     P.  avium,     i.   New  Haven  Nur.  Cat.  12.     1899-igoo. 

Magann  is  a  hardy.  Sweet  Cherry  originating  in  Franklin  Coimty,  Missouri;  fruit 
large,  nearly  black,  borne  in  large  clusters. 
Magese.    P.   cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide   Prat.    24.     1876.     2.  Leroy   Diet.    Pom.   5:327 

fig-     1877- 

Magese  was  received  by  Leroy  from  Florence,  Italy,  about  1864.  Fruit  large,  attached 
in  twos  and  threes,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  stout,  short,  inserted  in  a  wide,  deep  cavity; 
skin  yellow,  washed  with  carmine;  flesh  yellowish,  moderately  tender,  juicy,  sugary, 
acidulated;  first  quality;  stone  small,  round,  plump;  ripens  the  first  of  June. 
Magnifique  de  Daval.  Species?  i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:154.  1882.  2.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  368.     1889. 

The  flowers  and  foliage  are  described  by  Mas  in  his  Pomologie  Generale. 
Magog.     Species?     i.  Okla.  Sta.  Bui.  2:13.     1892. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Mammoth.     P.  avium,     i.  Ohio  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  10:44.     1862. 

Kirtland's  Mammoth.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  198  fig.     1854.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:31, 
32,  fig.  16.     1882. 

Mammutlikirsche.    4.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  56.     1907. 

Mammoth  was  raised,  probably  about  1842,  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  from  a  pit  of  a  Yellow  Spanish  tree  grown  apart  from  other  cherries.  Tree  large, 
vigorous,  round-topped,  usually  unproductive;  frtiit  of  the  largest  size,  often  averaging 
three  and  one-half  inches  in  circumference,  obtuse-cordate,  with  a  large,  prominent  suture; 
stem  of  medium  thickness,  long;  skin  moderately  thick,  attractive  clear  yellow,  blushed 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  295 

or  mottled  with  light  red;  flesh  whitish,  with  abundant,  uncolored  juice,  fine-grained, 
with  distinct  radiating  lines,  nearly  tender,   sweet  yet  almost  sprightly;  very  good  in 
quality;  stone  roundish-oval,  regular;  season  early. 
Mammoth  Oxheart.     P.  avium,     i.  Pioneer  Nur.  Cat.  16.     1905-06. 

Listed,  probably  not  propagated  at  present. 
Manger.     Species?     i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  211.     1896. 

Mentioned  without  a  description. 
Mamiing   Early  Black.     P.   avium,     i.  Mag.   Hort.   8:282.     1842.     2.  Elliott  Fr.   Book 
218.     1854. 

This  variety  was  grown  from  a   pit  of  Black  Heart  by  Robert  Manning,   Salem 
Massachusetts.     It  differs  from  the  parent  only  in  time  of  ripening,  which  is  ten  days 
earlier,  and  in  form  of  tree,  which  is  more  spreading. 
Manning  Early  White  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  243.     1841. 

Still  another  seedling  raised  by  Robert  Manning,  this  one  coming  from  a  seed  of  White 
Turkey  Bigarreau.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  cordate,  pale  red,  amber  in  the  sim,  sweet, 
fine;  ripens  in  June. 

Manning  Late  Black.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  8:284.     1842.     2.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book 
234.     1849. 

Manning  Black  Bigarreau.     3.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  235.     1841. 

Black  Bigarreau.     4.  Bridgeman  Card.  Ass't  Pt.  3:54.     1847. 

This  is  another  of  Robert  Manning's  seedlings  of  the  Black  Heart.  Tree  vigorous, 
hardy,  productive;  fniit  medium  in  size,  roundish-cordate;  skin  deep  purple,  nearly  black; 
stem  long;  flesh  purplish-red,  firm,  rather  juicy,  sprightly,  with  a  pleasant,  luscious  flavor; 
ripens  the  second  week  in  July. 

Manning  Mottled.     P.  avium.     1.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  176.     1S45.     2.  Thomas  Am. 
Fruit  Cult.  361.      1849. 

Mottled  Bigarreau.     3.  Mag.  Hort.  8:283.     1842. 

Robert  Manning,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  raised  this  cherry  from  a  seed  of  White 
Bigarreau.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  rather  large,  roiuidish-cordate,  flattened  on 
one  side,  with  a  distinct  suture;  stem  slender,  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavity;  skin  amber, 
shaded  and  mottled  with  red,  with  a  semi-transparent,  glossy  appearance;  flesh  yellow 
when  fully  ripe,  tender,  with  a  sweet,  delicious  juice;  stone  large;  season  at  the  end  of 
June. 

Maple  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Brookshaw  Pom.  Brit.  PL  S.     1S17.     2.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc. 
Cat.  S3.     183 1. 

This  a  rather  firm-fleshed,  red  Heart  of  second  size  and  tliird  quality,  ripening  in 

July. 

Marells  Royal.     Species?     i.  Aris.  Sta.  Bui.  15:65.     1895. 

Mentioned  as  having  been  planted  in  Arizona. 
Maria  Gaucher.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  57.     1907. 

Listed  as  a  variegated,  hard-fleshed  cherrj'. 
Marie  de  Chateauneuf.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  18.     1876. 

Probably  named  after  the  wife  of  the  Marquis  de  Chiteauneuf;  fruit  very  large, 


296  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

obtuse-cordate,  purplish-black;  flesh  rose-colored,  moderately  firm,  juicy,  sugary,  agree- 
able; ripens  the  middle  of  Jtme. 
Marie  Therese.     P.  avium.     1.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:358  %•     i877- 

This  variety  originated  with  M.  de  Luigne  near  Chateaugontier,  Mayenne,  France, 
and  was  named  after  his  daughter  Marie  Therese.  Tree  strong,  vigorous,  moderately 
productive;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  ends;  suture  broad; 
stem  long,  slender;  cavity  small;  skin  transparent,  firm,  red,  dotted  with  whitish- 
gray;  flesh  yeUow,  compact,  melting,  juicy,  aromatic;  first  quality;  ripens  the  last  of 
June. 
Markirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:29,  30.     19 10. 

Tree  large,  upright,  open-topped,  productive;  foliage  frequently  attacked  by  aphis; 
fruit  large,  dark  red,  cordate,  with  a  short  stem;  skin  thick,  tender,  while  the  flesh  is  meaty 
and  deeply  stained;  stone  round,  smooth;  ripens  the  third  week  in  July,  often  hanging 
on  the  trees  imtil  the  middle  of  August. 
Marsotte.     P.  avium.     1.  Guide  Prat.  12.     1895. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size;  stem  of  medium  length;  skin  black; 
flesh  juicy,  sugary;  used  in  making  Kirschwasser. 
Mary.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  211.     1854. 

Mary  was  raised  by  B.  B.  Kirtland,  Greenbush,  New  York.     Fruit  borne  in  clusters, 
having  a  bright,  lively  red  color  and  a  sprightly  subacid  flavor. 
Master  White  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  56.     1S31. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Mastodon.     P.  avium,     i.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  185.     1894. 

Black  Mastodon.     2.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  289.     1889. 

Mastodon  is  a  seedling  of  Pontiac  and  originated  with  W.  H.  Chapman,  Napa,  Cali- 
fornia; introduced  by  Leonard  Coates,  then  of  the  same  place.  Fruit  very  large,  obtuse- 
cordate,  base  very  broad;  cavity  large,  deep;  stem  stout,  long;  skin  entirely  mottled  with 
pinkish  or  heavy  red;  flesh  firm,  yellowish,  tinged  with  red,  meaty,  moderately  juicy, 
with  a  rich,  lively  sweet  flavor. 
Matilda.     P.  avium,     i.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  262.     1892. 

Matilda  originated  with  C.  E.  Hoskins,  formerly  of  Newbiu"g,  Oregon.     Fruit  medium 
to  large,  broad-cordate,  surface  smooth;  skin  glossy,  dark  red,  nearly  black;  dots  very 
fine;  flesh  dark  red,  firm,  sprightly,  sweet;  very  good;  ripens  in  Oregon  about  the  middle 
of  June. 
Matts.     P.  avium. 

J.  G.  Youngken,  Richlandtown,  Pennsylvania,  writes  that  this  cherry  is  a  seedling 
of  Black  Tartarian.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large. 
Mayo.     P.  avium,     i.  Samuels  &  Co.  Cat.  22.     1892. 

The  original  tree  of  Mayo  is  on  the  farm  of  a  Mr.  Mayo  near  Jackson,  Tennessee. 
Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  large,  amber  shaded  with  red,  tender;  resembles 
Wood. 
Mazarine.     Species?     i.  Thacher  ylwj.  Orc/i.  216.     1822. 

Listed  as  one  of  the  twenty  principal  varieties  in  the  United  States. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  297 

Mednyansky.     P.  avium,     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  177:31.     1899. 

Moduyansky.     2.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  185.     1894. 

This  Hungarian  variety  was  introduced  to  this  country  in  1894.  In  the  second 
reference  the  name  is  spelled  Moduyansky  but  in  the  first  it  is  given  Mednyanskj'  which 
form  is  deemed  best  to  follow  here.  Tree  upright,  spreading,  rather  vigorous;  fruit 
cordate;  suture  variable,  indistinct  on  some  specimens  but  a  noticeable  ridge  from  the 
cavity  to  the  apex  on  others;  stem  stout,  long,  inserted  in  a  narrow,  deep,  irregular  cavity; 
skin  ven,^  dark  purjjle  turning  black;  flesh  firm,  rich,  sweet,  sprightly;  quality  very  good. 
Meininger  Spate  Knorpelkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  III.  Handb.  137  fig.,  138.  i860; 
2.  Oberdieck  Obst-Sort.  370.     1881. 

Bigarreau-tardif  de  Meiningen.     3.  Thomas  Gtiide  Prat.  21,  190.     1876. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive,  blooming  late;  fruit  of  mediiun  size,  cordate,  sides  com- 
pressed; suture  shallow;  stem  slender,  variable  in  length,  set  in  a  narrow,  shallow  cavity; 
color  pale  golden-yellow,  spotted  with  pale  red,  which  often  conceals  the  ground  color; 
flesh  firm,  whitish-yeUow,  reddish-yellow  under  the  skin,  juicy;  stone  large,  oval,  usually 
somewhat  adherent;  ripens  in  August  lasting  until  September. 
Meissener  Weisse.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pmn.Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Merise  Grosse  Rose  Oblongue.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  53.     1831. 

Probably  a  small,  wild  variety. 
Merise  Petite  Ronda.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  53.     183 1. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Merisier  Fastigie.     Species?     i.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  3,  PI.     1846. 

Poiteau  was  uncertain  as  to  the  name  of  this  variety  which  he  noticed  in  the  gardens 
of  M.  Cels.     Tree  very  pyTamidal;  fruit  yellowish-amber. 
Michigan.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  17.     1885. 

Michigan  is  a  supposed  cross  between  Black  Tartarian  and  Yellow  Spanish  fruiting 
for  the  first  time  in  1877.     It  was  grown  by  Stephen  Cook,  Benton  Harbor,  Michigan. 
Fruit  large,  cordate,  slightly  compressed;  stem  long;  suture  lacking;  skin  deep  red,  nearly 
black;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet;  ripens  early  in  July.     Said  to  be  nearly  rot  proof. 
Miller.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Millet.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Brookshaw  Pom.  Brit.  PI.  7.     1817.     2.  Brookshaw 
Hort.  Reposit.  1:45,  PI.  23  fig.  2.     1823. 

Described  as  one  of  the  best  black,  heart-shaped  late  Dukes,  ripening  the  last  of  June 
and  continuing  until  September;  flesh  moderately  firm;  stone  small;  excellent. 
Minnesota.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:280.     1903.     2.  Mich.  Sta. 
Bid.  205: 27.     1903. 

Sprouts  of  this  variety  were  brought  from  Sweden  to  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  Ames, 
Iowa.     Fniit  medium  in  size,   roundish-cordate,   slightly  compressed;  stem  long;   skin 
dark  red;  flesh  dark,  tender,  juicy,  subacid;  very  good. 
Minnesota  Ostheim.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:120.     1900. 

Ostheim.     2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  371.     1881. 


298  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

This  variety  was  introduced  into  Minnesota  from  North  Germany  by  E.  Meyer, 
St.  Petersburg,  Minnesota.  It  is  well  adapted  to  cold  regions  where  the  Montmorency 
group  does  not  flourish.  Tree  upright,  dense;  fruit  large,  roimdish-oblate,  dark  red; 
flesh  dark,  tender,  sweet  subacid ;  good  in  quality ;  stone  roundish,  slightly  flattened ;  ripens 
the  middle  of  July. 
Minnie.     P.  pumila.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  353.     1896. 

Minnie  is  a  vigorous  seedling  of  Prunus  pumila  grown  in  Manitoba,  Canada;  fruit 
large  and  good. 
Monkirsche  Rote.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Monstrous  Duke.     P.  avium  X   P.  cerasus.     i.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:360  fig.,  361.     1877. 

Monstrous  Duke  is  mentioned  by  MM.  Simon- Louis  in  1866  as  a  new  sort  of  the 
Anglaise  hitive.  It  is  probably  of  English  origin,  but  the  name  is  misleading  as  the  fruit 
is  only  moderately  large;  attached  in  pairs,  globular;  stem  stout,  short,  shallowly  inserted; 
skin  transparent,  yellowish,  partly  covered  with  red;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  slightly  fibrous, 
very  juicy,  sugary,  sprightly;  pit  small,  roundish,  plump,  adhering  to  the  stem;  ripens 
the  last  of  June. 
Monstrueuse  Hennequine.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  54.     183 1. 

Listed  without  description. 
Montmorency  Pleureur.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Guide  Prat.  17,  196.     1895. 

Described  as  a  handsome  tree  with  drooping  branches.     Its  fruit  is  somewhat  similar 
to  that  of  the  Montmorency. 
Montmorency  de  Sauvigny.    P.  cerasus.    1.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  120  ^g.,  121.    1904. 

Cerise  de  Sauvigny.     2.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  27.     1876. 

Belle  de  Sauvigny.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  334.     1889. 

Schone  aus  Sauvigny.     4.   Proskauer  Obstsort.  59.     1907. 

This  cherry  is  a  popular  fruit  about  Paris  where  it  is  used  for  confitures  and  brandy. 
Fruit  large,  roundish,  attached  in  twos  or  threes;  stem  short;  cavity  large,  shallow;  color 
dark  red;  flesh  yellow,  transparent,  slightly  fibrous,  acidulated;  stone  small,  round;  ripens 
the  second  half  of  July. 
Montmorency  Stark.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Stark  Bros.  Cat.  4:46.     1913. 

Montmorency  Stark  is  described  as  having  been  produced  on  the  Stark  Brothers 
Nursery  grounds,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  from  a  select  tree  which  bore  large  fruit. 
Montreuil.     P.    cerasus.     i.  Mich.    Sta.    Bui.    80:23.     1892.     2.  Ibid.     194:41.     1901. 
3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Belle  de  Montreuil.     4.  Rev.  Hort.  451.     1875. 

Schone  von  Montreuil.     5.  Reut.  Pom.  Inst.  Festschrift  123.     1910. 

This  variety  was  mentioned  by  European  writers  as  early  as  1875  but  was  not  known 
in  America  until  recently.  It  is  a  valuable  cherry  and  was  placed  on  the  fruit  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  in  1909.  Tree  upright,  spreading,  vigorous,  more  pro- 
ductive than  Reine  Hortense;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-cordate;  stem  long,  stout;  skin 
mottled  red  approaching  black;  flesh  tender,  light  red,  with  abundant,  colored  juice, 
subacid,  pleasing;  quality  good;  season  July;  valuable  for  dessert  and  culinary  purposes. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  299 

Moorhouse.     P.  avium,     i.  Leonard  Coates  Cat.  10.     191 1. 

Aloorhouse  is  no  longer  propagated,  being  inferior  to  its  parent,  Napoleon. 
Morella  Extra  Noir.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  54.     183 1. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Morella  Wye.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:61.     1900. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Morelle  von  Wilhelmshohe.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Guide  Prat.  16.     1895. 

A  very  good  table  cherry  ripening  the  seventh  week  of  the  season. 
Moreller  Langstilkede  Sode.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  54.     183 1. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Morisco.     Species?     i.  Langley  Pomona  86.     1729. 

Mentioned  without  description. 
Morocco.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.     1629. 

"  The  Morocco  Cherrie  hath  a  large  wliite  blossome,  and  an  indifferent  big  berrie, 
long  and  round,  with  a  long  stalke  of  a  darke  reddish  purple  colour,  a  little  tending  to 
a  blew  when  it  is  full  ripe,  of  a  firme  substance;  the  juice  is  of  a  blackish  red,  discolouring 
the  hands  or  lips,  and  of  a  pleasant  taste :  some  doe  thinke  that  this  and  the  Morello  be 
both  one." 
Morten  Seedling.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Mosler  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3:23.     1858. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  obtuse-cordate,  sides  compressed;  stem  long,  slender;  skin 
black,  tough;  flesh  dark,  tender,  very  sweet;  pit  oblong-cordate;  ripens  the  middle  of 
July;  productive. 

Moyer  Honey  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Horticulturist  N.  S.  8:22.     1858.     2.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  469,  470.     1869. 

This  variety  was  grown  by  Josiah  G.  Youngken,  Allentown,  Pennsylvania.     Tree 
healthy,   vigorous,   productive;  frmt  large,   obtuse-cordate,   slightly  compressed;   suture 
small;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  whitish,  shaded  and  mottled  with  rich  red;  flesh  yellow, 
juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;  often  partially  clinging;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Miickelberger  Grosse.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  24.     1876. 

A  Sweet  Cherry  originating  in  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany. 
Murdock.     P.  avium,     i.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:289.     1903- 

Murdoch's  Bigarreau.     2.  Card.  Mon.  28:240,   241.     1886.     3.  Reid  Cat.  35.     1892. 

Murdock  is  thought  to  have  originated  in  1887  with  John  R.  and  A.  Murdock,  then 
of  Pittsbtirg,  Pennsylvania.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading;  fruit  large,  roundish- 
cordate;  cavity  deep,  wide,  rather  abrupt;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  thin,  moderately  tough, 
amber  overlaid  and  mottled  with  light  red;  flesh  whitish,  firm,  crisp,  somewhat  sprightly, 
juicy,  sweet;  quahty  very  good;  stone  clinging,  large,  ovate,  flattened,  smooth;  ripens 
early  in  July,  hanging  long  on  the  trees;  not  susceptible  to  rot. 
Nancy.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  470.     1869. 

Nancy  originated  with  Charles  Pease,  Sr.,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Tree  upright-spreading; 
fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  long,  stout,  inserted  in  a  large  cavity;  suture  slight;  skin 


300 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


pale  yellow,  shaded  and  mottled  with  crimson;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;  very  good; 

stone  small ;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 

Naples.     P.  avium,     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.     1629. 

Neapoliianische  Knorpelkirsche.    2.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:35.     1858.     3.  ///. 
Handb.  39  fig.,  40.     1867. 

Bigarreau  de  Naples.     4.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  189.     1876. 

This  is  an  Italian  cherry  introduced  into  Germany,  France  and  England  from 
Florence,  Italy.  It  is  very  productive  and  is  distinguished  by  its  color  and  its  lateness. 
Tree  vigorous,  bears  early;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  sides  only  faintly  compressed; 
suture  indistinct;  stem  of  medium  length,  set  in  a  wide,  deep  cavity;  skin  tough,  firm, 
glossy,  becoming  dark  brown  or  black;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  vinous;  stone  oval,  plump; 
ripens  the  sixth  week  of  the  season. 
Ne  Plus  Ultra.     P.  avium,     i.  Gard.  Man.  22:208.     1880. 

Ne  Plus  Ultra  was  raised  by  John  Mosely  of  Goodrich,  Ontario.     It  resembles  Napo- 
leon but  is  inferior. 
Neapolitanische  Molkenkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3:33.     1858. 

Bigarreautier  de  Naples.     2.  Noisette  Maw.  Comp.  Jard.  2:504.     i860. 

Napolitaine.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

This  is  a  large,  lemon-colored,  rather  firm-fleshed  variety  that  should  not  be  confused 
with  Naples.     Tree  small,  vigorous;  flesh  sweet,  pleasing;  ripens  late  in  July. 
Nebraska  Sweet.     P.  avium,     i.  Gage  County  Nur.  Cat.  8.     1906. 

Listed  in  this  reference  as  a  dark.  Sweet  Cherry  doing  remarkably  well  in  Nebraska. 
Nelson  Kentish.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  23.     1892-93. 

Said  to  be  more  vigorous  in  growth  and  more  hardy  in  bud  than  Early  Richmond. 
Neue  Englische  Weichsel.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Tmchsess-Reim  Kirschensort.  542,  S43-     1819. 
2.  ///.  Handb.  83  fig.,  84.     1867. 

Netie  Englische  Kirsche.     3.  Christ  Worterb.  286.     1802. 

According  to  Truchsess,  Mayer  grew  this  cherry  about  1775.     Tree  of  medium  height, 
moderately  productive;  fruit  often  large,  roundish,  more  or  less  compressed;  suture  faint; 
stem  straight,  medium  in  length;  cavity  wide,  deep;  sldn  glossy,  tender,  black;  flesh  tender, 
dark  red,  juicy,  pleasing  subacid;  pit  plump,  small,  oval;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Neue  Ochsenherzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  III.  Handb.  73  fig.,  74.     i860. 

Herrnhduser  neue  Ochsenherzkirsche.     2.  Dochna.h\  Ftihr.  Obstkunde  3:22.     1858. 

Nouvelle  Guigne  des  Boeufs.    3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:^01.     1866. 

Fruit  very  large,  acute-cordate,  irregular  near  the  apex;  stem  long,   slender;  skin 
glossy,  brownish-black;  flesh  dark  red,  tender,  sweet,  vinous;  stone  cordate-oblong;  ripens 
the  middle  of  July ;  not  very  productive. 
Neumann  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  370.     1889. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
New    Century.     P.    cerasus   X    {P.  avium   X    P.    cerasus).     i.    Texas    Nur.    Cat.     10. 
1907. 

New  Century  is  thought  to  be  a  cross  originating  in  Grayson  County,  Texas,  between 
English  Morello   and  some   Duke ;  it   was  introduced  by  the  Texas   Nursery  Company. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  3OI 

Tree  of  the  Duke   type,  upright;  fruit   medium   to  above  in  size;  light  red;  good.     The 
trees  are  free  from  mildew  in  Texas  but  do  not  hold  their  fruit  well. 
New  Royal.     Species?     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  54.     1S31. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Nienburger  Friihe  Bunte  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i,  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:27. 
1858. 

Fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  sides  compressed;  stem  of  medium  length,  stout,  straight; 
skin  yellowish,  spotted  and  streaked;  flesh  aromatically  sweet;  pit  oval;  ripens  the  middle 
of  June. 

Noble.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Am.  Card.  20:576.     1899.     2.  Bunyard-Thomas  Fr. 
Card.  44.     1904. 

This  variety  is  said  to  resemble  May  Duke.     Fruit  large;  color  deep  crimson  to  darker; 
flesh  firm,  colored,  rich;  late;  productive. 
Noire  des  Vosges.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:105,  106,  fig.  51.     1866-73. 

Griotte  Noire  des  Vosges.     2.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  98  fig.,  99.     1904. 

This  old  variety  is  probably  a  native  of  eastern  France.  The  fruit  is  used  for  con- 
fections and  liquors.  Fruit  attached  in  pairs,  medium  in  size,  obtuse-cordate;  suture 
indistinct;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  color  almost  black  at  maturity; 
flesh  dark,  tender,  vinous,  acidulated;  stone  small,  oval,  obtuse  at  the  apex;  ripens  late 
in  July. 
Nonpareil.     Species?     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  187.     1908. 

Nonpareil  is  a  black  cherry  which  originated  at  Vacaville,  California. 
Norfolk.     Species?     i.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  87.     1872. 

Mentioned  as  a  seedling  cherry  grown  by  J.  H.  Fenno;  not  described. 
Norma.     P.  avium,     i.  Fruit  Grower  19:368.     1908. 

Norma  is  a  black  cherry  grown  by  R.  H.  Weber,  The  Dalles,  Oregon;  it  is  earlier 
than  Napoleon. 
Northeast.     P.   cerasus.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  27:11.     1904. 

Northeast  is  a  rather  dwarf  cherry  of  the  Morello  type;  very  productive.  Said  to 
be  valuable  as  a  late  market  variety  but  the  trees  are  lacking  in  vigor  and  subject  to 
leaf  blight. 

Northwest.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  165.     1881.     2.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  25.     1899.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:76  fig.  16,  88.     1903. 

This  is  one  of  the  varieties  originated  by  D.  B.  Wier,  Lacon,  Illinois,  and  first  dis- 
tributed by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  as  Wier's  No.  29;  the  fruit  resembles  Baldwin.  The 
American  Pomological  Society  placed  Northwest  on  its  fruit  catalog  in  1S99  but  dropped 
it  in  1909.  Tree  medium  in  size,  resembling  English  MoreUo  closely  both  in  size  and 
habit,  very  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish,  obscurely  heart-shaped;  stem 
long,  adhering  quite  firmly  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  medium  in  thickness,  dark  attractive 
red,  becoming  nearly  black;  flesh  deeply  colored,  firm,  brisk  but  pleasant  acid,  mingled 
with  a  slight  astringency;  good  in  quality;  stone  small,  roundish;  season  early. 
Occident.     P.  avium,     i.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  40.     1895. 

Occident  is  a  seedling  of  Napoleon  which  originated  with  C.  E.  Hoskins,  Springbrook, 


302  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Oregon.  Fruit  heart-shaped,  above  medium  in  size,  smooth;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity 
large,  regular,  deep,  flaring,  shaded  with  pink;  suttire  shallow;  skin  very  dark  purplish- 
red,  thick,  tenacious;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  indented;  flesh  dark  reddish,  translucent, 
with  white  veining,  firm,  meaty,  juicy,  mild  subacid,  rich;  good  to  very  good;  season  late 
in  June;  a  good  shipper. 

Ohio  Beauty.  P.  avium,  i.  Horticulturist  2:123  %•  i9-  1847-48.  2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
212.  1854.  3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:93  fig.  18,  94,  95.  1866.  4.  Am.  Pom. 
Sac.  Cat.  12.     1871. 

Bigarreau  Baute  de  I'Ohio.     5.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:177,  178  fig.     1877. 

Ohio  Beauty  probably  originated  in  1842  with  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland, 
Ohio;  first  disseminated  in  1847.  The  American  Pomological  Society  listed  it  on  its  fruit 
catalog  in  187 1  but  dropped  it  in  1895.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  hardy,  very  productive; 
fnoit  medium  to  large,  cordate,  compressed;  cavity  of  medium  depth,  wide;  stem  slender, 
long;  skin  thin,  of  medium  toughness,  light  yellow  overspread  with  crimson;  dots  numerous, 
light  russet,  conspicuous;  flesh  whitish,  with  colorless  juice,  tender,  meaty,  mild,  sweet; 
good  in  quality;  stone  clinging,  irregular-ovate;  season  early. 

Okiya.  P.  pumila  X  P.  americana.  i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bid.  108:1908.  2.  Ibid.  130:176, 
PI.  6.     191 1. 

Okiya  is  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  Gold  plum.     Fruit  roundish,  dark 
red;  flesh  green;  excellent  quality. 
Oliver.     Species?     i.  Ariz.  Sta.  Bid.  15:65.     1895.     2.   Neb.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  18.     1900. 

Oliver  is  said  to  be  a  valuable  cherry  for  home  use  in  Nebraska;  slow  in  coming  into 
bearing. 

Opata.  P.  pumila  X  P.  americana.  i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108:1908.  2.  Ibid.  130:173, 
174  PI.  4,  17s,  176.     1911. 

Opata,  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  Gold  plum  which  was  sent  out  in  190S. 
It  is  a  plum  in  habit  of  growth,  vigorous ;  foliage  large,  glossy ;  fruit  one  and  three-sixteenths 
inches  in  diameter,  roundish;  skin  thin,  tender,  dark  purplish-red  with  blue  bloom;  flesh 
green,  firm;  flavor  very  pleasant  combining  the  sprightly  acid  of  the  Sand  Cherry 
with  the  rich  sweetness  of  the  Gold  plum;  pit  very  small;  season  early,  the  middle  of 
August. 
Oregon.     P.  avium,     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  290.     1889.     2.  Am.   Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   150. 

1895- 
Oregon  is  a  seedling  of  Napoleon  originated  by  H.  W.  Prettyman,  East  Portland, 
Oregon,  and  named  by  the  Oregon  Horticultural  Society  in  1888.  W.  S.  Failing  of  Port- 
land introduced  it  the  same  year.  Tree  vigorous,  upright;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish- 
cordate,  irregvdarly  flattened  along  the  suture;  stem  medivun  in  length,  stout,  set  in  a  deep, 
irregular  cavity;  skin  black;  flesh  firm,  very  dark,  juicy,  sweet;  later  than  Napoleon. 
Orel.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  327.     1888.     2.  Maine  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  145. 

1889. 
This  name  is  given  to  a  dwarf  cherry  similar  to  Vladimir  from  Orel,  Russia.     It  has 
small  leaves  and  a  close  habit  of  growth;  comes  into  bearing  when  from  three  to  four  feet 
in  height;  fruit  larger  than  Montmorency,  nearly  black  when  ripe,  mildly  subacid. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  303 

Orel  No.  24.     P.  ccrasus.     i.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  328.     188S.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:77. 
78.     1903. 

This  variety  was  imported  bj'  Budd  but  the  name  was  lost.  Some  believe  it  to  be 
Lutovka  but  as  grown  at  the  Iowa  Station  it  is  more  like  Early  Morello  in  form  and  size 
of  tree  and  fruit.  Tree  smaller  and  more  open  than  Lutovka;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
roundish-oblate;  cavity  deep;  stem  medium  in  length,  stout;  sutiire  a  faint  line;  skin  tliin, 
translucent,  cornelian-red;  flesh  firm,  colored,  juicy,  pleasingly  acid;  good;  pit  round, 
angular;  season  the  latter  part  of  June. 
Orel  Sweet.    P.  cerasus.     1.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  ig:s49-     1892.    2.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  g2:2i.    1910. 

Orel  No.  26.     3.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  328.     188S. 

Orel  Sweet  is  known  in  Europe  as  Lianzkaja  Black;  it  was  introduced  into  America 
by  Budd  as  Orel  26;  one  of  the  hardiest  of  Sweet  Cherries.  Tree  large,  with  a  spreading 
top;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oblate;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  thin,  tender,  dark 
red;  flesh  soft,  subacid;  pit  small,  round,  stained;  ripens  the  last  of  July  in  Washington. 
Orleans.     P.  ccrasus.     i.  Brown  Bros.  Cat.  19.     1906. 

Orleans  originated  in  Orleans  County,  New  York.     Probably  not  propagated  at  pres- 
ent,  although  known  to  many  as  an  improved  Montmorency. 
Orlea  Smith.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:161.     1882. 

Mentioned  but  not  described. 
Osceola.     P.   avium,     i.  Mag.   Hort.    19:167,    168.     1853.     2.  Elliott  Fr.   Book   200  fig. 
1854.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.     1862. 

Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  originated  the  Osceola  in  1842,  from  a 
pit  of  the  Yellow  Spanish.  It  was  placed  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1862  but  was  taken  from  the  list  in  1891.  Tree  round,  spreading,  hardy,  healthy, 
productive;  fruit  mediimi  to  large,  cordate;  stem  moderately  stout  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity; 
suture  deep,  broad;  color  dark  purphsh-red,  inclining  to  black;  flesh  dark  red,  juicy,  rich, 
sweet;  pit  medium  or  small,  ovate,  rounded;  season  the  last  of  June  and  early  July. 
Ostheim  (of  Morris).     P.  ccrasus.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  75.     1890. 

This  is  a  small,  dark  colored  cherry  differing  from  the  Minnesota  Ostheim  in  being  later 
and  slightly  inferior  in  quality.     Fruit  round,  compressed;  quaUty  fair,  lacking  in  juiciness; 
pit  large;  ripens  about  August  6th  in  Ottawa,  Canada. 
Othello.     P.  pumila.     1.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  i~,i-     1896. 

One  of  the  Canada  Experiment  Farm's  seedlings  of  Prunus  pumila,th.e  Sand  Cherry; 
fruit  large,  very  black,  fair. 

Owanka.     P.  pumila     X     P.    americana.     i.  5.     Dak.    Sta.   Bui.   108:1908.     2.    Ibid. 
130:176.     1911. 

Owanka,  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  Gold  plum,  was  discarded  soon  after 
it  was  sent  out  because  of  its  bitter  skin;  tree  hardy,  productive;  fruit  one  and  three-eighths 
inches  in  diameter;  apex  terminated  by  a  minute  prickle;  skin  dark  red,  with  blue  bloom; 
flesh  yellow. 
Ox  Heart  (of  America).     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.     1899. 

Major  Francis.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  127.     1875.     3.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  g2:2g.     1910. 

Coeur  de  Boeuf  nouveau  ?     4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 


304 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW   YORK 


This  cherry  originated  with  G.  W.  Walling,  Oswego,  Oregon,  about  1865,  and  was 
renamed  in  honor  of  Major  Francis  of  Portland.  As  yet  it  is  known  only  in  the  Northwest. 
The  fruit  is  of  good  quality,  attractive  color,  ripening  with  Black  Tartarian,  but  is  readily 
sought  by  the  birds.  Tree  very  large,  vigorous,  upright,  productive;  fruit  large,  heart- 
shaped,  dark  red;  flesh  deeply  stained  with  red,  juicy,  sweet;  quality  good;  too  tender 
for  long  shipment;  season  early. 
Pandys  Glaskirsche.     Species?     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  59.     1907. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Paramdam.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Yiogg  Fruit  Man.  ^oi.     1884. 

This  variety  was  found  nearly  a  century  and  a  half  ago  in  Paramdam,  England.     Tree 
small;  fruit  small,  round;  skin  pale  red;  stem  an  inch  long;  flesh  pale,  tender,  lively  acid, 
agreeable ;  ripens  the  last  of  July. 
Parent.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpl.  302.     1890. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Paretzer  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Ma,s  Pom.  Gen.  ii:  161.     1882. 

Listed  in  this  reference. 
Pariser  Griotte.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim  A'iVjc/tewsor/.  430.     1819.     2.  Mas  Pom;. 
Gen.  11:160.     1882.     3.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  371.     1889. 

This  cherry  is  thought  by  some  to  be  Duhamel's  Griotte  but  it  differs  in  its  more 
tender  flesh,  sweeter  taste,  and  smaller  stone. 
Parisian  Guindoux.     P.  avium.     1.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:140.     1832. 

Tree  moderately  large;  fruit  large,  pale  red;  flesh  sweet;  excellent;  ripens  the  middle 
of  June. 
Paul.     P.  avium,     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  185.     1908. 

Paul  was  found  by  E.  V.  D.  Paul  of  Ukiah,  Oregon;  it  was  propagated  and  introduced 
by  the  Leonard  Coates  Nursery  Company,  Morganhill,  California,  in  1908.     Fruit  large, 
black,  mottled  with  dark  red;  late;  a  good  shipper. 
Pauline  de  Vigny.     Species?     i.  Mas.  Pom.  Gen.  ii:i6i.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Peach-Blossomed.     Species?     i.  Prince  Pom.  Ma«.  2:151.     1832. 

An  ornamental  cherry  with  rose-colored  flowers. 
Pease.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Hort.  An.  86,  87.     1869. 

Pease  is  a  black,  sweet  seedling  from  Charles  Pease,  Sr.,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Tree 
upright;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  flesh  purplish,  juicy,  rich;  follows  Black  Tartarian  in 
ripening. 

Perlkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Christ  Handb.  667.  1802.  2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschen- 
sori.  237-242.  1819.  3.  III.  Handb.  Ill  fig.,  112.  i860.  4.  Mas  Pow.  G^m.  11:25, 
26,  fig.  13.     1882.     5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  371.     1889. 

This  variety  is  often  taken  for  the  Yellow  Spanish  but  is  distinct.  Tree  strong,  vig- 
orous, productive;  fruit  usually  large,  roundish-cordate,  sides  compressed;  suture  distinct; 
stem  short,  shallowly  but  firmly  inserted;  skin  tough,  glossy,  resembling  Yellow  Spanish; 
flesh  moderately  tender,  juicy,  pleasing,  sweet;  stone  rather  large,  elongated-cordate, 
nearly  free;  ripens  about  the  middle  of  July. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  3O5 

Perlknorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.   305-308.     1S19.    2.  ///. 
Handb.  129  fig.,  130.     1S60. 

Espagne  higarree .     3.  Knoo'p  FnfctoZogic  2:35,  38.     1771. 

Perbnarmorkirschc.     4.  Dochnalil  F/t/zr.  Otofeitniie  3:43.     1858. 

This  Bigarreau,  though  called  a  Heart  by  some,  should  not  be  confused  with  Perl- 
kirsche.  Fruit  medium  to  above,  roimdish-cordate ;  sutvire  indistinct;  stem  medium  short, 
shallowly  inserted;  skin  tough,  glossy,  resembling  Yellow  Spanish;  flesh  firm,  fibrous, 
juicy,  pleasing,  sweet;  stone  mediimi  in  size,  plump,  oval;  ripens  the  last  of  July  to  first 
part  of  August. 
Petite  Morelle.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mortillet  Le  C^rmVr  2:182  fig.,  183,  184,  216.     1S66. 

This  is  a  small,  acid  cherrj'  used  in  northern  Germany  for  wine-making  and  in  the 
kitchen.     Tree  v-igorous,  small,  bushy;  fruit  small,  round;  suture  indistinct;  stem  short, 
set  in  a  straight,  shallow  ca\'ity;  color  dark  red  changing  to  black;  flesh  red,  tender,  always 
acid;  pit  small,  reddish,  oval,  plump;  ripens  the  fourth  week  of  the  season. 
Pfitzmann  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  372.     1889. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Pierce  Late.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  20:89,  134.     1854.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  45. 
1854.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  265.     1857. 

This  variety  originated  with  Amos  Pierce  but  was  introduced  by  James  Hyde  and 
Son,  Newton,   Massachusetts.     Tree  upright,  free,  round-topped;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
obtuse-cordate,  dark  red,  mottled  with  light  amber;  stem  slender,  rather  short;  flesh  soft, 
tender,  very  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  stone  small;  ripens  the  last  of  July. 
Pink  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  'Elliott  Fr.  Book  2 k).     1S54. 

Pink  Heart  is  a  small,  pinldsh-red,  oval  Mazzard ;  stem  short ;  ripens  in  July. 
Planchoury.     P.  avium,     i.  Card.  Mon.  7:248.     1865.     2.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:61,  62,  fig. 
29.     1866-73.     3.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:374.  375  %     i877- 

Cerise  de  Planchouri.     4.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  6:-;i,  PI.    1858. 

Kirsch  von  Planchoury.     5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  372.     1889. 

A  Dr.  Bretonneau  grew  this  variety  on  his  grounds  near  the  River  Loire,  France. 
Fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  flattened  at  the  base,  slightly  compressed  on  the  sides,  com- 
pletely transversed  by  a  suture;  stem  long,  set  in  a  large,  deep  cavity;  skin  glossy,  clear 
red  changing  to  darker  red,  unifonn;  flesh  tinged  with  red,  semi-tender,  sugary,  juicy, 
agreeably  acidulated;  first  quality;  stone  large,  oval,  free;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Plattgedriickte  Schattenmorelle.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  26.     1876. 

Differs  from  the  English  MoreUo  in  being  more  compressed  in  form. 
Plumstone.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  27.     1909. 

Plumstone  MoreUo.  2.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  29.  1828.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
198  fig.  1845.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  74.  1862.  5.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:120. 
1900. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  unknown  but  it  was  found  in  Virginia  early  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century  by  William  Prince  who  brought  it  to  Flushing,  New  York.  Its  name 
seems  to  have  arisen  from  the  form  of  the  stone.  According  to  Prince,  this  variety  sur- 
passes all  of  the  European  Morellos  for  culinary  purposes.     Tree  vigorous,  medium  in 


306  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

size,  productive;  fnut  very  large,  roundish  or  inclined  to  obtuse-cordate;  stem  long,  rather 
slender,  straight;  skin  dark  red  becoming  nearly  black;  flesh  reddish,  tender,  juicy,  highly 
flavored,  sprightly,  with  pleasant  acidity  when  fully  matm-e;  stone  long,  resembling  a 
plum;  season  late  July. 

Plymouth  Rock.     P.  avium,     i.  Lovett  Cat.  25  fig.     1895.     2.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:200. 
1899. 

Plymouth.     3.  Ont.  Dept.  Agr.  Fr.  Out.  102.     1914. 

Ptymouth  Rock  is  generally  believed  to  have  originated  with  J.  H.  Black,  Hightstown, 
New  Jersey.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  round-topped;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  heart- 
shaped,  roundish;  skin  tender,  reddish-amber,  with  a  bright  red  blush;  stem  long,  slender; 
cavity  narrow,  shallow;  flesh  rather  tender,  light  colored,  jtiicy;  pit  rovmd,  plvunp,  small; 
season  early  July. 
Podiebrad.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  27.     1876. 

Podiebrad   Bunte   Herzkirsche.     2.  Dochnahl   Fiihr.    Obstkiinde   3:29.     1858.     3.  III. 
Handb.  21  fig.,  22.     1867. 

Probably  a  seedling  from  Podiebrad,  Hungary.  Tree  vigorous,  productive,  bears 
early;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  indistinct;  stem  long;  cavity 
wide,  moderately  deep;  skin  tender,  translucent,  sulphur-yellow,  nearly  entirely  washed 
and  spotted  with  red;  flesh  tender,  pale  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  without  sourness;  stone 
medium  egg-shaped;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Pointed  Guigne.     P.  avium,     i.  Prince  Pow.  Man.  2;  119.     1832. 

This  cherry  is  so  named  because  part  of  the  style  becomes  hard  and  ligneous  forming 
a  sharp  point  at  the  apex  of  the  fruit.     Fruit  cordate;  color  red  on  a  yellow  ground;  flesh 
firm,  crisp,  rich,  tinged  with  a  slight  bitterness;  early. 
Polsted.     Species?     i.  Jotir.  Hort.  N.  S.  24:412.     1873. 

Polsted  received  its  name  from  a  parish  in  Suffolk,  England,  where  it  was  extensively 
grown. 
Polton  Gean.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     1831. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Pomeranzen.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.    479-482.     1819.     2.   Doch- 
nahl Fji/ir.  Ohstkunde  ^:si-  54-     1858. 

Cerise  Orange.     3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:306.     1866. 

The  name  was  given  this  cherry  because  of  the  appearance  of  the  tree  which  resembles 
that  of  the  orange.  Tree  round  with  a  globular  head;  fruit  large,  broadly  oblate;  stem  of 
medium  length,  firmly  set  in  a  deep  cavity;  suture  a  line;  skin  clear,  almost  brick-red, 
becoming  glossy,  darker,  and  transparent  with  many  white  spots;  flesh  clear,  tinged  red, 
with  yellowish-white  veins,  juicy,  sweetly  acidulated;  first  quality;  stone  medium  in  size, 
round,  turgid,  sharply  pointed;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 

Pontiac.     P.   avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.   19:167,    168.     1853.     2.  Elliott  Fr.   Book   201   fig. 
1854.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  69,  89.     1866. 

Pontiac  originated  in  1842,  with  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  from 
a  pit  of  Yellow  Spanish.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  somewhat  spreading,  healthy,  pro- 
ductive; fruit  medium  to  large,  obtuse-cordate,  with  sides  compressed;  stem  long,  slender, 


THE    CHERRIES   OF   NEW   YORK  307 

inserted  in  a  broad,  shallow  cavity;  skin  moderately  firm,  dark  purplish-red,  becoming 
nearly  black  at  maturity;  flesh  purplish-red,  with  dark  colored  juice,  rather  tender,  juicy, 
pleasant,   aromatic,   sweet;  good  in  quality;  stone  medium  in  size,   smooth,   separating 
readih'  from  the  flesh;  ripens  in  mid-season. 
Pope.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Prince  Pmn.  Man.  2:150.     1832. 

Some  of  the  fruits  of  this  cherrj'  are  green  in  the  middle  of  July  whereas  the  majority 
are  quite  ripe;  introduced  into  France  from  Italy.     Fruit  large,  round,  red;  stem  very 
long;  flesh  similar  to  but  more  firm  than  that  of  the  Montmorenc}-. 
Portugal.     Species?     i.  Rea  F/ora  205.     1676.     2.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  24^^.     1817. 

Tree  productive;  fruit  cordate,  red;  flavor  rich  and  pleasant;  ripens  early  in  Jvme. 
Powhattan.     P.    avium,     i.  Mag.    Hort.    19:167,    168.     1853.     2.  Elliott   Fr.   Book    201. 
1854.     3.  Mich.  Sta.  Bttl.  67:23.     1890. 

This  is  one  of  the  numerous  seedlings  originated  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  from  a 
pit  of  Yellow  Spanish.  Fruit  roimdish-cordate,  tmeven  in  outline,  compressed  on  the 
sides;  stem  medium  to  long;  skin  brownish-red,  glossj^;  flesh  purplish-red,  half -tender, 
juicy,  sweet;  stone  small. 

Pragische  Muskateller.     P.  avium,     i.  Kriinitz  Enc.   51,  52,  53.     1790.     2.  Truchsess- 
Heim  Kirschensort.  398-.102.      iSig. 

Cerise  de  Prague  tardive.     3.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:36,  42.     1771. 

Aluscat  de  Prague.     4.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  54.     183 1. 

The  cherr}',  introduced  into  Germany  from  Holland  about  1785  under  the  name  Prager 
Muskateller,  was  undoubtedly  the  variety  mentioned  by  Knoop  in  177 1,  as  Cerise  de 
Prague  Tardive.  With  this  variety  three  other  sorts  were  confused;  the  ^?rise  Blanche, 
Cerise  Guigne,  and  the  Grosse  Ungarische  Kirsche,  but  when  fruit  was  ob  ned  from  all, 
separation  was  comparatively  easy.  Tree  very  productive;  fruit  large,  glooolar;  suture  a 
line;  stem  rather  thick,  of  medium  length;  cav-ity  narrow,  shallow;  skin  thin,  brownish-red 
cnanging  to  black;  flesh  tender,  melting,  juicy,  light  red,  sweet,  wine-like;  stone  oval  or 
roundish;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Precoce  de  Marest.     Species?     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  28.     1876. 

Of  doubtful  value  according  to  the  reference. 
Precoce  de  Sabaret.     Species?     i.  Card.  Chron.  1068.     1861.     2.  Rev.  Hort.  335.     1870. 

There   seem  to  be  several  strains  of  this  cherry;  it  is  one  of  the  earliest  cultivated 
sorts  in  France,  ripening  at  the  beginning  of  June  and  lasting  a  nomth. 
President.    P.  avium,    i.  El^ottFr.  Book  212.    1854.    2.  Dowmr^g Fr.  Trees  Ant.  471.    1869. 

President  is  another  of  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland's  cherries  raised  in  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
in  1842.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive;  frtut  medium  to  large,  regular,  cordate, 
slightly  compressed;  stem  stout,  slender;  suture  indistinct;  skin  red,  slightly  mottled  with 
yellow;  flesh  yellowish-white,  half- tender,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  pit  medium  in  size;  ripens 
from  the  middle  to  the  last  of  June. 
Pride  of  Washington.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Wash.  Hort.  Assoc.  Rpt.  95.     1905. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  of  the  Late  Duke  grown  by  J.  F.  Strong,  Spokane,  Washing- 
ton. The  tree  is  more  productive  and  less  disposed  to  seaming  of  limbs  where  connecting 
with  the  body  than  its  parent  and  its  fruit  is  also  larger,  earlier  and  of  better  quality. 


308  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Priesche  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Prince.     Species?     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:2,6.     1771. 

Listed  but  not  described  by  Knoop. 
Prince  Black  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  4yi.     1869. 

This  variety  was  originated  by  William  R.  Prince,  Flusliing,  New  York.      Tree   vig- 
orous, upright-spreading;  fruit  medium  to  large,  cordate,  slightly  compressed;  suture  small; 
flesh  purplish,  rather  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  good  to  very  good;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 
Prince    Duke.     P.    ccrasus.     1.  Prince    Treat.    Hort.    29.     1828.     2.  Prince    Pom.   Man. 
2:136.     1832. 

Prince  Duke  was  raised  by  William  Prince,  Flushing,  New  York,  from  a  seed  of  Car- 
nation which  it  resembles  in  tree-characters  and  in  time  of  ripening.     The  fniit  is  red, 
more  compressed  than  the  parent  and  possesses  the  peculiar  bitterness  of  Carnation  before 
it  is  full  ripe. 
Prince  Englebert.     Species?     i.  Okla.  Sta.  Bid.  2:13.     1892. 

Listed  as  grown  at  the  Oklahoma  Station. 
Prince  Royal.     Species?     i.  ReaF/ora2os.     1676. 

According  to  Rca,  this  is  a  large,  late  ripe  cherrj',  good  to  preserve. 
Princess.     P.  avium.     1.  Ysioop  Fructologie  2:^6.     1771.     2.  Mortillet  Le  Ccn«Vr  2:302. 
1866.    3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:75,  76,  fig-  38.     1882. 

Prinzesskirsche.     4.  Christ    Worterb.    279.     1802.     5.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort. 
261,  262.     1819. 

This  is  a  variegated  Heart  originating  in  Germany.     Tree  of  moderate  vigor;  fruit 
medium  to  large,  cordate,  sides  compressed;  apex  acutely  pointed;  suture  indistinct;  stem 
very  long;  color  yellow  overlaid  with  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  bitterish  at  first;  stone  oval; 
ripens  the  fourth  week  of  the  season. 
Prinzenkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  289.     1802. 

Grosse  schwarze  Glanzkirsche  incor.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.   577-580.     1S19. 

A  Morello  cherry  of  German  origin.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish ;  suture  indistinct ; 
cavity  shallow;  skin  tough,  firm,  glossy,  black;  flesh  firm,  fibrous,  dark  red,  subacid;  pit 
adherent,  almost  cordate;  ripens  at  the  end  of  July. 

Prodlitzer    Elitekirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Obstziichter    8:P1.     1910.     2.  Ibid.     8:51,    52. 
1910. 

This  cherry  originated  on  the  estate  of  Hugo  Graf  Kalnokyschen  in  Prodek,  Moravia, 
Austria.     Trees  upright  when  yoimg;  fruit  large  to  very  large,  blackish-brown,  obtuse- 
cordate;  suture  distinct;  stem  long,  slender;  flesh  dark,  sweet  with  a  touch  of  sourness; 
ripens  in  July. 
Progress.     P.  pumila.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  353.     1896. 

A  seedling  of  Prunus  pumila  raised  by  the  Manitoba  Station. 
Proskauer  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  sj.     1907. 

A  dark,  hard-fleshed  cherry  mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Proudfoot.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  5oofe  212.     1854. 

This  variety  was  grown  by  D.  Proudfoot,  Cleveland,  Ohio.     Tree  vigorous,  spreading. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  309 

moderately  productive;  fruit  large,  cordate,  flattened  at  the  base;  skin  dark  purpUsh-red ; 
cavity  open;  flesh  3-ellowish,  finn,  juicy,  sweet;  pit  large;  season  the  middle  of  July. 
Puhlmann  Friihe.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Ncnn.  Pom.  373.     1889.     2.  Proskauer  Obst- 
sort.  57.     1907. 

Listed  as  an  early  black  Heart. 
Punktirte  Mannorkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  HodimahL  Fuhr .  Ohstkunde  y.  ^2 .     1858. 

Punctirte  Siisskirsche  mit  Jestem  Fleische.     2.  Christ  Wortcrb.  281.     1802.     3.   Truch- 
sess-Heim  Kirschensort.  333-336.     1819. 

Bigarreau  Ponctue.     4.  Mas  L(7  Verger  8:81,  82,  flg.  39.     1S66-73. 

Punktirte  Knorpelkirsche.     5.  ///.  Handb.  57  fig.,  58.     1867. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright;  fruit  roundish-cordate,  large;  suture  deep;  stem  long,  adhering 
to  the  stone;  cavity  deep;    color  yellowish- white  overspread  with  clear  red;  flesh  rather 
tender  but  firm,  fibrous,  translucent,  sweet;  pit  round,  often  rather  large;  ripens  at  the 
end  of  July. 
Punktirte  Molkenkirsche.     P.  avium.     1.  'Dochnahi.Fuhr.  Obstkunde  y.2().     1858. 

Tree  very  large,  branches  long;  fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate;  suttu-e  indistinct;  color 
yellow  more  or  less  overspread  with  red;  flesh  sweet;  stone  small,  cordate;  ripens  early 
in  July. 

Purity   (I).     P.  avium,     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  289.     1889.     2.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  177:31. 
1899. 

Purity  (I)  is  a  seedling  of  Elton  which  originated  with  W.  H.  Chapman,  Napa,  Cali- 
fornia, and  was  propagated  by  Leonard  Coates  of  that  place.  Tree  upright-spreading, 
fairly  vigorous;  fruit  heart-shaped,  compressed;  suture  broad,  rather  indistinct;  stem  long, 
slender;  cavity  broad,  shallow;  skin  amber,  shaded  and  mottled  with  bright  red,  waxy, 
transparent,  thin;  flesh  rich,  sweet,  tender,  juicy,  melting;  very  good;  season  early;  rather 
too  tender  for  market. 
Purity  (n).     P.  cerasus.     i.  Ont.  Dept.  Agr.  Fr.  Ont.  loi.     1914. 

This  is  a  productive  cherry  of  the  Morello  class  which  resembles  Dyehouse  and  ripens 
a  little  earlier  than  Early  Richmond.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  healthy,  bears  early; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  rovmdish;  stem  long;  cavity  deep;  apex  noticeably  depressed;  skin 
very  dark  red;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  very  juicy,  pleasant  subacid;  quality  good;  season 
late  June  to  early  Jul)'. 
Quaker.     P.  avium,     i.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  262.     1892. 

Quaker  originated  with  C.  E.  Hoskins,  Newberg,  Oregon.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  heart- 
shaped,  dark  red,  almost  black;  dots  numerous;  flesh  firm,  dark  purple,  sprightly,  sweet; 
quality  very  good;  season  earh-  July. 
Rainier  French.     Species?     i.  Loi^d.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  55.     1S31. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Red  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Knoop  Fn«:/o/ogtV  2:35,  38.     1771.     2.  Prince  Fc»«.  Man. 
2:126.     1832.     y  'EWiott  Fr.  Book  2ig.     1854. 

Bigarreau  a  Gros  Fruit  Rouge.     4.  Duhamel    Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:163-165,  PI.  IL      1768. 
5.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  308.     1819.     6.  Pom.  France  7: No.  7,  PI.  7.     1S71. 

Purpurrothe  Knorpelkirsche.     7.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  340,  683,  684.     18 19. 


310  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Large  Red  Bigarreau.    8.  Kenrick  Am.   Orch.    273.     1832.    9.  Prince    Pom.   Man. 
2:127.     1832.     10.  Mortillet  Le  Cm«Vr  2: 104,  105  fig.,  106,301.     1866. 

Red  Bigarreau  is  probably  an  old  French  variety.     Fruit  very  large,  roundish-cordate, 
irregular,  swollen  on  one  side;  suture  distinct;  stem  slender,  long,  set  in  a  deep,  wide  cavity; 
color  glossy,  tough,  dark  red;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  rose-colored  especially  near  the  pit,  juicy; 
pit  small,  oval,  adherent  along  the  suture;  ripens  in  July. 
Red  Canada.     Species?     i.  Ariz.  Sta.  Bid.  15:72.     1895. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Red    Guigne.     P.    avium.     1.  Knoop   Fructologie    2:36.     1771-     2.  Prince    Pom.    Man. 
2:112.     1832. 

Fruit  more  oblong  than  the  Early  Guigne  and  somewhat  larger;  skin  entirely  red; 
flesh  soft  but  not  high  in  quality ;  ripens  in  June. 

Red  Jacket.     P.  avium.     1.  EUiott  Fr.  Book  202  fig.     1854.     2.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.   148, 
PI.  13  fig.  I.     1864.     3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  19,  204.     1876. 

Red  Jacket  was  raised  in  1842  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Oliio,  from  a 
pit  of  Yellow  Spanish,  crossed  with  Black  Tartarian,  Black  Mazzard,  or  May  Duke.  It 
was  formerly  grown  commercially  in  this  coimtry  and  Europe  because  of  its  productive- 
ness and  quality.  Tree  very  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  very  productive;  fruit 
large,  long,  obtuse-cordate;  stem  rather  long,  slender;  skin  thin,  pale  red  becoming  rather 
bright  red;  flesh  yellowish-white,  half -tender,  juicy,  pleasant,  somewhat  astringent  until 
fully  ripe  when  it  becomes  sweet;  good  in  quality;  stone  medium  in  size;  ripens  in  late 
mid-season. 

Red  Muscatel.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  330.     1S85.     2.  Mich.  Hart.  Sac.  Rpt. 
329.     1888. 

A  variety  from  North  Silesia  where  it  is  said  to  be  commonly  grown;  fruit  large,  of 
good  quality. 

Red  Oranien.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  329.     1888.     2.  la.  Sta. 
Bui.  19:551.     1892. 

This  name  has  been  given  by  some  writers  as  a  synonym  of  Carnation  but  Red  Oranien 
as  introduced  into  America  from  Russia  appears  to  be  distinct  and  is  probably  another  of 
the  Duke  hybrids.     Tree  productive;  fruit  large,  dark  red,  mildly  subacid. 
Red  Rock.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  434.     1905. 

Fruit  of  the  Morello  type,  round;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  noticeable  cavity;  sldn 
clear  red;  flesh  reddish-yellow  with  colored  juice,  mild  but  pleasantly  acid,  refreshing; 
ripens  late  in  July. 
Red  Russian.     Species?     i.  Kenrick  y4m.  Ore/;.  237.     1841. 

The  original  name  of  this  variety  was  lost  in  importing  it  from  Russia  to  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  about  1800.     Fruit  large,  dark  red,  good;  productive;  ripens  in  August. 
Reichart.     Species?     i.  Pa.  Fr.  Gr.  Soc.  Rpt.  11.     1881. 

Recommended  as  valuable  in  Pennsylvania. 
Reine-Hortense  Hative.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  28.     1876. 

A  seedling  of  Reine  Hortense  introduced  in  1873.  It  resembles  the  parent  in  many 
respects,  differing,  however,  in  earlier  ripening  and  in  having  red  flesh. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  3II 

Remington.     P.  ainiini.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  188.     1845. 

Remington  Heart.     2.  Prince    Treat.  Hort.   30.     1828.     3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.   Cat.   55. 
1831.     4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:117,  118.     1832. 

Remington  originated  in   1823  from  a  pit  planted  by  Zachariah  Allen,  Providence, 
Rhode  Island.     Its  only  merit  is  lateness,  not  ripening  until  August;  fruit  small,  cordate, 
yeUow,  tinged  with  red;  flesh  firm;  bears  abundantly. 
Rentz  Morello.     P.  cerasiis.     i.  Mo.  Bd.  Agr.  Rpt.  243.     1878. 

Mentioned  as  succeeding  fairly  well  in  Missouri. 
Resacks  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  373.     1889. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Richardson.     P.   avium,     i.  Cole  Am.  Fr.   Book   238.     1849.     2.  ElHott  Fr.  Book   212. 
1854. 

Originated  in  the  garden  of  J.  R.  Richardson,  Boston,  Massachusetts.     Tree  upright, 
hardy,  productive;  fruit  large,  heart-shaped,  rather  short,  tapering  to  a  point;  stem  short, 
slender;  sldn  dark  red,  inclining  to  black;  flesh  deep  red,  half-tender,  rich,  luscious,  sweet; 
ripens  the  last  of  Jime  to  July. 
Richardson  Late  Black.     Species?     i.  Mag.  Hort.  8:285.     1842. 

Originated  in  the  garden  of  Dr.  William  P.  Richardson,  Salem,  Massachusetts.     A 
small,  round,  black  chen-y,  ripening  late  in  July;  very  juicy  and  productive. 
Richter  Samling.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  373.     1889. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Riga  No.  108.     P.  cerasus.     i.   Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  16:99.     1891. 

Listed  among  the  Russian  fruits  growing  at  the  Texas  Station. 
Riga  No.  109.     P.  cerasus.     i.   Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  73:189.     1897. 

Received  from  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  in  1890.  Tree  upright,  unproductive;  fruit 
borne  singly,  large;  stem  short;  color  dark  red;  flesh  and  juice  colored,  pleasant,  but  lacking 
in  quality;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 

Rival.  P.  avium,  i.  Card.  Mon.  7:248.  1865.  2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  69,  90.  1866. 
3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  373.     1889. 

Bigarreau  Rival.     4.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:236,  237  fig.     1877. 

This  cherry  probably  came  from  M.  Rival,  Saint-Genis-Laval,  Rh6ne,  France.  Fruit 
of  medium  size,  borne  in  clusters,  never  less  than  four  in  a  cluster,  obtuse-cordate,  flattened 
on  one  side;  sut\ire  a  colored  line;  apex  shallow,  eccentric;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  shallow; 
sldn  moderately  firm,  yellow,  mottled  with  red  becoming  darker,  nearly  black  when  mature; 
ripens  the  last  of  July  to  August. 

Rivers  Early  Heart.  P.  avium,  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  177.  1845.  2.  Thomas 
Am.  Fruit  Cult.  204.     1846. 

A  seedHng  raised  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  which  he  says  origi- 
nated about  the  same  time  as  his  Early  Amber.  The  fruit  is  of  the  Heart  class,  medium 
in  size  and  season. 

Roberts  Red  Heart.  P.  avium,  i.  Mag.  Hort.  8:285.  1842.  2.'Dowm.ngFr.  Trees  Am. 
176.  1845.  3-  Horticulturist  5:76  fig  1850.  4.  Ibid.  6:21  fig.  1851.  5.  Mas 
Le  Verger  8:119,  120,  fig.  58.     1866-73. 


312  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

This  variety  originated  with  David  Roberts,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  and  was  first 
brought  to  notice  by  Robert  Manning.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-cordate,  slightly 
obtuse ;  suture  distinct ;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  moderate  cavity ;  skin  pale  amber  over- 
spread with  pale  red,  mottled  with  deeper  red  and  pale  amber  specks;  flesh  white,  tender, 
juicy,  sweet,  sprightly;  season  at  the  end  of  July. 
Rochaline.     P.  avium,     i.  Leonard  Coates  Cat.  lo.     191 1. 

Rochaline,  a  seedling  of  Napoleon,  is  no  longer  propagated,  being  inferior  to  its  parent. 
Rock.     Species?     i.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  1539.     1688.     2.  Miller  Ga^J.  Diet.  1:1754. 

Mentioned  as  a  perfumed  cherry. 
Rockland.     Species?     i.  Mass.  (Hatch)  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  1:33.     1889. 

Mentioned  as  growing  at  the  Massachusetts  Station. 
Rocky  Hill  Honey  Heart.     P.  avium.     1.  Mag.  Hori.  13:424.     1847. 

A  variety  originating  near  Wethersfield,  Cormecticut,  late  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 
Rocky  Mountain.     P.  besseyi.     i.  Cotintry  Gent.  26:238.     1865.     2.  Rural  N.  Y.  52:138, 
330,  fig.  46.     1893.     3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  70:261,  PL  i  fig.  2.     1S94.     4.  Storrs  & 
Harrison  Cat.  136  fig.     1896.     5.  Wis.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:229,  230.     1896. 

Rocky  Mountain,  a  variety  of  Prunus  besseyi,  is  a  native  of  the  mountains  of  Colorado 
having  been  discovered  there  many  years  ago.  It  is  chiefly  used  as  a  dwarf  ornamental, 
being  adapted  to  a  great  variety  of  soils.  Tree  small,  bushy,  averaging  about  four  feet 
high,  very  hardy  and  productive;  fruit  ripens  after  all  other  cherries  are  gone,  small,  variable 
in  shape,  from  roundish  to  nearly  oblong;  color  almost  jet  black;  flavor  sweet  with  some 
astringency  but  edible  when  fully  mature. 
Roe.     P.  avium,     i.  Better  Fruit  5:^0.  11:49.     1911. 

Roe  is  a  seedling  from  Yamhill  Count}',  Oregon,  being  introduced  by  the  Oregon  Nur- 
sery Company,  Salem,  Oregon;  it  is  said  to  resemble  Napoleon  but  is  much  firmer  and  later. 
Romaine.     Species?     i.  ThomasGuide  Prat.  26.     1876. 

A  variety  of  doubtful  value;  ripens  in  July. 
Ronald.     Species?     i.  Bunyard-Thomas  fr.  Card.  44.     1904. 

According  to  the  reference,  this  is  a  valuable  late  variety.     Tree  small,  compact; 
fruit  very  large,  bright  red,  transparent ;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  juicy. 
Roschers  Kirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  HI.  Handb.  i  flg.,  2.     1867.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:9, 
10,  fig.  5.     1882. 

A  chance  seedling  found  by  a  peasant,  Roschers,  near  Heidelberg,  Baden,  Germany. 
Fruit  medium,  oblate-cordate;  sides  compressed,  angular;  stem  long;  cavity  wide,  deep; 
skin  tough,  black;  flesh  dark  red,  juicy,  vinous;  pit  small,  oval;  ripens  very  early. 
Rose  Channeux.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  75.     1883. 

A  Polish  variety  introduced  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  Ames,  Iowa;  fruit  large,  red, 
delicate,  watery  and  mild-flavored. 

Rosenobel.     P.  avium.     1.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  280,  678.     1819.     2.  Dochnahl 
Fuhr.  Obstkunde  Z-2-;.     1858. 

An  old  German  variety  fruiting  for  the  first  time  in  1815.  Fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate, 
yellow,  streaked  with  red  around  the  cavity;  stem  long;  flesh  white,  tender,  sweet;  stone 
oval;  ripens  the  last  of  June. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF   NEW    YORK  313 

Rostraver  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Gard.  Mon.  28:2/^0,  241.     1886. 

This  variety  was  introduced  in  1SS7,  by  the  originators,  John  R.  and  A.  Murdoch, 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  The  trees,  as  grown  on  the  Station  grounds,  are  vigorous, 
moderately  spreading;  fruit  large,  blunt  heart-shaped;  suture  indistinct;  stem  long,  set 
in  a  large,  deep  cavity;  skin  thin,  tough,  rich  yellow,  mottled  with  red,  similar  to  Napoleon; 
flesh  meaty,  firm,  white,  sweet,  moderately  juicy;  season  the  middle  of  July. 
Rothe  Glanzkirsche.     Species?     1.  Truchsess-Hemi  Ktrschensort.     490-492,    689.     1819. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oblate;  suture  distinct;  stem  slender,  of  medivim  length, 
set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  color  clear  red  mixed  with  darker  red,  glossy;  flesh  tender,  white, 
fibrous;  excellent;  stone  large,  oval,  smooth;  ripens  from  the  end  of  June  to  the  middle  of 
July. 

Rothe    Herzkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Krunitz    Enc.    58,    59.     1790.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  437,  438,  439.      1S19. 

Herzfdrmige  Stissweichsel.     3.  Dochna.hl  Filhr.  Obstkttude  3: 4&.     1858. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate;  suture  indistinct;  skin  clear  red  changing  to 
darker  red,  thin,  tough;  stem  medium  in  length,  set  in  a  deep,  narrow  cavity;  flesh  tender, 
red  near  the  stone,  fibrous,  vinous;  stone  broadly  oblong,  clinging  to  the  flesh;  ripens  at 
the  beginning  of  July. 
Rothe  MaiknorpeUdrsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  286,  287.     1819. 

Fiiiit  medium  in  size,  roundish-cordate,  compressed  on  both  sides;  suture  distinct;  stem 

rather  long;  cavity  shallow;  color  wholly  red  on  a  yellow  ground ;  flesh  yellowish-white,  rather 

tender,  pleasing;  excellent;  stone  large,  cordate,  plump;  ripens  at  the  beginning  of  June. 

Rothe    Molkenkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Christ   Handb.    667.     1797.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 

Kirschensort.  229-233.     1819. 

Cerise  de  petit-lait  rouge.     3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:302.     1866. 

Christ  grew  this  variety  from  seed  at  Kronberg,  Prussia,  Germany.  Tree  productive; 
fnait  of  medium  size,  flattened  at  the  ends  and  sides;  ventral  suture  distinct;  stem  rather 
long;  cavity  shallow;  skin  thin,  glossy,  overspread  with  Ught  red,  darker  in  the  sun;  flesh 
tender,  Hght  yellow,  juicy,  bitter  before  ripe,  sweet  when  mature;  stone  roundish,  free, 
tinged  with  red  along  the  suture;  ripens  with  Black  Tartarian. 
Rothe  Soodkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  294.     1802. 

Soodamarelle.     2.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.    632-634.     1819.     3.  Thomas  Guide 
Prat.  27,  206.     1876. 

The  fruit  is  borne  in  twos  and  threes,  below  mediiun  in  size,  roundish,  compressed  on 
one  side;  apex  shallow;  stem  long;  color  dull  blood  red,  lighter  near  the  suture;  flesh  melting, 
dull  yellow;  juice  reddish,  abundant,  tart;  stone  small,  broad,  free. 
Rouaanse  Kirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  340.     1S19. 

A  Heart  cherr>',  clear,  light  red  spotted  with  red  in  color;  flesh  firm. 
Rouge  Pale  Tardive.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  55.     183 1. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Rouge  des  Vosges.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mas  Le  Verger  S:iot,  108,  fig.  52.     1866-73.     2.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  100  fig.,  loi.     1904. 

Cultivated  in  the  region  of  Fougerolle,  Haute-Saone,  France,  as  the  Noire  des  Vosges 


314 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 


and  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  a  liquevir.     Fruit  usually  borne  in  pairs,   large, 
elongated-cordate;  suture  distinct;  stem  long;  cavity  of  medium  size;  skin  glossy,  dark 
red;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  sprightly;  stone  small,  roundish,  with  a  small  point  at  the 
apex;  ripens  the  last  half  of  July. 
Round  Sweet.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:61.     1900. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Royal  American.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:62.     1900. 

Tree  strong  in  growth;  fruit  large;  skin  light  red  becoming  darker  in  the  sun;  flesli 
yellowish- white,  firm,  juicy,  agreeable;  ripens  in  July. 
Royal  Hatif.     P.  avium.     1.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:505.     1S60. 

Tree  very  productive,  of  medium  size;  fniit  large,  compressed  at  the  apex  and  base; 
stem  green,  short,  often  with  stipules;  flavor  sweet;  very  good;  ripens  at  the  end  of  May. 
Rumsey.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:122.     1900. 

Knmsey's  Late  Morello.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  199  fig.     1845. 

Tliis  very  late  cherry  was  grown  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Rumsey,  Fishkill  Landing,  New  York, 
about  1835.  Fruit  usually  borne  in  pairs,  large,  roundish-cordate;  suture  distinct;  stem 
long;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  skin  glossy,  a  rich,  lively  red;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  acid;  stone 
long;  ripens  from  the  first  part  of  August  until  frosts. 

Runde  Marmorirte  Siisskirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Clirist  Wortcrb.  280.  1S02.  2.  Truch- 
sess-Heim  Kirsehensort.  336,  683.  1819.  3.  Oberdieck  Obst-Sort.  382.  x8Si. 
4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  375.     1889. 

Weiss  und  hellroth  geflekte  grosse   Kramelkirsche.     5.  Kraft   Pom.  Aust.  1:3,  Tab.  6 
fig.  I.     1792. 

Runde  Marmorirte  Siisskirsche  is  one  of  the  varieties  which  has  been  confused  with 
Napoleon  and  Yellow  Spanish.  Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish- 
cordate,  slightly  compressed;  suture  shallow;  stem  long;  cavity  shallow,  wide,  depressed 
on  the  ventral  side;  skin  yellow,  streaked,  dotted  and  overlaid  with  red  —  the  amount 
depending  on  the  exposure  to  the  sun;  flesh  whitish-yellow,  medium  firm,  juicy,  very  sweet, 
sprightly,  excellent;  stone  ovate  to  oval;  matures  usually  with  Napoleon. 
Rupert.     P.  pumila  X   P.?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  435.     1901. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference  as  being  a  cross  between  the  Prunus  pumila,  the  Sand 
Cherry,  and  a  plum. 

Rupp.  P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  40,  PI.  3.  1895.  2.  Mich. 
Sta.  Bui.  187:62.     1901. 

Rupp  is  supposed  to  have  originated  with  Solomon  Rupp,  York  County,  Pennsylvania. 
It  was  sent  to  several  Experiment  Stations  for  testing  by  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture.  As  grown  at  the  Michigan  and  Geneva  Stations  it  cannot  be  distinguished 
from  Reine  Hortense  and  we  are  inclined  to  believe  that  the  old  variety  has  been  over- 
shadowed by  a  new  name. 
Russian  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Ont.  Dept.  Agr.  Fr.  Out.  103.     19 14. 

Russian  20J.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  76.     1890. 

Tree  upright,  vigorous;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  round,  flattened  at  the  base;  stem 
long;  skin  bright  red;  juicy;  fair  quality;  ripens  the  first  of  August. 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW   YORK  315 

Russian  Seedlings  Nos.  8,  42,  49,  54,  109,  128,  169,  199.     P.  cerasus.     1.  la.  Sta.  Bid. 
73:80,  81.     1903. 

These  seedlings  were  grown  at  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station  from  selected  seeds  of 
Russian  varieties.     They  show  every  variation  from  a  low,  compact,  spreading  tree  to 
a  tall,  conical  one,  while  the  fnut  varies  in  season  from  early  June  to  late  July. 
Russie  a  Fruit  Blanc.     Species?     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  55.     1831. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Ryley  Black  Tartarian.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  55.     1831. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Sachsische  Friihe  Maildrsche.     Species?     i.  Christ  Handb.  683.     1797. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Sacramento.     Species?     i.  Green  River  Nnr.  Cat.  23.     1899. 

This  is  a  productive  variety,  resembling  May  Duke,  found  near  Sacramento,  Kentucky. 
Saint-Laurent.     Species?'     i.  Alas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     18S2. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Sansoto.     P.  pumila  X   P.  americana.     i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bill.  130:184,  PI.  10,  PI.  11,  185. 
191 1. 

Sansoto  is  a  cross  from  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station  between  the  Sand 
Cherry  and  the  De  Soto  plimi.  In  growth  the  tree  resembles  that  of  the  plum  but  the 
fruit  in  looks  and  flavor  is  more  Uke  the  Sand  Cherry.  Fruit  is  round,  about  three- 
eighths  inch  in  diameter;  skin  black  with  a  bluish  bloom,  thin,  free  from  acerbity;  flesh 
yellowish-green,  sprightly;  pit  clinging. 

Sapa.     P.  pumila  X  P.  triflora.     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  io8:Pl.  9.     1908.     2.  Ibid.  130:176, 
177  PI.  7,  178.     1911. 

Sapa,  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  Occident  plum,  was  introduced  in 
1908  by  the  South  Dakota  Station.  Tree  plum-like  in  habit;  fruit-buds  numerous;  fruit 
about  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter ;  skin  glossy,  dark  purple;  flesh  rich,  dark 
purple;  season  extremely  early. 

Sappington.     P.   avium,     i.  Ohio  Hort.    Soc.  Rpt.    22.     1892-93.     2.  Budd-Hansen  Am. 
Hort.  Man.  2:282.     1903. 

Grown  about  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  it  originated.     The  tree  resembles  Mazzard 
in  growth,  vigor  and  productiveness;  fruit  sweet;  early. 
Bauer jotte.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Guide  Prat.  17.     1895. 

Listed  as  a  variety  of  doubtful  value. 
Saure  Herzkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Obstbdume  161.     1791. 

Described  as  a  black.  Sour  Cherry  of  the  first  rank,  with  tender  flesh  and  excellent  juice. 
Sauvigny  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  ///.  Handb.  91  fig.,  92.     i860. 

Bigarreau  de  Sauvigny.     2.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:302.     1S66. 

Dure  de  Sauvigny.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:160.     1882. 

Fruit  large,  elongated,  obtuse-cordate,  compressed  more  strongly  upon  the  side  showing 
a  suture;  stem  variable,  usually  of  medium  length;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  skin  glossy,  dark 
brownish-red,  mottled  with  lighter  red;  flesh  very  firm,  dark  red,  juicy;  quality  very  good; 
pit  small,  oval,  acutely-pointed  at  the  apex,  free;  ripens  in  late  July. 


3l6  THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 

Scharlachkirsche.     P.  avium  X  P-  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Handb.  669.     1797. 

This  variety  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  May  Duke.     Usually  borne  in  twos  and  threes; 
fruit  medium  in  size;  stem  above  medium  in  length,  slender;  suture  indistinct;  ripens 
the  latter  part  of  June. 
Schleihahn  Sweet.     P.  avium,     i.  la.  Sia.  Press  Bui.  28:1911. 

Bigarreau  de  Schleihahn.     2.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20,  190.     1876. 

A  variety  of  German  origin,  introduced  into  Iowa  about  1892  and  described  as 
a  desirable  variety  for  that  State  by  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College.  It  follows  Early 
Richmond  and  has  a  long  season.  Tree  productive,  hardy  for  a  sweet  variety;  fniit  of 
medium  size,  cordate,  sides  flattened;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  rather  deep,  wide  cavity; 
skin  firm,  glossy,  surface  often  pitted;  dots  numerous,  obscure;  suture  often  lacking; 
color  bright  deep  red,  becoming  dark  red  or  black;  flesh  dark  red,  very  firm,  moderately 
juicy,  sweet;  good;  pit  above  medium  in  size,  pointed,  oval,  turgid,  nearly  free;  season 
at  Ames,  Iowa,  from  June  20th  to  July  ist. 

Schlossers    Schatteninorelle.     P.   cerasus.     1.  Reut.    Pom.   Inst.   Festschrift    123.     1910. 
2.   Pom.  Inst.  Reut.  31.     1911-12. 

Tree  vigorous;  frmt  large,  round,  dark  brownish-red,  similar  to  the  Brusseler  Brauiie 
but  larger;  sour. 
Schmehls.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  549.     1901. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large  obtuse-cordate;  skin  mottled  with  yellow  and  pale  red; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasing;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Schmidt  Bigarreau  No.  2.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:62.     1900. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  nearly  round;  skin  dark  red;  flesh  red,  firm,  juicy,  sweet; 
season  late  June. 
Schmidt  Friihe  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Lauche  Ergdnzungsband  603.     1883. 

F.  Schmidt,  Potsdam,  Prussia,  Germany,  grew  this  variety.     Tree  fruitful  and  succeeds 
in  all  soils;  fruit  large,  abruptly  cordate;  suture  indistinct;  stem  medium  in  length;  cavity 
wide,  deep;  color  glossy  dark  brown  changing  to  black;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet;  good; 
stone  medium,  roundish;  early. 
Schneeberger  Kirsche.     Species?     i.  Obstziichter  S:  ^2 .     1910. 

This  is  a  market  cherry  grown  about  Vienna,  Austria,  ripening  about  the  middle 
of  July  and  lasting  for  a  month.     Some  fruits  are  round,  others  cordate,  depending  on  the 
altitude  in  which  it  is  grown;  stem  slender;  color  black;  flesh  moderately  firm,  adhering 
to  the  pit. 
Schneider  Friihe  Herzkirsche.     P.  ainuni.     1.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  376.     1889. 

Giiigne-hative  de  Schneider.     2.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  18,  198.     1876. 

Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large,  cordate,  truncate;  skin  a  brilliant  brownish- 
black;  flesh  firm;  of  first  quality;  matures  early  in  June. 

Schneider  Spate  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Oberdieck  Obst-Sort.  370,  371.     1881. 
2.  Lauche  Deut.  Pont.  Ill: No.  8,  PI.     1882. 

Origin,  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  very  large, 
oval,  often  cordate,  sides  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem  long,  inserted  in  a  wide, 
deep  cavity;  skin  glossy,  cherry-red  changing  to  dark  brown,  with  numerous  flecks;  flesh 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  317 

firm,  yello^-ish,  sweet,  with  slightly  colored  juice;  stone  elongated-ovate,  large,  plump; 

late. 

Schone  von  Brugge.     Species?     i.  Matliieu  Nom.  Pom.  376.     1889. 

Belle  Brugeoise  Saint-Pierre.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Listed  but  not  described  in  the  reference  given. 
Schone  von  Marienhohe.     P.  avium,     i.  III.  Handb.   57  fig.,   58.     i860.     2.  Proskauer 
Obstsort.  5/.     1907. 

Belle  glorie  de  Marie.     3.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:300.     1866. 

Belle  de  Marienhohe.     4.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  19,  187.     1876. 

Beauty  oj  Marienhohe.     5.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  549.     1901. 

This  old  variety  originated  in  1836  from  pits  planted  in  the  Royal  nursery  of  Marien- 
hohe near  Weimar,  Saxe- Weimar,  Germany.  Trees  strong,  healthy  and  productive; 
fruit  medium  in  size,  heart-shaped,  often  variable;  sides  pliamp;  cavity  noticeable;  apex 
a  small  yellowish-brown  point  in  a  slight  depression ;  stem  slender,  green ;  skin  thin,  glossy, 
reddish-black;  flesh  and  juice  dark  red,  tender,  sweet;  quality  very  good;  pit  egg-shaped, 
smooth  without  a  point,  turgid;  ripens  the  first  of  July. 

Schrocks  Spate  Bunte  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  3:43. 
1858. 

Fruit  large,  elongated-cordate,  compressed,  often  uneven;  suture  noticeable;  stem 
long,  slender;  skin  dark  red,  variegated;  flesh  firm,  vinous,  sweet;  stone  elongated-cordate, 
adherent;  ripens  at  the  end  of  July. 

Schwarze  ForellenkLrsche.     P.  ccrasus.     i.  Kriinitz  Enc.   70,  71.     1790.     2.  Truchsess- 
Heim  Kirschensort.  593,  594.     1819. 

Tree  productive,  not  large;  fruit  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened;  stem  very  long, 

set  in  a  cavity  of  medium  size;  skin  glossy,  dark  bro'miish-black  becoming  almost  black; 

flesh  very  red,  melting,  juicy,  sour;  stone  reddish,  one-half  inch  long;  ripens  early  in  August. 

Schwarze  Maiweichsel.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  285.     1802.     2.  Dochnahl  Fuhr. 

Obstkunde  i:s8.     1858. 

Schwarze  Maikirsche.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  498,  499,  500.     1819. 

This  variety  differs  from  other  Morellos  in  its  very  short  stem.  Tree  small,  not 
productive;  fruit  usually  small,  roundish,  flattened;  suture  indistinct;  stem  short;  color 
black  when  ripe;  flesh  dark  red,  juice  lighter,  sour,  becoming  aromatic  on  hanging;  stone 
very  small,  round;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 

Schwarze   Muskateller.     P.   ainum.     i.  Christ  Handb.   671.     1797.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  419,  420,  421.     1819. 

Fruit  roimd,  somewhat  flattened  on  one  side;  stem  short;  skin  and  flesh  dark  red; 
flesh  soft,  juicy,  mingled  with  a  slight  soximess;  ripens  the  latter  part  of  July. 
Schwarze    Oranienkirsche.     Species?     i.  Krunitz    Enc.    56.     1790.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  432.     18 19. 

Schwarze  Malvasierkirsche.    3.  Ibid.  433,  434.     1819. 

Fruit  large,  pitch-black,  aromatic;  from  Holland. 
Schwarze  Soodkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  286.     1802.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  556,  557.     1819. 


3l8  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Branches  slender,  drooping;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oblate,  sides  flattened;  stem  slender; 
cavity  shallow;  suture  a  fine  line;  color  almost  black;  flesh  tender,  slightly  fibrous,  dark 
red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  pleasingly  subacid;  stone  small,  roundish;  season  the  middle  of 

July. 

Schwarzbraune  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort.   198,   igg, 

200,  675.     1S19. 

Of  German  origin  and  first  mentioned  in   1797.     Fruit  moderately  large,   uneven, 
flattened  at  the  base  and  sides;  stem  slender,  rather  long,  deeply  inserted;  skin  brownish- 
red  approaching  black,  tough,  leather-like;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  with  violet  juice  when  ripe; 
ripens  early  in  August. 
Schwarzes  Taubenherz.     P.  avium.     1.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort.   147,    148.     1S19. 

This  variety  is  peculiar  in  that  its  stem  is  green  and  its  fruit  has  a  deep  suture  on 
the  compressed  side;  skin  ver>'  dark  brown;  flesh  tender,  soft,  bitter,  sweet  when  fully 
ripe  but  insipid;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Sebril.     P.  avium,     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  152:192.     1898. 

Listed  as  a  Sweet  Cherry. 
Seckbacher.     P.     cerasus.     x.  Truchsess-Heim      Kirschensort.      167-174.      1819.     2.  ///. 
Handb.  475  fig.,  476.     1861. 

Spate  Maikirsche.     3.  Christ  Handb.  660.     1797. 

Seckbacher  Knorpelkirsche.     4.  Dochnahl  Fw/ir.  Obstkunde  '^•.t,^.     1858. 

Cerise  de  Seckbach.     5.  j\Ias  Pom.  Gen.  11:55,  5^,  fig-  28.     1882. 

This  variety  probably  originated  in  Prussia,  Germany.     Fruit  small,  roimd  or  cordate, 
compressed,  with  a  faint  suture;  stem  long,  shallowly  inserted;  color  glossy,  black,  lighter 
along  the  suture;  flesh  dark  red,  firm,  juicy,  aromatic,  piquant;  stone  large;  ripens  the 
middle  of  June. 
Seederberger.     P.  avium.     1.  Col.  O.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  31.     1892. 

Listed  as  a  sweet  variety  from  Virginia  and  said  to  resemble  Yellow  Spanish  but 
the  fruit  is  larger  and  the  tree  more  vigorous. 
Select  Beauty.     Species?     i.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  30.     1828. 

A  large,  red,  well -flavored  cherry  with  a  long  stem;  not  very  productive;  ripens  in 
July. 

Shadow  Amarelle.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  326.     1888.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui. 
73:82  fig.     1903. 

Friihe  Schattenmorelle.     3.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:64.     1858. 

Schatten  Amarelle.     4.  Am.   Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   75.     1883.     5.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  329. 
1885.     6.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:126.     1900. 

Shadow  Morello.     7.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  78.     1890.     8.  Lucas  Handb.  Obst.  3rd  Ed. 
122.     1893. 

Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Ames,  Iowa,  in  1893,  imported  this  variety  from  south-central 
Asia.  It  is  very  similar  to  the  Brusseler  Braune  and  Lucas  gives  it  as  the  same.  Whether 
or  not  they  are  identical  we  cannot  determine,  as  the  variety  is  not  grown  on  the  Station 
grounds.  The  name  Schatten  is  derived  from  the  mirror-like  reflection  of  the  glossy  skin 
when  exposed  to  the  sim.     From  the  description  it  seems  to  differ  from  the  Brusseler 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  319 

Braunc  in  being  smaller  in  size,  not  so  globular,  nor  as  dark  in  color,  a  few  days  earlier, 

and  the  tree  is  more  spreading  in  growth. 

Shailer.     P.  avium,     i.  Lotid.  Hori.  Soc.  Cat.  55.     1831. 

A  }'cllowish-red,  hard-fleshed  Heart  cherry  of  inferior  quality;  ripens  in  July. 
Shannon.    P.cerasus.    i.  EWiottFr.  Book  202,  202.    1854.    2.  Mag. //ori.  19: 167,  16S.    1853. 

Shannon  Morello.     3.  Hogg  Fnnt  Man.  70,  gi.     1866. 

Gov.  Shannon.     4.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  33.     1873. 

Shannon  was  raised  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  1829,  and  described 
in  1849,  being  named  after  Wilson  Shannon,  once  Governor  of  Ohio.  It  sprung  from 
a  Morello  tree  standing  near  a  Carnation  cherry  tree  and  bears  fnut  of  the  Morello  type. 
Tree  very  hardy;  fniit  above  medium  in  size,  globular,  flattened  at  the  base;  stem  long, 
slender;  cavity  open;  flesh  tender,  reddish-purple,  juicy,  acid;  pit  small. 
Shelton.     P.  avium,     i.  Milton  Cat.  10.     191 1. 

Shelton  is  a  seedling  of  Napoleon  grown  by  Judge  William  Shelton  of  Walla  Walla, 
Washington.  Tree  hardy,  \'igorous,  upright;  fruit  smaller  than  Napoleon;  skin  pale 
yellow  with  a  red  cheek;  flesh  sweet,  tender,  juicy;  ripens  two  weeks  before  Napoleon. 
Short-stem  May.     Species?     i.  Continental  Plant  Cat.  22.     1914. 

Merely  Hsted  as  an  old,  well-known,  productive  cherry. 
Shubianka.     P.   cerasus.     1.  Mich.    Hort.   Soc.    Rpt.     327.      1888.      2.  la.     Sta.     Bui. 
73:83.     1903. 

Shubianka  is  an  inferior  smaU-fruited  cherry  of  the  Vladimir  family  imported  from 
Russia  in  1883  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  Ames,  Iowa.  Tree  dwarf,  round-topped;  fruit 
small,  round;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  broad,  shallow;  skin  tough,  thick,  deep  red;  flesh 
firm,  juicy,  colored,  sprightly,  astringent  with  a  bitter  after-taste;  stone  round,  rather 
large;  season  at  the  end  of  June;  worthless. 
Sibrel.     P.  cerasus.     1.  Greening  Bros.  Cat.  74  fig.     1899. 

Sibrel  is  of  the  Morello  type  and  originated  at  Bettsville,  Ohio;  distinguished  for 
its  productiveness,  lateness,  size  and  quality. 
Silver  Thome.     P.cerasus.     1.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:8^.     1903. 

Silver  Thome  is  supposed  to  have  originated  in   Muscatine  County,   Iowa,  about 
sixty  years  ago.      It  resembles  Early  Richmond  in  tree  and  fruit  but  the  cherries  have 
firmer  flesh  and  are  less  acid. 
Skublics  Weichsel.     P.  cerasus.     i.   Proskauer  Obstsort.  59.     1907. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Sleinhaus.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Small  Black  Guigne.     P.  avium,     i.  Prince  Poyn.  Man.  2:112.     1832. 

This  cherry  differs  from  Black  Guigne  in  being  shorter  and  inferior  in  quality. 
Small  Morello.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Thacher  Am.  Orch.  217.     1822. 

A  cherry  from  Salem  County,  New  Jersey;  the  fruit  has  a  lively  acid  taste. 
Smidt  Yellow.     Species?     i.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  669.     1897. 

A  good,  early,  prolific,  southern  variety.  Fruit  medium  in  size,  yellow,  mottled 
with  red. 


320  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEEW  YORK 

Socsany.     P.  avium,     i.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pmn.  Rpt.  41.     1895. 

Socsany  was  received  from  Hungary  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in 
1S93  and  was  sent  to  C.  E.  Hoskins,  Springbrook,  Oregon,  for  testing.  Fruit  small,  smooth, 
cordate;  suture  shallow;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  medium  in  size,  irregular,  flaring; 
skin  thick,  tenacious,  yellow,  well  covered  with  red,  with  numerous,  subcutaneous,  oblong 
dots;  flesh  yellowish,  translucent,  meaty,  with  whitish  veins,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  stone 
large,  oval,  clinging;  very  good;  season  the  first  of  July. 
Soft-stone  Cherry.     Species?     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:145.     1832. 

Soft  Sheld.     2.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  574.     1629. 

Cerise  a  Noyau  tendre.    3.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  1:174,  175.     1768. 

Many  writers  mention  a  seedless  cherry  but  Duhamel  doubts  its  existence.  He  does, 
however,  describe  one  with  a  tender,  ligneous  pit  that  is  easily  broken  by  the  fingers.  The 
fruit  is  round,  almost  an  inch  in  diameter  and  very  good. 

Souths   Breite   Herzkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.    164.     1819. 
2.   Thomas  Guide  Prat.  25.     1876. 

A  large,  black,  glossy  Heart  cherry. 
Souvenir  d'Essonnes.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  L^  Verger  8:109,  no.  fig-  53-     1866-73. 

This  cherry  was  obtained  by  M.  Courtin,  a  nurseryman  at  Essonnes,  Seine-et-Oise, 
France,  about  i860.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  slightly  compressed;  suture  indistinct; 
stem  medium;  cavity  of  medium  size,  regular;  skin  tender,  mottled  on  a  red  groimd;  flesh 
whitish,  tender,  sweet  though  sprightly;  pit  small,  oval;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Spanische  Friihkirsche.     P.  avium.     1.  III.  Handb.  149  fig.,  150.     i860. 

Spanische  Herzkirsche.     2.  Christ  Obstbdume  160.     1791. 

Schwarze  Spanische  Friihkirsche.     3.  Christ  Handb.   662.     1797.     4.  Christ  Worterb. 
282.     1802.     5.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  410-413.     1819. 

Precoce   d'Espagne.     6.  Mas   Le    Verger   8:73,    74,    fig.    35.      1866-73.     7-  Thomas 
Guide  Prat.  16,  204.     1876. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-cordate,  sides  compressed;  suture  wide,  deep,  often 
only  a  line  on  the  dorsal  side;  stem  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  shallow,  narrow  cavity;  skin 
glossy,  tough,  deep  red  changing  to  black;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  with  a  pleasing  sour- 
ness, brownish-red ;  pit  elongated-oval,  not  plump,  rather  smooth;  season  the  middle  of  June. 
Spanische  Friihweichsel.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Christ  Handb.  674.  1797.  2.  Christ  Worterb. 
289.     1802.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  500,  501,  502.     1819. 

Griotte  Precoce  d'Espagne.     4.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:41,  42,  fig.  19.     1866-73. 

Tree  strong,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roundish,  truncate 
at  the  base;  suture  marked  on  the  side  most  compressed;  stem  long,  moderately  stout, 
inserted  in  a  deep,  narrow  cavity;  skin  tender,  purplish-brown,  changing  to  black,  some- 
what Hghter  near  the  suture;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  dark  red,  with  a  pleasing  acidity;  first 
quality;  stone  small,  roundish-oval,  apex  pointed;  season  the  last  of  June 
Spanische  Glaskirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  III.  Handb.  503  fig.,  504.     1861. 

Grosse  Spanische  Weichsel  ?     2.  Christ  Handb.  683.     1797. 

Transparenie  d'Espagne.     3.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:101,  102,  fig.  49.     1860-73. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  compressed  on  the  dorsal  side;  suture  lacking;  stem  rather  long; 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK  32 1 

cavity  deep;  color  dark  red;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  acidulated;  stone  small,  nearly 

round;  ripens  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  June. 

Spanish  Griotte.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:136.     1832. 

Prince  believed  this  variety  to  be  a  sub-variety  of  Arch  Duke  which  it  resembles. 
The  fruit  is  larger  than  the  Arch  Duke,  oblong,  somewhat  flattened  along  the  sides;  stem 
very   large,   of   medium   length;   skin   brownish-red   approaching   black;   flesh   red,    firm, 
slightly  melting,  sweet;  ripens  at  the  beginning  of  July. 
Spatbliihende  Glaskirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Handb.  683.     1797. 

W'eichselbaiim  mit  gelb,  weiss,  und  rothlich  marmorirte  Frucht.     2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust. 
1:7,  Tab  17  fig.  2.     1792.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  477-479,  690.     1819. 

Fruit  of  mediiun  size;  stem  long,  slender;  color  red;  flesh  pleasingly  subacid;  ripens 
the  middle  of  July;  blooms  very  late. 

Spate  Maulbeerkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Worterb.   276.     1S02.     2.  III.  Handb.   75 
fig.,  76.     1S60. 

Spate  Maulbeerherzkirsche.     3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  135-140.     1S19. 

Guigne  mure  de  Paris.     4.  MortUlet  Le  Cerisier  2:83,  207.     1866. 

Tree  vigorous,  with  a  broad  crown,  productive;  fnoit  variable  in  size,  flattened  some- 
what squarely;  stem  long,  stout,  straight;  cavity  wide,  shallow;  skin  tough,  black,  rather 
dull;  flesh  tender,  reddish-black,  with  abimdant,  colored  juice,  sweet  with  a  piquant  sour- 
ness; pit  round;  season  the  last  of  Jiily. 
Spate  Rote  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  378.     1889. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Spate  Schwarze  Forellenkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Worterb.  291.     1802.     2.  Truch- 
sess-Heim Kirschensort.  605,  606.     1S19. 

This  variety  was  found  in  Bemburg,  Anhalt,  Germany.     Tree  medium  in  height, 
with  branches  drooping;  fruit  large,  dark  brownish-red;  very  sour;  stone  very  long;  ripens 
in  September  with  a  few  fruits  remaining  until  October. 
Spate  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  ///.  Handb.  43  fig.,  44.     1867. 

Fruit  very  large,  roundish,  flattened,  angtdar;  suture  but  a  line;  stem  rather  long; 
cavity  shallow;  skin  glossy,  dark  red,  becoming  black,  streaked;  flesh  dark  red,  firm,  sweet, 
aromatic,  with  a  slight  bitterness;  stone  oval;  ripens  in  late  August. 
Spate  Schwarze  Spanische  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Handb.  664.     1797. 
2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  152,  153.     1819. 

This  variety  is  distinguished  from  all  others  of  its  class  by  its  soft,  tender  stone;  it 
differs  from  the  Soft-stone  Cherry  in  shape.  Fruit  elongated,  tapering-cordate;  skin  glossy, 
dark  brown,  changing  to  black;  flesh  tender,  dark  red,  juicy,  aromatic;  stone  medium 
in  size,  flattened,  often  abortive,  with  a  thin  covering  over  the  kernel  easily  broken  by 
the  hand;  ripens  in  late  August. 

Speckkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Christ  Handb.  665.     1797.     2.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschen- 
sort. 287-289.     1819. 

Cerise  Graisseuse.     3.  Mortillet  Le  CmszVr  2:303.     1866. 

Cerise  Lard.     4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:81,  82,  fig.  41.     1882. 

This  cherrv  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  Corone.     It  differs  from  other  Bigarreaus 


2,22 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 


in  its  variable  form.  Tree  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large;  stem  rather  long,  set  in 
a  shallow  cavity;  color  dark  red  with  lighter  red  flecks;  flesh  firm,  pale  yellow,  subacid; 
stone  rather  large,  nearly  free;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 

Spitzens  Herzkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Trachsess-Kekn  Kirschensort.  160,  i6i,  673.  1819. 
2.  III.  Ha)idb.  yi&g.,  72.  i860.  3.  MovtUlet  LeCerisier  2:^01.  1866.  4.  Thomas 
Guide  Prat.  18,  199.     1876. 

Guigne  noire  Spitz.     5.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:333  fig-     1877. 

Bigarreau  noire  de  Spitz.    6.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Spitzens  Herzkirsche  is  a  seedling  found  in  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany,  about  1790. 
Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  usually  borne  in  pairs,  large,  obtuse-cordate,  compressed; 
suture  shallow;  stem  short;  cavity  shallow;  skin  glossy,  tender,  dark  reddish-brown  changing 
to  black,  lighter  along  the  suture;  flesh  dark  red,  tender,  fibrous,  sweet,  aromatic  when  fully 
ripe;  stone  of  medium  size,  pltmip,  oval,  slightly  adherent;  season  late. 
Srdcovka  V  Skalka.     P.  avium,     i.  Obstzikhter  Si^i.     19 10. 

A  Heart  cherry  found  in  the  markets  of  Briinn,  Moravia,  Austria. 
Stanapa.     P.  pumila  X  P.  pissardi.     i.  5.  Dak.  Sia.  Bui.  130:190,  191.     191 1. 

Stanapa  is  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  Prunus  pissardi,  interesting  only 
because  of  its  beautiful  purple  foHage. 
Standard.     P.  pumila.     1.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  353.     1896. 

Standard  is  a  seedling  of  Prunus  pumila,  the  Sand  Cherry,  grown  by  the  Experiment 
Station  at  Manitoba,  Canada;  fruit  large,  astringent. 
Starr  Prolific.     Species?     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  1:22.     1894. 

Mentioned  as  growing  on  the  groimds  of  L.  Woolverton,  Grimsby,  Ontario,  Canada. 
Strass  Early  Black.     P.  avium  X    P.  cerasus.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  473.     1869. 
2.  Agr.  Gaz.  N.  S.  Wales  19:996.     1908. 

Many  writers  believe  Strass  Early  Black  to  be  Reine  Hortense.     Tree  vigorous,   pro- 
ductive; fruit  small,  partly  cordate,  flattened  on  one  side;  stem  of  mediimi  length,  set  in  a 
shallow  cavity;  skin  dark  red  becoming  almost  black;  flesh  reddish-pink,  rather  soft,  sweet, 
with  pinkish  juice;  stone  large. 
Strauss.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Del.  Sia.  An.  Rpt.  12:127.     1900. 

Strauss  Weichsel.     2.  la.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  328.     1885.     3.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  17:11. 
1892. 

This  is  not  the  Strauss  Weichsel  of  Europe  but  one  of  Budd's  importations.  Tree 
upright,  hardy,  round-topped,  vigorous,  unproductive;  fruit  mediimi  to  large,  truncate, 
flattened  at  both  ends;  cavity  medium;  apex  smooth;  stem  short,  slender;  flesh  dark  red 
almost  black,  firm,  juicy,  sprightly,  acid,  astringent;  stone  small,  roiuid;  season  the  last 
of  June. 

Strauss  Weichsel.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Christ  Worterb.  289.  1802.  2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  502-505.  1819.  3.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:59.  1858. 
4.  ///.  Handb.  81  fig.,  82.     1867. 

Tree  dwarfish,  unproductive;  fruit  on  a  single  stem  but  several  come  out  of  one  bud 
and  the  buds  are  closely  set;  fruit  large,  flattened  at  both  ends;  apex  slightly  rounded; 
stem  long,  thin,  straight;  color  brownish-black;  flesh  tender,  dark  red,  with  abundant, 
colored  juice;  quality  good;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  323 

Striker.     P.  avium,     i.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  41.     1895. 

Striker  is  a  seedling  of  Napoleon  grown  by  C.  E.  Hoskins,  Springbrook,  Oregon.  Frtiit 
large,  cordate;  cavity  wide,  deep,  flaring,  pink;  stem  of  medium  length,  slender;  suture 
shallow;  skin  thick,  tender,  glossy,  yeUow,  washed  and  mottled  with  red;  dots  minute, 
russet,  elongated;  flesh  yellowish,  translucent,  fibrous,  firm,  juicy,  mild,  sprightly;  very 
good;  pit  of  medium  size,  oval,  semi-clinging;  season  the  last  of  June  to  early  July. 
Striped-Leaved.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Prince  Pow.  Maw.  2:151.     1832. 

Cerasus  hortensis  joliis  eleganter  variegatis.     2.  MUler  Card.  Diet.  1:1754. 

Cultivated  as  an  ornamental. 
Stuart.     P.  avium. 

Stuart  originated  from  nursery-sown  pits  and  was  propagated  by  C.  W.  Stuart  of 
Newark,  New  York,  who  sent  trees  to  this  Station  for  testing  in  1900.  Tree  of  medium 
size,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  cordate  or  inclined  to  conic,  compressed;  suture 
indistinct;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  deep,  wide,  obtuse;  skin  thin,  tender;  color  light  red 
over  a  yellowish  background  changing  to  dark,  glossy  red;  flesh  whitish,  juicy,  tender, 
meaty,  crisp,  mild,  sweet;  quality  good;  ripens  in  mid-season. 
Sucree  Leon  Leclerc.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  19,  206.     1876 

Gtiigne  sucree  de  Leon  Leclerc.     2.  MortUlet  Le  Cerisier  2:98.     1866.     3.  Leroy  Diet. 
Pom.  5:330.  340  fig-     1877- 

Leon  Leclercs  Herzkirsche.     4.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  ^6.     1907. 

This  variety  originated  with  Leon  Leclerc  of  Laval,  Mayenne,  France,  about  1853. 
Tree  small,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  borne  in  twos  or  threes,  cordate-ovoid;  stem 
long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  cavity  of  medium  size;  skin  deep  rose-carmine;  flesh  whitish, 
semi-tender,  very  sugary,  aromatic;  pit  medium  in  size,  elongated-oval;  ripens  about  the 
end  of  Jxme. 
Summit.     P.  avium. 

Summit  is  a  seedling  sent  this  Station  by  Isaiah  Lower,  Barberton,  Ohio.  According 
to  Mr.  Lower,  the  tree  is  vigorous  and  bears  large,  dark  red  cherries,  very  rich  in  juice  and 
of  a  pleasing  taste. 

Siisse  Amarelle.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:8,  Tab.  20  fig.  i.  1792.  2.  Truch- 
sess-Heim  A'jVsc/jCTi50rt.  618,  619.  1819.  3.  III.  Handb.  8g  ^g.,  go.  1867.  4.  Ober- 
dieck  Obst-Sort.  356,  357.     1881. 

Spate  Amarelle  incor.     5.  Christ  Worterb.  294.     1802. 

This  variety  is  probably  of  French  origin.  Tree  medium  in  height,  bushy,  productive; 
fruit  large,  flattened  on  both  ends  and  on  one  side  giving  it  a  four -angled  appearance;  stem 
short,  stout;  cavity  flat,  shallow;  apex  slightly  depressed;  sutvire  short,  slightly  prominent; 
skin  dark  red,  thin,  tough,  separating  readily  from  the  pulp;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  white, 
sweet;  stone  large,  thick,  round,  free;  season  the  middle  of  June. 

Siisse  Friihherzkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  154,  155,  672. 
1819. 

Fruit  rather  small,  round,  compressed  and  marked  by  a  suture;  stem  long,  slender; 
color  dark  brown,  becoming  black;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  piquant;  stone  large,  adherent; 
season  the  end  of  Jvme. 


324  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Siisse  Friihweichsel.  P.  cerasus.  i.  Christ  Worterb.  288.  1802.  2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensori.  536-538.     1819.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pmn.  379.     1889. 

Cerise  Hdtive.     4.  Mas  Le  Verger  8: 2^,  24,  fig.  10.     1866-73. 

This  cherry  should  not  be  confused  with  the  dark-fleshed  variety,  Griotte  Douce 
Pr^coce.  Branches  long,  flexible;  fruit  usually  borne  in  twos  or  threes,  of  medium  size, 
roundish,  flattened;  suture  rather  distinct;  stem  short,  set  in  a  large  cavity;  skin  tender, 
clear  red  becoming  darker;  flesh  whitish,  mild;  stone  small,  roundish;  ripens  early  in  June. 
Siisse  Maiherzkirsche.  P.  avium,  i.  Christ  Handb.  662.  1797.  2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensori.  111-115.     1819.     3.  Doch.na.hl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:  ig.     1S58. 

Fruit  round,  medium  in  size;  suture  indistinct;  skin  black;  flesh  dark  red,  piquant; 
stone  small,  plump,  roundish,  adherent  along  the  suture;  season  the  middle  of  June  to 

July. 

Siisse  Spanische.  P.  avium.  i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensori.  233-235.  1819. 
2.  Thomas  Guide  Prai.  18,  206.     1876. 

Douce  d'Espagne.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:21,  22,  fig.  11.     1882. 

This  cherry  was  sent  out  by  Pastor  Winter  of  Germany  in  1796  as  a  seedling  of  White 
Spanish.  Fruit  above  medium  to  large,  cordate;  sides  compressed  and  marked  by 
a  suture;  stem  rather  long,  slender,  set  in  a  narrow  cavity;  skin  dull  yellow,  spotted  with 
red,  often  dull;  flesh  whitish-yellow  with  a  reddish  tinge  near  the  skin,  tender,  sweet; 
stone  small,  broadly  cordate,  adherent;  season  late. 
Siisskirsche  mit  Gefurster  Bluthe.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Sweedish.     P.  avium,     i.  Cultivaior  N.  S.  7:270.     1850. 

Sweedish  is  one  of  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland's  varieties,  possibly  identical  with  White 
Heart.     Its  strikingly  rugose  or  wrinkled  surface  distinguishes  it  from  other  cherries. 
Sweet  Montmorency.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  8:284.     1842.     2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees 
Am.  193  fig.     1845. 

Allen's  Sweei  Monimorency.     3.  Bridgeman  Gard.  Ass'i  Pt.  3:183.     1847. 

The  fruit  of  this  variety  resembles  Montmorency  in  external  appearance  but  it  is  of 
a  sweet,  delicate  flavor  and  the  growth  and  habit  of  the  tree  is  that  of  a  Heart.  Probably 
it  is  a  hybrid  between  a  Heart  and  a  Morello  or  Montmorency.  It  was  raised  by  J.  F. 
Allen,  Salem,  Massachusetts.  Tree  vigorous,  somewhat  spreading;  fruit  rather  small, 
nearly  round;  suture  shallow;  stem  short;  cavity  shallow;  skin  pale  amber  in  the  shade, 
deep  orange  in  the  sun,  becoming  darker,  and  mottled  with  yellow;  flesh  yellowish,  tender, 
juicy,  sweet,  high  quality;  stone  small,  roimd,  slightly  adherent;  season  the  last  of  July 
to  August. 
Sweet  Morello.     Species?     1.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  54.     1831. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Tarascon  Kirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  III.  Handb.  5  fig.,  6.     1867. 

Guigne  de  Tarascon.     2.  Mortillet  Le  CmsjVr  2:59-61,  fig.  4,  219.     1866.     3.  Thomas 
Guide  Prat.  18,  199.     1876.     4.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:336,  337  fig.     1877. 

Tarascon  Kirsche  originated  in  Bouches-du-Rh6ne,  France.  Tree  of  medium  height, 
moderately  vigorous;  fruit  rather  large,  usually  attached  by  fours,  obtuse-cordate,  surface 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 


o-^:) 


irregular;  suture  indistinct;  stem  rather  slender,  medium  in  length;  cavity  often  shallow; 
skin  glossy,  changing  to  nearly  black;  flesh  colored,  juicy,  tender,  sweet;  ripens  late  in 
June. 

Tardive  d'Avignon.     P.  avium,     i.   Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:153,  iS4  %■  39,  iSS-     1866. 
2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:395,  396  fig.     1S77. 

This  variety  is  grown  at  Avignon,  Vaucluse,  France.  Tree  vigorous,  large;  fruit 
usually  attached  in  pairs,  of  medium  size,  compressed  at  the  base,  mamelon  at  the  apex ; 
suture  indistinct;  stem  very  long,  slender,  set  in  a  broad,  shallow  cavity;  apex  prominent; 
skin  thin  but  firm,  dark  glossy  red,  never  becoming  black,  easily  detached  from  the  pulp; 
flesh  clear  blood-red  netted  with  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  with  pronotmced  acidity; 
first  quality;  pit  small,  roundish,  moderately  grooved;  matures  at  the  beginning  of  July. 
Tardive  de  Brederode.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:156.     1882. 

Leaves  and  flowers  described. 
Tardive  Noire  d'Espagne.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Tardive  de  Peine.     Species?     1.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Tecumseh.     P.   avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.   Book   203.     1854.     2.  Mag.   Hort.    19:167,    168. 
1853.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:65,  66,  fig.  33.     1882. 

Tecumseh  was  raised  in  1842  by  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  from  a  pit 
of  YeUow  Spanish,  probably  fertilized  by  Black  Tartarian,  Black  Mazzard,  or  May  Duke. 
Tree  moderately  vigorous,  spreading,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  obtuse- 
cordate,  compressed,  with  a  broad,  shallow  suture;  stem  long,  moderately  thick;  skin  thin, 
tender,  deep  reddish-purple  changing  to  purplish-black,  glossy,  sometimes  mottled  with 
red;  flesh  reddish-purple,  rather  tender,  very  juicy,  sweet  yet  sprightly  but  not  high 
flavored;  quality  good;  stone  medium  in  size,  smooth,  round,  slightly  elongated;  ripens 
from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  July. 
Temple.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Col.  0.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  31.     1892. 

Temple  is  a  large  Duke,  subacid  in  flavor,  ripening  about  June  loth.  Tree  an  upright 
grower. 

Terry.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   168.     1897.     2.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.   12:122. 
1900.     3.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:283.     1903. 

Terry  Early.     4.  Stark  Bros.  Cat.  21.     19 10. 

Terry  was  probably  imported  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  from  Russia.     Tree 
moderately  upright,   hardy;   fruit  of  medium  size,   roundish,   flattened  laterally;   suture 
indistinct;  stem  medium  long;  cavity  shallow;  skin  tough,  slightly  astringent,  deep  red; 
flesh  meaty,  subacid,  colored;  stone  small,  roundish;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 
Thirty  Day.     Species?     i.  Col.  0.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  9.     1890. 

Thirty  Day  is  said  to  ripen  thirty  days  from  the  time  of  blossoming.     It  was  grown 
by  a  Mr.  Irwin  of  Fairfield  Coimty,  Ohio;  fruit  large  and  of  excellent  quality. 
Thompson.     P.  avium,     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  290.     1889. 

Thompson  is  a  seedling  of  Black  Tartarian,  which  it  closely  resembles,  from  Napa 
County,  California.     Tree  hardier  and  the  fruit  firmer  than  Black  Tartarian. 


326  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Thranen  Muskatellerkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Handb.   683.     1797.     2.  Truchsess- 

Heim    Kirschensort.    174-177.     1819.     3-  Dochnahl  Fuhr.   Obstkunde  3:35.     185S. 

Bigarreatitier  a  rameaux  pendants.     4.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  4:85,  86,  PI.     1856.     5.  Leroy 

Diet.  Pam.  5:233  fig.,  234.     1877. 
Muscat  des  Larmes.     6.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:301.     1866. 

This  old  variety  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  Germany  and  France  from  the 
Island  of  Minorca  in  the  Mediterranean.     The  branches  very  soon  take  on  a  drooping 
habit  whence  its  name;  leaves  long  and  narrow,  peach-like;  fruit  large,  often  borne  in 
pairs,  flattened  at  the  stem  as  well  as  at  the  sides,  marked  by  a  suture ;  skin  dark  brownish- 
red;  flesh  dark  red,  firm,  juicy;  excellent;  stone  plump,  oval;  ripens  the  middle   of  July. 
Tilgner    Rothe    Herzkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.     254,    255. 
1819.     2.  Dochnahl  Fuhr.   Obstkunde  3:27.     185S.     3.  III.   Handb.   103   fig.,    104. 
i860. 
Guigne  de  Tilgener.    4.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:302.     1866. 
Bigarreau  rouge  de  Tilgener  ?     5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 
This  variety  is  a  seedling  from  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany.     Tree  large,  productive; 
fruit  above  medium  in  size,  cordate;  suture  shallow;  stem  mediimi  to  above  in  length, 
rather  deeply  inserted;  color  yellowish,  spotted  and  streaked  with  red  often  becoming 
wholly  red;  flesh  pale  white,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  aromatic;  quality  very  good;  stone  oval, 
acutely  pointed,  plump,  grooved;  ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 

Tilgner    Schwarze    Knorpelkirsche.      P.  avium.      1.    ///.    Hayidb.     t,t,    fig.,    34.      1867. 
2.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  380.     1889. 
Bigarreau  noir  de  Tilgner.     3.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:230  fig.     1877. 
Another   seedling   from  Guben,   Prussia,   Germany,   originating  about    1852.     Tree 
vigorous,  healthy,  productive;  fruit  usually  borne  in  threes,  very  large,  obtuse-cordate, 
often  pointed,  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem  short,  stout,  set  in  a  deep,  rather  wide 
cavity;  skin  moderately  tender,  glossy,  black  when  ripe;  flesh  rather  tender,  dark  red, 
aromatic,  pleasing;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval;  season  late. 
Tobacco-Leaved.     P.  avium,     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:122,  123.     1832. 
Ounce.     2.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  571.     1629. 
Cerise  a  Feuilles  bigarrees.     3.  Knoop  Frwcto/ogiV  2:35.     1771. 
Four    to    the    Pound.    4.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort.    267-277.      1819.     5.  Lond. 

Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  49.     183 1. 
Achte  {sein  sollende)   Kirsche  Vier  auf  ein  Pjund.    6.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort. 

283,  284,  679.     1819. 
Bigarreautier  a  grandes  feuilles.     7.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  2:  No.  10,  PI.     1846. 
Gross  blattrige  Molkenkirsche.     8.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:31.     1858. 
Bigarreau  a  Feuilles  de  Tabac.     9.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:201  fig.,  202,  203,  204.     1877. 
The  foliage  is  an  object  of  curiosity  in  this  variety,  the  leaves  often  measuring  a  foot 
in  length  and  from  five  to  eight  inches  in  width.     The  fruits   are  rather  below  medium 
in   size.     The    young  shoots  present  a   much   undulated    appearance.     The   variety  is 
evidently   of    English    origin,    being    mentioned    in    1629,  by    Parkinson.     Fruit   below 
medium  in  size,  heart-shaped;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  tender,  glossy,  yellow  overspread 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW   YORK  327 

with  red;  flesh  firm,  transparent,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;   stone  of  medium  size,  ovate;   ripens 

early  in  August. 

Toctonne  Precoce.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:156.     1S82. 

The  fruit  is  not  described. 
Tokeya.     P.  piimila   X    P.  simonii.     i.  S.   Dak.  Sta.  Bid.   108: PI,     4.      1908.     2.  Ibid. 
130:188  PI.  13,  189.     1911. 

Tokeya  is  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  Simon  plum  and  was  introduced 
as  South  Dakota  No.  7  by  the  South  Dakota  Station.  The  early  fruiting  and  the  dwarfing 
habit  of  the  Sand  Cherries  are  very  e\ndent;  fruit  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in 
diameter,  flat,  dark  red;  flesh  green,  sprightly  subacid,  intermediate  between  that  of  the 
two  parents;  of  good  quality;  pit  very  small. 
Tomato.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Hogg  Fndt  Man.  92.     1866. 

Pomme-d' Amour.     2.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  21,  203.     1876. 

Love  Apple.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd  App.     163.     1881. 

Tomato  is  a  Diike  cherry  of  Spanish  origin.  Fruit  large,  roundish-oblate,  often 
depressed  or  tomato-shaped ;  suture  shallow ;  apex  a  dot ;  stem  long,  slender,  set  in  a  large, 
broad,  moderately  deep  ca-vity;  skin  yellowish,  shaded  with  red;  flesh  yellowish,  tender, 
juicy,  sprightly  subacid;  quality  ver>'  good;  ripens  early  in  July. 

Toronto.     Species?     i.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   22.      1892-93.     2.  Agr.  Gaz.    N.  S.   Wales 
19:998.     1908. 

Tree   upright,    fairly   vigorous,    productive;   fruit  borne  in   twos   and   threes,  small, 
cordate,  flattened  on  the  sides,  dark  red;  flesh  and  juice  dark  red,  soft. 
Toupie.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  20:270.     1854.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gert.   11:17,  18.  fig-  9- 
1882. 

Kreiselkirsche.     3.  ///.  Handb.  25  flg.,  26.     1867. 

Bigarreau  Toupie.     4.  Leroy  Diet.  Pont.  5:246,  247  fig.     1877. 

A  peculiar  top-shaped  fruit  raised  by  M.  Denis  Henrard  of  the  University  of  Liege, 
Belgium.  Tree  vigorous,  moderately  productive;  fruit  large,  elongated,  pointed-cordate, 
sides  slightly  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem  moderately  long,  slender,  often  cxirved, 
inserted  in  a  narrow,  shallow  cavity;  skin  pale  red  becoming  darker;  flesh  half-tender, 
juicy,  dark  red  where  exposed,  sweet,  acidulated;  pit  large,  oval,  tapering  toward  the  apex, 
plump;  ripens  at  the  last  of  June. 
Townsend.     P.  cerasus. 

Townsend  is  a  strong,  vigorous,  productive  cherry  grown  by  W.  P.  Townsend,  Lock- 
port,  New  York.  Fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  with  a  high  shotdder,  compressed;  suture 
distinct;  stem  long,  rather  slender,  set  in  a  broad,  somewhat  deep  cavity;  skin  light  amber, 
mottled  and  shaded  with  carmine;  flesh  almost  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  refreshing;  pit 
small;  ripens  late  in  June. 
Transparent.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  92.     1866. 

Transparent  was  grown  by  M.  De  Jonghe  of  Brussels,  Belgium,  from  seed  of  Mont- 
morency. Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  oblate,  with  a  faint  suture  which  is  distinctly 
marked  at  the  apex;  skin  pale  red,  thin,  transparent,  showing  the  fibrous  flesh  beneath; 
flesh  tender,  melting,  sweet,  delicious. 


328  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Transparent  Guigne.     P.  avium,     i.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  4s-     1803.     2.  Prince  Pom. 
Man.  2:119.     1S32.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  177.     1845. 

Johns  Durchsichtige.     4.  ///.  Handb.  143  fig.,  144.     i860. 

Transparent  de  J ahn.     5.  Mas  Le  Verger  8:65,  66,  Hg.     31.     1866-73. 

This  is  a  European  cherry  formerly  grown  to  some  extent  in  America.  Tree  moder- 
ately vigorous,  erect  at  first;  fruit  small,  borne  in  pairs,  regular,  oval-cordate;  stem  rather 
long,  inserted  in  a  narrow  cavity;  suture  a  wide,  dark  line;  skin  thin,  glossy,  pellucid, 
showing  the  stone,  yellowish-white,  blotched  with  fine  red;  flesh  yellowish- white,  with 
a  reddish  cast,  tender,  juicy,  aromatic;  stone  medium  in  size,  oval,  free;  ripens  late  in 
June. 
Transparente  de  Meylan.     P.  cerasns.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  28.     1876. 

Fruit  large,  round,  transparent;  flesh  delicate,  fine,  acid  at  first  becoming  sugary; 
ripens  at  the  end  of  May. 
Transparente  de  Rivers.     P.  avium,     i.  Th.oma.s  Guide  Prat.  17,  207.     1876. 

This  is  an  English  variety  introduced  into  France  about  1S65.  Fruit  large,  spherical, 
depressed,  with  a  spotted  rose-carmine  color;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sugary,  slightly  acidulated; 
first  quality;  ripens  early  in  July. 

Transparente  de  Siebenfreimd.     Species?     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  28.     1876.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  II.     1895. 

A  large,  beautiful  cherry  ripening  the  last  of  Jtme  from  M.  Siebenfreund,  a  druggist 
at  Tymau,  northwestern  Hiuigary. 
Triomphe  de  Fausin.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pmn.  Gen.  11:162.     1S82. 

Listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Troprichters  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  206, 
676,  677.     1819. 

Guigne  Troprichtz.     2.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:340,  341  fig.     1877. 

An  old  German  variety.     Fruit  large,  roimdish-oval ;  skin  clear  red  becoming  more 
intense;  flesh  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  of  good  quality;  ripens  early  in  June. 
Truchsess  Schwarze  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  380.     1889. 

Listed  but  not  described. 
Tubbs.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:86.     1903. 

Tubbs  originated  in  Iowa  City,  Iowa.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblate,  slightly  cordate; 
stem  long,  rather  stout,  inserted  in  a  deep,  narrow  opening;  suture  very  indistinct;  apex 
convex;  skin  thick,  dark  red;  flesh  colored,  crisp,  meaty,  slightly  acid,  juicy;  quahty  very 
good;  stone  small,  round;  ripens  late  in  June. 

Tiirkine,     P.    avium,     i.  Christ    Handb.    667.     1797.     2.  Truchsess-Heim    Kirschensort. 
265-267.     1819.     3.  III.  Handb.  109  fig.,  no.     i860. 

Christ  once  labeled  the  Flamentiner,  Tiirkine,  which  has  given  rise  to  some  con- 
fusion. The  true  Tiirkine  was  sent  out  by  Sello  as  Runde  Weisse  Spate  Kirsche.  Tree 
not  very  vigorous  or  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  very  broad,  cordate;  suture 
indistinct;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  variable;  skin  spotted  with  red  and  yellow;  flesh 
softer  than  most  Hearts,  white,  juicy;  quality  very  good;  stone  plump,  roundish;  ripens 
late  in  July. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  329 

Turkirsche  Grosse.     P.  avium,     i.  Guide  Prat.  11.     1895. 

A  German  variety  which  resembles  Elton;  fruit  large,  pointed;  flesh  white,  sweet; 
first  quality;  ripens  throughout  July. 
Turner  Late.     Species?     i.  Van  Lindley  Cat.  37.     1899. 

A  productive  black  cherry  of  mediimi  size  ripening  the  middle  of  June. 
Twyford.     Species?     i.  Agr.  Gaz.  N.  S.  Wales  19:997.     1908. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  productive;  fruit  borne  singly  and  in  pairs,  above 
medium  in  size,   roundish-cordate,   flattened;   stem  slender,   long;   skin  yellow,   mottled 
with  bright,  light  red;  flesh  rather  firm,  whitish,  tinged  red  near  the  skin,  with  clear  juice; 
good;  ripens  in  New  South  Wales  in  November. 
Uhlhoms  Trauerkirsche.     P.  cerasns.     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  28.     1876. 

Thomas  states  that  this  is  a  weeping  cherrj^  from  Germany;  fruit  large  and  very  good. 
Ungarische  Weichsel.     P.  cerasns.     i.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkuude  3:61.     1858. 

Schwarze    Ungarische    Kirsche.     2.  Christ   Worterb.    284.     1802.     3.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirscheiisort.  588,  589.     1819. 

This  cherry  should  not  be  confused  with  the  Grosse  Ungarische  Kirsche  which  is 
a  Heart  while  this  is  a  MoreUo.     Fruit  large,  round,  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem 
slender,  long,  shallowly  inserted;  color  black;  flesh  firm,  tender,  subacid,  with  dark  red 
juice;  pit  small,  elongated-oval;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Urinall.     P.  avium,     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.     1629. 

"  The  Urinall  Cherrie  in  a  most  fruitfull  yeare  is  a  small  bearer,  having  many  yeares 
none,  and  the  best  but  a  few;  yet  doth  blossome  plentifully  every  yeare  for  the  most  part: 
the  cherrie  is  long  and  rotmd,  like  imto  an  Urinall,  from  whence  it  tooke  his  name;  reddish 
when  it  is  full  ripe,  and  of  an  indifferent  sweete  reUish." 
TJtha.     P.  cerasns.     i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  57.     1894. 

Spoken  of  by  Joseph  Wood,  Windom,  Minnesota,  as  a  hardy  but  almost  worthless 
fruit;  unproductive. 
Van  Gaasbeck.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Perm.  Soc.  Rpt.  67.     1875. 

A  seedling  cherry  of  extrordinary  keeping  quality  exhibited  by  W.  Van  Gaasbeck, 
Hudson,  New  York.     The  fruit  is  of  medium  size  with  firm,  sweet  flesh. 
Vanskike.     Species?     i.   Trans.  Cal.  Agr.  Soc.  472.     1873. 

A  flesh-colored  cherry  listed  as  being  cultivated  successfully  in  California. 
Vaughn.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm.  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:62.     1900. 

Listed  as  medium  in  growth;  fruit  not  described. 
Velser.     P.  avium   X    P.  cerasus.     i.  Krunitz  Enc.  54,  55.     1790.     2.  Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort.  394-398.     1819. 

Prague  Tardij  {Muscadet  de) .     3.  Knoop  Frwcto/ogtV  2:36,  42.     1771. 

Wanfrieder  Weichsel.     4.  Christ  Handb.  672.     1797. 

Douce  de  Palatinat.     5.  Mag.  Hort.  20:270.     1854. 

Pfalzer  SUssweichsel.     t.  DochnalA  Fahr.  Obstkunde  y.^g.     1858. 

Cerise  du  Palatinat.     7.  Mas  Le  Uerger  8:153,  154,  fig.  75.     1866-73. 

Tree  of  mediiun  growth;  branches  long,  straight;  fruit  above  medixim  in  size,  obtuse- 
cordate,  distinguishing  it  from  other  dark  Dukes,  compressed;  suture  distinct;  stem  long; 


330 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 


color  dark  red;  flesh  colored,  fibrous,  juicy,  sweet  with  a  pleasing  subacid  flavor;  stone 

small,  broad,  cordate,  adhering  to  both  stem  and  flesh. 

Very  Large  Heart.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hori.  Soc.  Cat.  S3-     1831- 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Vesta.     P.  avium,     i.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  262.     1892.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  150.     1893. 

Vesta  is  a  seedling  of  Napoleon  which  originated  with  C.  E.  Hoskins,  Newberg, 
Oregon:  fruit  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate,  very  dark;  flesh  firm,  sweet;  quality 
good;  ripens  the  middle  of  June. 

Vilna  Sweet.     P.  avium,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  330.     1885.     2.  Wash.  Sta.  Bid.  92:31. 
1910. 

Vilna  Sweet  was  imported  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  from  Vilna,  Russia.  This  variety 
shows  much  promise  in  the  West  as  a  local  sort  but  is  too  tender  to  ship.  Tree  of  medium 
size,  upright,  very  hardy,  free  from  diseases;  fruit  large,  roundish  to  oblong,  compressed; 
stem  long,  slender;  cavity  rather  deep,  narrow,  often  lipped  on  the  side  showing  a  suture; 
color  red,  often  entirely  covering  the  yellow  ground;  flesh  whitish,  tinged  with  pink,  tender 
but  meaty,  sprightly,  subacid  becoming  sweet;  pit  free,  large,  ovate,  plump,  smooth; 
ripens  the  middle  of  July  hanging  to  the  tree  until  the  last  of  August. 
Violet.     P.  cerasus. 

According  to  a  letter  from  H.  Back  &  Sons,  New  Trenton,  Indiana,  Violet  resembles 
English  Morello  but  is  more  round  and  not  as  acid. 

Virginia  May  Duke.     P.  avium,     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  220.     1854.     2.  Hooper  IV.  Fr.  Book 
269.     1857. 

A  small,  cordate,  bright  red,  second  rate  Mazzard  cherry. 
Vistula.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  149.     1896. 

Mentioned  as  planted  and  as  having  been  killed  by  the  winter. 
Voronezh  No.  27.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  76.     1890. 

A  promising,  vigorous  variety  imported  imder  this  number  from  V^oronezh,  Russia; 
Fruit  very  large,  bright  red,  roimd,  somewhat  flattened;  flesh  juicy,  subacid;  pit  small, 
season  very  late. 
Wabash.     P.  cerasus.     1.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pont.  Rpt.  41.     1895. 

Wabash  was  introduced  by  Samuel  Kinsey,  Kinsey,  Ohio,  the  original  tree  having 
stood  since  1848  on  the  grovmds  of  Mrs.  Ellen  Pawlings,  Wabash,  Indiana.  Fruit  borne 
singly,  of  the  Morello  type,  roundish-oblate,  above  medium  in  size,  surface  smooth;  cavity 
large,  wide,  deep,  flaring;  stem  long,  slender,  curved;  suture  a  shallow  line;  skin  thin, 
tough,  glossy,  bright  crimson  turning  to  dark  red;  dots  very  small,  indented;  flesh  yellowish, 
veined,  translucent,  tender,  melting,  subacid,  rich;  quality  very  good;  season  a  week  later 
than  Early  Richmond. 
Wachampa.     P.  pumila  X  P.  triflora.     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  130:181.     1911. 

Wachampa  is  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  Occident  plum.     Fruit  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  one  quarter  in  diameter;  skin  bitter,  dark  purple;  flesh  and  juice 
dark  purple. 
Wagner.     P.  avium,     i.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:31.     1910. 

Tree  upright,  rovmd-topped,  with  long  branches;  fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish- 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW   YORK  33 1 

oblate;  stem  short,  stout;  skin  thin,  tender,  dark  red;  flesh  yellow,  meaty,  melting,  sweet, 
with  a  slight  acidity;  quality  good;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Warner.     P.  avium,     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  10:247.     1859. 

Warner  is  a  supposed  seedling  of  American  Amber  grown  by  Mathew  G.  Warner, 
Rochester,  New  York;  fruit  amber  to  very  dark  red  where  exposed;  stem  long,  slender; 
flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet;  ripens  late  in  July. 
Warren  Transparent.     Species?     i.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  237.     1849. 

Originated  with  a  Mr.  Warren,  Brighton,  Massachusetts.     Fruit  roundish-cordate; 
skin  pale  yellow  and  red;  flesh  very  tender,  transparent;  ripens  early  in  July. 
Washington  Purple.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Waterhouse.     P.  ammn.     i.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  25.     1894. 

This  variety  was  originated  by  Dr.  Warren  Waterhouse,  1873,  of  Monmouth,  Oregon. 
Fruit  of  the  Bigarreau  class,  large,  compressed,  heart-shaped;  cavity  large,  round;  stem 
long,  slender;  suture  a  line;  skill  firm,  smooth,  glistening,  yellowish-white  with  a  bright 
red  cheek,  often  nearly  solid  red;  dots  numerous,  very  small;  flesh  whitish,  tinged  yellow, 
firm,  juicy,  vinous,  sprightly;  quality  ver>-  good. 
Weeping.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:153.     1832. 

Weeping  or  Pendulous  Morello.     2.  Fish  Hardy-Fr.  Bk.  2:106.     1882. 

Under  the  name  Weeping  are  included  many  varieties  with  a  drooping  or  pendulant 
habit  and  mostly  of  ornamental  value  only.  This  variety,  listed  by  Prince,  although 
much  like  Toussaint,  has  branches  more  pendant  than  those  of  other  weeping  cherries. 
The  Weeping  or  Pendvilous  Morello  of  Fish  is  included  here.  The  head  in  this  variety 
seldom  exceeds  four  or  five  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  slender  branches  droop  on  all  sides 
until  they  trail  on  the  grovmd;  the  fruit  is  of  medium  size  and  when  fully  ripe  is 
of  a  pleasant  acid  flavor. 
Weeping  Black  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Flor.  &  Pmn.  16.     1S79. 

Trauerknorpelkirsche.     2.  Dochnahl  Fti/jr.  Obstkunde  3:40.     1858. 

Bigarreau  pleureur.     3.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  23.     1876. 

One  of  the  earliest  black  Bigarreaus.     It  differs  from  other  sorts  of  its  class  in  the 
weeping  habit  of  the  tree;  very  ornamental. 
Weeping  Napoleon.     P.  avium,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  53.     1871. 

A  seedling  of  Napoleon  introduced  by  a  Mr.  Dougall,  Windsor,  Ontario.  If  budded 
high  the  branches  are  pendulous,  which,  with  the  large,  dark  fruit,  makes  a  handsome 
ornamental. 

Weis,  Roth  imd  Rosenfarbig  Marmorirte  Kramelkirsche.     Species?     i.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust. 
1:3,  Tab.  6  fig.  2.     1792. 

Flesh  white,  breaking,  firm,  with  colorless  juice,  pleasing;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Weisse  Rosenroth  Marmorirte  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Christ  Worterb.   280.     1802. 

Weiss  und  hellroth  gefleckte  grosse  Kramelkirsche.     2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  1:3,    Tab.  6 
fig.  I.     1792. 

Flesh  white,  less  firm  than  others  o£  this  class;  juice  colorless;  stone  yellowish;  ripens 
the  middle  of  July. 


332  THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 

Weisse  Mandelkirsche.     Species?     i.  Proskauer  Obstsort.  5S.     1907- 

Listed,  not  described. 
Wellington.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  56.     183 1.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  220. 

1854. 

Wellington's  Weichsel.     3.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:60.     1S58. 

Griotte  de  Wellington.     4.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:307.     1866. 

Mentioned  by  Elliott  in  1854  as  unworthy  of  further  culture.  Bigarreau  Wellington, 
often  used  as  a  synonym  of  Napoleon,  should  not  be  mistaken  for  this  Morello  of  sup- 
posedly English  origin.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  cordate;  stem  long;  skin  thin,  glossy,  black; 
flesh  firm,  dark  red,  moderately  juicy,  pleasant  subacid;  stone  elongated,  cordate,  free; 
ripens  the  middle  of  July. 

Wendell  Mottled.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  13:494  %•     i847-     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  213. 
1854.     3.  Hoffy  N.  Am.  Pom.  PL     i860. 

Wendell  Mottled  was  raised  from  a  seed  of  Yellow  Spanish  planted  in  1840,  by  Dr. 
Herman  Wendell,  Albany,  New  York.  Tree  upright,  thrifty,  bears  early  and  abundantly; 
fruit  large,  obtuse-cordate,  with  a  distinct  suture;  stem  long,  rather  stout,  set  in 
a  moderately  deep  cavity;  skin  dark  purplish-red,  mottled  and  streaked,  nearly  black; 
flash  deep  crimson,  firm,  crisp,  juicy;  stone  small;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 
Wenzlecks  Bunte  Knorpelkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Werder  Early  Black.     P.  avium,     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  169.     1845.     2.  ///.  Handb. 
S3  fig.,  54.     i860.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  93.     1866. 

Werdersche    Schwarze    Allerjriiheste     Herzkirsche.     4.    Christ     Handb.     683.      1797. 
5.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  log-iii.     1819. 

Guigne  Hdtive  de  Werder.     6.  Mortillet  Le  Cerisier  2:82,   300.     1866.     7.  Mas  Le 
Verger  8:2T,  28,  fig.  12.     1866-73. 

Bigarreau  Werder.     8.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:251  fig.     1877. 

This  cherry  was  received  by  Truchsess  in  1794,  from  Christ;  of  unknown  origin. 
Tree  strong  and  upright  in  growth,  very  productive;  fruit  valuable  for  its  earliness,  rather 
large,  flattened-cordate,  with  a  deep  suture  on  one  side;  stem  of  medium  length  and  thick- 
ness, inserted  in  a  rather  small  cavity;  skin  thin,  rather  deep  purple  changing  to  purplish- 
black;  flesh  deep  purple,  with  abundant  colored  juice,  firm,  tender,  sweet,  yet  moderately 
sprightly  and  aromatic;  quality  good;  stone  large,  ovate,  flattened  at  the  base;  ripens 
from  the  last  of  May  to  the  first  of  June. 
Werder'sche  Bunte  Herzkirsche.     P.  avium,     i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  382.     1889. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Wheeler.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:87.     1903. 

A  hardy  seedling  of  English  Morello  originating  with  H.  J.  Wheels-,  Camforth,  Iowa. 
White  Bigarreau.     P.  avium,     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  205:28.     1903. 

This  variety  was  received  by  the  Michigan  Station  from  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  in  1895;  it  is  between  the  Duke  and  the  Morello  in  type.  Tree  low, 
slow  in  growth;  fruit  large,  light  red,  slightly  darker  on  one  side;  flesh  tender,  juicy, 
sprightly  subacid. 


THE    CHERRIES   OF   NEW   YORK  333 

White  French.     Species?     i.  Pa.  Fr.  Gr.  Soc.  Rpi.  ii.     iSSi. 

Spoken  of  as  doing  well  in  Pennsylvania. 
White  French  Guigne.     P.  avium,     i.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  323.     1851-     2,  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  74.     1862.     3.  Garvin  &  Son  Cat.  18.     1892. 

A  distinct,  rather  large  cherry  listed  in  the  fruit  catalog  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  for  1862.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  creamy-white;  flesh  tender,  melting, 
jtiicy,  sweet;  ripens  the  middle  of  July- 
White  Gean.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1. 

Listed,  not  described. 
White  Hungarian  Gean.     P.  avium,     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  50.     183 1. 

A  tender-fleshed,  obtuse-cordate  chern,%  amber  in  color,  ripening  in  July;  second 
quality. 

White    Mazzard.     P.    avium,     i.  Planning   Book   of  Fruits    iii.     1838.     2.  Mag.   Hort. 
8:285.     1842.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  171.     1845. 

White  Mazzard  originated  with  Robert  Manning  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  from 
a  seed  of  White  Bigarreau.  Downing  considered  it  similar  to  Black  Mazzard,  except 
in  color.  Tree  handsome,  upright  in  growth,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  cordate, 
of  a  cream  color,  with  a  bright  red  cheek;  not  of  the  finest  flavor;  ripens  late. 
White  Spanish.  P.  avium,  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  572.  1629.  2.  Kriinitz  Enc.  61, 
62,  63.  1790.  3.  Truchsess-Heim  Kirschensort.  317-320.  1819.  4.  ///.  Handb. 
127  fig.,  128.     i860. 

This  variety  and  Yellow  Spanish  are  much  alike  in  appearance  yet  the  best  European 
authorities  consider  them  distinct.  Tree  healthy,  not  large,  productive;  fruit  large, 
roundish-cordate,  somewhat  compressed;  stem  long;  cavity  depressed  on  the  ventral 
side;  color  waxy  yellow,  streaked  and  dotted  wdth  red;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  juicy,  sweet, 
pleasant;  ripens  late. 

White    Tartarian.     P.    avium,     i.  Prince    Pom.    Man.    2:114.     1832.     2.  Downing   Fr. 
Trees  Am.  lyS.     1845.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  515.     1884. 

Eraser's  White  Tartarian.     4.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  43.     1803. 

A  variety  with  this  name  was  grown  for  many  years  in  America  which  was  finally 
proved  by  William  Prince  to  be  a  sub-variety  of  the  White  Heart.  Tree  vigorous,  erect, 
usually  productive;  fruit  rather  small,  roimdish,  inclined  to  obtuse-cordate;  stem  long, 
slender;  skin  transparent,  pale  yellow,  approaching  amber  on  the  exposed  cheek;  flesh 
whitish-yellow,  nearly  tender,  juicy,  pleasant,  brisk  subacid  becoming  sweet;  very  good 
in  quality;  stone  large,  oval;  season  early. 
White  Transparent.     Species?     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  56.     1831. 

Mentioned  in  the  reference  given. 
Wier's  Seedlings. 

D.   B.  Wier,   Lacon,   Illinois,   disseminated  several  seedlings  which  he  selected  from 
a  large  number  originated  by  him. 
Wier  No.  2.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  49:453.     1890.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt. 

37.     1904-05- 
This  cherry  is  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Early  Richmond  but  of  the  Morello  type.     Tree 


334 


THE    CHERRIES   OF   NEW   YORK 


medium  to  large,  upright-spreading,  fruiting  regularly;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oblate-conic; 
cavity  shallow,  broad;  stem  short;  suture  slight;  color  dark  red;  flesh  firm,  meaty,  dark 
red,  mildly  subacid;  quality  fair;  stone  oval;  precedes  Early  Richmond. 
Wier  No.  ii.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt.  37.     1904-05. 

Tree  upright,  productive,  hardy;  fruit  cordate,  black;  juice  dark,  sweeter  than  many 
of  the  sour  sorts;  ripens  earlier  than  Northwest  and  Early  Richmond. 
Wier  No.  12.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:88.     1903. 

Sometimes  listed  as  Wier,  being  one  of  the  best  of  Mr.  Wier's  seedlings  but  only 
moderately  productive.  Tree  of  medium  size,  slightly  spreading;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
elongated-cordate;  cavity  rather  deep  and  broad;  stem  stout,  rather  long;  suture  obscure; 
skin  thick,  tender,  dark  red;  flesh  firm,  crisp,  with  slightly  colored  juice,  sprightly  sub- 
acid; quality  fair;  stone  large,  oval;  season  from  July  12th  to  20th;  the  latest  of  the  Wier 
seedlings. 
Wier  No.  13.     P.  cerasus.     i.   Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  73:190.     1897. 

Tree  upright,  with  scant  foliage;  fruit  of  medium  size;  skin  dark  red,  tough;  flesh 
slightly  colored,  mild;  precedes  Early  Richmond;  of  no  value. 
Wier  No.  19.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  73:190.     1897. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  dark  red;  worthless. 
Wier  No.  24.     P.  cerasus.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:88.     1903. 

Tree  mediimi  in  growth,  upright-spreading;  fruit  conical,  cordate,  of  medium  size; 
cavity  shallow;  stem  of  medium  length;  suture  indistinct;  skin  smooth,  dark  red;  flesh 
firm,  light  yellow,  juicy,  sprightly  subacid;  quality  fair;  stone  almost  spherical,  smooth; 
ripens  the  middle  of  June;  not  worthy  of  further  trial. 

Wier  No.  44.     P.  cerasus.     1.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  73:88.     1903.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Sp.  Rpt. 
38.     1904-05. 

Tree  medium  in  growth,  upright-spreading;  fruit  small  to  medium,  oblate;  cavity 
shallow;  stem  short;  skin  thin,  tender,  light  red;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  acid;  good;  season 
late  June;  less  productive  than  No.  2. 
Wild  Ross-shire.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  57.     183 1. 

A  small,  wild,  round,  red  fruit  with  juicy  flesh,  ripening  in  July;  allied  to  the  Kentish. 
Wilde  Bunte  Marmorkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Dochnahl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  3:38.     1858. 

Distinguished  from  the  Wild  Red  Bird  cherry  by  its  firmer  flesh  and  later  ripening. 
It  grows  wild  and  is  sometimes  cultivated  along  the   highways;  ripens   the  middle  of 
August. 
Wilhelmine  Kleindienst.     P.  avium,     i.  Thomas  Guide  Prat.  20.     1876. 

Of  German  origin;  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large,  brilliant  reddish-brown; 
flesh  firm,  agreeably  sweet;  ripens  the  middle  of  July. 

Wilkinson.     P.  avium,     i.  Mag.  Hort.  8:284.     1842.     2.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  323.     1851. 
3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  476.     i86g. 

Wilkinson  is  thought  by  Hovey  to  be  a  native  of  Rhode  Island.  Tree  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive; fruit  of  medium  size,  resembling  Black  Heart  but  is  more  sprightly;  ripens  the 
middle  of  July. 


THE    CHERRIES   OF   NEW    YORK  335 

Willamette.  P.  avium,  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  127.  1875.  2.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  290. 
1889.  3.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:62.  1900.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt. 
192.     1907. 

Willamette  originated  with  Seth  LeweUing,  Milwaukee,  Oregon,  from  a  seed  of  Napo- 
leon. Tree  strong  in  growth;  fruit  large,  light  red;  flesh  whitish,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  with 
a  pleasant  flavor;  ripens  in  the  Northwest  in  late  June. 

Willis  Early.  P.  avium,  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  465.  1900.  2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui. 
2nd  Ser.  3:62.     1900. 

Tree  vigorous  in  growth;  fruit  of  medium  size,  obtuse-cordate;  skin  yellow,  mottled 
with  red;  flesh  yeUowish-white,  juicy,  tender,  sweet;  ripens  early  in  May. 
Willow-Leaved.     P.  avium  X  P.  cerasus.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:141.     1832. 

May  Duke,  Willow-leaved.     2.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  53.     1831. 

Grioitier  a  Jcuilles  de  Pecher.     3.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  280.     1832. 

Weidenbldttrige  Sitssweichsel.     4.  Dochnsihl  Fiihr.  Obstkunde  ^-.^y.     1858. 

Cerisier  de  Hollande  a  Jeuilles  de  saule  ou  de  balsamine.     5.  Noisette  Man.  Comp. 
Jard.  2:505.     i860. 

Griottier  a  jeuilles  de  Saule.     6.  Leroy  Diet.  Pom.  5:287  fig.,  288.     1877. 

Cerisier  a  Feuilles  de  Saule.     7.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  ii:i6o.     1882. 

The  Willow-Leaved  cherry  seems  to  have  originated  in  Holland  and  has  been  known 
since  the  middle  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.     It  differs  from  May  Duke  in  the  size  and  the 
shape  of  the  foUage.     It  is  not  only  cultivated  for  its  singular  foliage  but  also  for  its  fine 
fruit.     If  the  tree  grows  rapidly  the  leaves  are  said  to  assume  normal  shape. 
Winkler  Black.     P.  avium,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bid.  2nd  Ser.     3:62.     1900. 

Wincklers    schwarze     Knorpelkirsche.     2.  Truchsess-Heim     Kirschensort.     206,     676. 
1819. 

Winkler's  schwarze  Herzkirsche.     3.  Dochnahl  Fw/ir.  Ofoi^MwJe  3:35.     1858. 

Bigarreau  noir  Winkler.     4.  Leroy  Did.  Pom.  5:231  fig.     1877. 

This  is  a  seedling  from  Guben,  Prussia,  Germany.     Fruit  borne  in  pairs  of  medium 
size,  broad,  obtuse-cordate,  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  skin  dark  red;  flesh  pale  red, 
firm,  aromatic,  subacid,  pleasing;  pit  rather  large,  oval;  ripens  early  in  July;  not  very 
productive. 
Winter  Schwarze.     Species?     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  57.     183 1. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Wohltragende  Hollandische  Kirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Truchsess-Heim   Kirschensort.  591- 
593.     1819.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  382.     1889. 

Grosse  wohltragende  hollandische  MorelU.     3.  Christ  Worterb.  288.     1802. 

Fruit  large,  sides  unequally  compressed;  suture  indistinct;  stem  medivim  in  length, 

set  in  a  large  cavity;  skin  tough,  dark  brown  when  ripe;  flesh  fibrous,  clear  red,  darker 

near  the  stone,  with  colored  juice,  pleasingly  sour;  stone  long,  colored;  ripens  late  in  July. 

Yan.     P.  avium,     i.  Rural   N.    Y.  61:577  fig.   235.     1902.     2.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:32. 

1910. 

Yan  is  a  seedling  grown  by  Seth  LeweUing  of  Milwaukee,  Oregon;  named  for  a  faithful 
Chinese  workman.     Fruit  large,  roundish-cordate,  with  a  distinct  suture  on  one  side; 


336  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

stem  long,  stout;  skin  tough,  dark  purplish-red;  flesh  streaked  and  flecked  with  Ught  red, 
firm,  juicy,  mild  subacid;  very  late;  productive. 

Yellow   Glass.      P.   avium.       i.  la.  Sta.    Bui.   19:551.      1892.     2.  Ibid.   73:89.       1903. 
3.  Wash.  Sta.  Bui.  92:32.     1910. 

Yellow  Glass  was  introduced  from  North  Silesia  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  Ames,  Iowa. 
Tree  large,  upright,  with  abundant  foliage;  fruit  medium  to  above  in  size,  roundish-cordate; 
cavity  deep;  stem  long;  suture  a  line;  skin  thin,  tough,  light  lemon  in  color;  flesh  firm, 
yellow,  meaty,  sweet,  with  colorless  juice;  quality  good;  stone  large,  round,  clinging. 
Young  Large  Black  Heart.     P.  avium.     1.  Pioneer  Nur.  Cat.  16.     1905-06. 

Merely  listed  in  the  reference  given. 
Yuksa.     P.  pumila  X  P.  armeniaca.     1.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108:1908. 

Yuksa  is  noted  in  the  reference  as  a  cross  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  the  New 
Large  Apricot. 
Zimmtkirsche.     P.  cerasus.     i.  Doclinahl  Fw/ir.  OfoiA^jiwde  3:64.     1858. 

Fruit  mediiun  in  size,  round,  flattened  at  the  stem,  without  a  suture;  cavity  deep; 
stem  long;  skin  thin,  dark  red  almost  black;  flesh  aromatic,  subacid;  stone  oval-pointed. 
Zweifarbige  Kirsche.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Norn  Pom.  382.     1889. 

Bicolor.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:159.     1882. 

Listed  without  a  description. 
Zwitterkirsche.     Species?     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  11:162.     1882. 

Mentioned  in  this  reference. 
Zzuckser    Schwarze   Knorpelkirsche.     P.    avium,     i.  Dochnahl   Fuhr.    Ohstkunde   3:35. 
1858. 

Fruit  large,  elongated,  sides  strongly  compressed;  suture  shallow;  apex  depressed; 
skin  reddish-black;  flesh  very  dark  red,  pleasing,  slightly  sweet;  ripens  in  late  July. 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK  337 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  AND   REFERENCES,  WITH  ABBREVIATIONS  USED 


The  list  of  books  which  follows  contains  all  American  pomological 
works  in  which  the  cherry  is  discussed  at  any  length.  Only  such  Euro- 
pean books  are  listed,  however,  as  were  found  useful  in  writing  The  Cher- 
ries of  Xew  York.  Only  periodicals  are  listed  to  which  references  are 
made  in  the  text  of  the  book.  The  reports  and  bulletins  of  experiment 
stations  and  horticultural  societies  are  not  included  since  the  abbreviations 
used  for  such  publications  will  be  recognized  by  all. 

Am.  Gard American  Gardening.     An  Illustrated  Journal  of  Horticulture 

and  Gardener's  Chronicle.  New  York:  1892-1904.  Copy- 
right, 1903.  (Before  its  union  with  Popular  Gardening 
in  1892,  the  publication  was  kno^\'n  as  The  American 
Garden.  Both  Popular  Gardening  and  The  American 
Garden  resulted  from  the  union  or  absorption  of  several 
other  horticultural  periodicals.) 

Am.  Gard.  Mag The  American  Gardener's  Magazine,  and  Register  of  Useful 

Discoveries  and  Improvements  in  Horticulture  and  Rural 
Affairs.     See  Mag.  Hort. 

Am.  Hort.  An American  Horticultural  Annual.  A  Year-book  of  Horticul- 
tural Progress  for  the  Professional  and  Amateur  Gardener, 
Fruit-grower,  and  Florist.  {Illustrated.)  New  York:  1867. 
Copyright,  1867.  New  edition.  New  York:  1S70.  Copy- 
right, 1869. 

Am.  Jour.  Hort The  American  Journal  of  Horticulture  and  Florist's  Com- 
panion. {Illustrated.)  Volumes  1-3.  Boston:  1867-1896. 
Copyrights,  1867-1869.  Continued  as  Tilton's  Journal  of 
Horticulture  and  Floral  Magazine.  {Illustrated.)  Volumes 
6-9.     Boston:  1869-71.     Copyrights,  1869-1871. 

Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt Proceedings  of  the  American    Pomological  Society.     Issued 

usually  biennially  from  1850  to  date.  First  published  as 
the  Proceedings  of  the  National  Convention  of  Fniit 
Growers  in  184S. 

Ann.  Hort Annals    of    Horticulture    and    yearbook    of   information    on 

practical  gardening.     5  Volumes.     London:  1846-1850. 

Ann.  Pom.  Beige Annales  de  Pomologie  Beige  et  Etrangere;  publi^es  par  la 

Commission  royale  de  Pomologie  Instituee  par  S.   M.  le 
Roi  des  Beiges.      {Illustre.)      8  Tomes.      Bruxelles:    1853- 
1860. 
22 


338  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Bailey,  Ann.  Hort Annals   of   Horticulture    in    North  America  for  the   Years 

1889-1893.  A  Witness  of  Passing  Events  and  a  Record 
of  Progress.  By  L.  H.  Bailey.  New  York:  1890-1894. 
Copyrights,  1889,  1891-1894. 

Bailey,  Cyc.  Hort Cyclopedia  of  American  Horticulture  Comprising  Suggestions 

for  Cultivation  of  Horticultural  Plants,  Descriptions  of 
the  Species  of  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Flowers  and  Ornamental 
Plants  Sold  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  Together 
with  Geographical  and  Biographical  Sketches.  By  L.  H. 
Bailey,  assisted  by  Wilhelm  Miller.  (Illustrated.)  In 
Four  Volumes.  New  York:  1900-1902.  Copyrights,  1900- 
1902. 

Bailey,  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits.  .  .  .   Sketch  of  the  Evolution  of  our  Native  Fruits.     By  L.   H. 

Bailey.  {Illustrated.)  New  York:  1898.  Copyright, 
1898. 

Bailey,  Sur.  Unlike The    Survival    of    the    Unlike.     A    Collection    of   Evolution 

Essays  Suggested  by  the  Study  of  Domestic  Plants.  By 
L.  H.  Bailey.  (Illustrated.)  Fifth  Edition.  New  York: 
1906.     Copyright,  1896. 

Baltet,  Cult.  Fr Traite  de  la  Culture  Fruiti^re  Commerciale  et  Bourgeoise. 

Par  Charles  Baltet.  (Illustre.)  Quatrieme  Edition.  Paris: 
1908. 

Barry,  Fr.  Garden The  Fruit  Garden.     By  P.  Barry.     (Illustrated.)     New  York: 

1852.  Copyright,  1851.  Revised  Edition,  1896.  Copy- 
right, 1883. 

Bradley,  Gard New  Improvements  of  Planting  and  Gardening,  both  Philo- 
sophical and  Practical.  In  three  parts.  By  Richard 
Bradley.  (Illustrated.)  Seventh  Edition  with  Appendix. 
London:  1739. 

Bridgeman,  Gard.  Ass't. .  .  .   The  Young  Gardener's  Assistant,  in  three  parts.     By  Thomas 

Bridgeman.  New  Edition,  with  an  Appendix.  New  York : 
1857.     Copyright,   1847. 

Brookshaw,  Hort.  Reposit. .    The  Horticultural  Repository,  containing  Delineations  of  the 

best  Varieties  of  the  Different  Species  of  English  Fruits. 
By  George  Brookshaw.  (Illustrated.)  In  Two  Volumes. 
London:  1823. 

Budd-Hansen,   Am..   Hort. 

Man American  Horticultural  Manual.     By  J.   L.  Budd,  assisted 

by  N.E.  Hansen.  (Illustrated.)  In  Two  Volumes.  Volume 
2,  New  York  and  London:  1903.     Copyright,  1903. 

Bunyard-Thomas,  Fr.  Gard.  The  Fruit  Garden.     By  George  Bunyard  and  Owen  Thomas. 

(Illustrated.)     London  and  New  York:  1904. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  339 

Can.  Hort The   Canadian   Hortictdturist.      (Illmtrated.)     Toronto   and 

Peterboro:  1878  to  date. 

Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France .  .  .   Societe   Pomologique   de   France   Catalogue   Descriptif  des 

Fruits  Adoptes  par  le  Congres  Pomologique.  Lyon:  1887. 
Ibid.:  1906. 

Christ,  Handb Handbuch   iiber   die   Obstbaumzucht   und   Obstlehre.     Von 

J.  L.  Christ.     Zweite  vermehrte.     Frankfurt:  1797. 

Christ,  Obstbaiune Von   Pflanzung  und  Wartung   der  nuzlichsten   Obstbaimie. 

Von  J.  L.  Christ.     Zweiter  Thcil.     Frankfurt:  1791. 

Christ,  Worterb Pomologisches  theoretisch-praktisches  Handworterbuch,  oder 

Alphabetisches  Verzeichniss.  Von  J.  L.  Christ.  Leipzig: 
1802. 

Cole,  Am.  Fr.  Book The  American  Fruit  Book ;  containing  directions  for  Raising, 

Propagating,  and  Managing  Fruit  Trees,  Shrubs,  and 
Plants;  wath  a  description  of  the  Best  Varieties  of  Fruit, 
including  New  and  Valuable  Kinds.  By  S.  W.  Cole. 
{Illustrated.)     Boston:  1849.     Copyright,  1849. 

Country  Gent The  Country  Gentleman.  Albany:  1853-1865.  The  Culti- 
vator &  Country  Gentleman.  Albany:  1866-189 7.  The 
Country  Gentleman.  Albany  and  Philadelphia:  1898  to 
date. 

Coxe,  Cult.  Fr.  Trees A  View    of    the     Cultivation    of    Fruit    Trees,    and     the 

Management  of  Orchards  and  Cider;  with  accurate 
descriptions  of  the  most  estimable  varieties  of  Native 
and  Foreign  Apples,  Pears,  Peaches,  Plums,  and  Cherries, 
cultivated  in  the  middle  states  of  America.  By  WiUiam 
Coxe.  (Illustrated.)  Philadelphia:  18 17.  Copyright, 
1817. 

Ctiltivator The  Cultivator.     Albany:  1834-1865.     In  1866  united  wdth 

The  Country'  Gentleman. 

Cult.  &  Count.  Gent The  Cultivator  &  Covmtry  Gentleman.     See  Country  Gent. 

Decaisne    &    Naudin,    Man. 

Amat.  Jard Manuel  de  L' Amateur  Des  Jardins  Traite  General  D'Horti- 

culture.  Par  Jh.  Decaisne  et  CH.  Naudin.  (Illnstre.) 
Tome  Quatrieme.     Paris. 

De    CandoUe,    Or.    Cult. 

Plants Origin    of    Cultivated    Plants.     Bj^    Alphonse    de    Candolle. 

Geneva  [Switzerland]:  1882.     New  York:  1885. 

Dochnahl,  Fuhr.  Obstkunde  Der  sichere  Fiihrer  in  der  Obstkunde  auf  botanisch-pomolo- 

gischen  Wege  oder  Systematische  Brcschreibung  aller 
Obstsorten.  Von  F.  J.  Dochnahl.  \'icr  Bande.  Num- 
berg:  1855-60.     Volume  3,  185S.     Cherries. 


340  THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 

Downing,  Fr.  Trees  Am. . . .  The  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America:  or  the  culture,  prop- 
agation, and  management,  in  the  garden  and  orchard,  of 
fruit  trees  generally;  with  Descriptions  Of  All  The  Finest 
Varieties  Of  Fruit,  Native  and  Foreign,  Cultivated  In 
This  Countr}^  By  A.  J.  Downing.  {Ilhistrated.)  New 
York  &  London:  1845.  Copyright,  1845.  Second  edition, 
same  text,  with  colored  plates,  1847.  First  revision,  by 
Charles  Downing.  New  York:  1857.  Copyright,  1857. 
Second  revision,  by  Charles  Downing.  New  York:  1869. 
First  appendix,  1872.  Second  appendix,  1876.  Third 
appendix,  18S1. 

Duhamel,  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  .  .   Traite  Des  Arbres  Fruitiers;  Contenant  Leur  Figure,  Leur 

Description,    Leur    Culture,    &c.     Par    M.    Duhamel    Du 
,  Monceau.    {Illnstre.)    Tomes  i  et  2.     Paris:  1768.    Edition 

''  public  en  1872,  en  trois  tomes.     NouveUe  Edition  en  six 

tomes,  1807-1835. 

Elliott,  Fr.  Book Elliott's  Fruit  Book;  or,  the  American  Fruit-Grower's  Guide 

in  Orchard  and  Garden.  By  F.  R.  ElHott.  {Illustrated.) 
New  York:  1858.   Copyright,    1854.  Revised  edition.    1859. 

Fish,  Hardy-Fr.  Bk The  Hardy-Fruit  Book.     By  D.  T.  Fish.     {Illustrated.)  Two 

Volumes.     London:  probably  1882. 

Flor.  &  Pom The  Florist  And  Pomologist:  A  Pictorial  Monthly  Magazine 

of  Flowers,  Fruits,  and  General  Horticulture.  Conducted 
at  first  by  Robert  Hogg  and  John  Spencer,  later  by  Thomas 
Moore  and  William  Paul.   {Illustrated.)  London:  1862-1884. 

Floy-Lindley,   Guide   Orch. 

Gard A  Guide  to  the  Orchard  And  Fruit  Garden  or  an  account 

of  the  Most  Valuable  Fruits  cultivated  in  Great  Britain. 
By  George  Lindley;  edited  by  John  Lindley.  American 
edition  by  Michael  Floy.  New  York:  1833.  New  edition; 
with  an  Appendix.     New  York:  1846.     Copyright,  1846. 

Forsyth,  Treat.  Fr.  Trees. . .   A  Treatise  on  the  Culture  and  Alanagement  of  Fruit  Trees. 

By  William  Forsyth.  London:  1802.  Same  with  an  In- 
troduction and  Notes,  by  William  Corbett.  Albany:  1803. 
Seventh  edition  [English]  London:  1824. 

Gard.  Chron The  Gardener's  Chronicle.     {Illustrated.)     London:    1841   to 

date. 

Garden The  Garden.     {Illustrated.)     London:  1872  to  date. 

Gard.  Mon The    Gardener's    Monthly    and    Horticultural    Advertiser. 

Edited  by  Thomas  Meehan.  {Illustrated.)  Philadelphia: 
1859-1887. 

Gaucher,  Pom.  Prak.  Obst. .  Pomologie    des    Praktischen    Obstbaumzuchters.     Von    N. 

Gaucher.     {Illustrirt.)     Stuttgart:  1894. 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK  34 1 

Gen.  Farmer The  Genesee  Farmer.     Edited  by  Luther  Tucker,  Rochester: 

1831-1839.  Then  consolidated  with  the  Cultivator. 
Another  periodical  of  the  same  name  was  published  in 
Rochester  from  1845  to  1865.  Also  New  Genesee  Farmer 
and  Monthly  Genesee  Farmer. 

Gerarde,  Herball The    Herball    or    Generall    Historic    of    Plantes.     By    John 

Gerarde.  Enlarged  and  amended  by  Thomas  Johnson. 
London:   1636. 

Guide  Prat Guide  Pratique  de  L 'Amateur  De  Fruits.     Description  Et 

Culture  des  Varieties  De  Fruits  Classees  Par  Series  De 
Merite  composant  les  collections  pomologiques  De  L'Etab- 
lissement  Horticole  Simon-Louis  Freres.  A  Plantieres- 
Les-Metz  (Lorraine  Annexee)  Suivi  D'Une  Table  Generale 
Alphabetique  de  tous  les  Synonymes  connus,  Francais  et 
Etrangers  appartenent  a  chaque  variete.  Devixieme  Edi- 
tion.    Paris  et  Nancy:  1895. 

Hoffy,  N.  Am.  Pom Hoffj^'s   North  American   Pomologist,   containing  nmnerous 

Finely  Colored  Drawings,  accompanied  by  letter  press 
descriptions,  &c.,  of  Fruits  of  American  Origin.  Edited 
by  William  D.  Brinckle.  Book  No.  i.  Philadelphia: 
i860.     Copyright,   i860. 

Hoffy,  Orch.  Com The    Orchardist's    Companion.     Alfred    Hoffy,    Editor    and 

Publisher.  A  quarterly  journal.  Vol.  I,  1841-2;  Vol.  II, 
1842-3.     Philadelphia. 

Hogg,  Fruit  Man The  Fruit  Alanual:  A  Guide  to  the  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees 

of  Great  Britain.  By  Robert  Hogg.  First  edition,  London : 
i860.  Second  edition,  1 86 1.  Third  edition,  1866.  Fourth 
edition,  1873.     Fifth  edition,  1884. 

Hooper,  W.  Fr.  Book Hooper's  Western  Fruit  Book:  a  compendious  Collection  of 

Facts  from  the  Notes  and  Experience  of  Successful  Fruit 
Culturists,  arranged  for  practical  use  in  The  Orchard  and 
Garden.  By  E.  J.  Hooper.  Cincinnati:  1857.  Copy- 
right,  1857. 

Hort.  Reg.  (Am.) Horticultural  Register  and  Gardener's  Magazine.     Edited  by 

T.  G.  Fessenden  and  J.  E.  Teschemacher.  Volume  I. 
Boston:  1835. 

Hort.  Reg.  (Eng.) The    Horticultural    Register    and    General    Magazine.     By 

Joseph   Paxton   and  Joseph   Harrison.     Vol.    I.     London: 

1833- 

Horticultvuist The    Horticulturist   and   Journal   of   Rural   Art   and   Rural 

Taste.  Founded  and  first  edited  by  A.  J.  Downing. 
{Illustrated.)     Volumes  i  to  30.     Albany,  Philadelphia  and 

New  York:  1846-1875. 


342  THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 

Hovey,  Fr.  Am The  Fruits  of  America,  containing  Richly  Colored  Figures, 

and  full  Descriptions  of  all  the  choicest  Varieties  cultivated 
in  the  United  States.  By  C.  M.  Hovey.  Volimie  I. 
Boston  and  New  York:  1852.  Volume  II.  Boston:  1856. 
Copyright,  1851. 

111.  Handb lUustrirtes    Handbuch    der    Obstkunde,    unter    Mitwirkimg 

mehrerer  herausgegeben  von  .  .  F.  Jahn  .  .  Ed.  Lucas 
und  .  .  J.  G.  C.  Oberdieck.  Siebente  Leiferung.  Dritten 
Bandes.  Stuttgart:  i860;  Neimte  Lieferung.  Dritten 
Bandes.  Stuttgart:  1861;  Sechszehnte  Lieferung.  Sech- 
sten  Bandes.     Ravensburg:  1867. 

Jour.  Hort The  Journal  of  Horticulture  began  as:  The  Cottage  Gardener; 

or  Amateur's  and  Cottager's  Guide  to  out-door  gardening 
and  spade  cultivation.  25  Volimies.  London:  1849-1861. 
Continued  as  The  Journal  of  Horticulture,  Cottage  Gar- 
dener, and  Country  Gentleman.  A  Journal  of  Horticul- 
ture, Rural  and  Domestic  Economy,  Botany  and  Natural 
History.  New  Series.  38  Volumes.  London:  1861-1880. 
Continued  as  The  Journal  of  Horticulture,  Cottage  Gar- 
dener, and  Home  Farmer.  A  Chronicle  of  Country 
Pursuits  and  Coimtry  Life,  including  Poultry,  Pigeon, 
and  Bee-keeping.  Third  Series.  59  Volumes.  London: 
1880-1909. 

Jour.  Roy.  Hort.  Soc The  Journal  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.     London: 

1846  to  date.  Vols.  1-9,  1846-55,  bear  the  title  of  The 
Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London. 

Kenrick,  Am.  Orch The  New  American  Orchardist.  By  William  Kenrick.  Bos- 
ton: 1833.  Copyright,  1832.  Second  edition.  Boston: 
1835.  Copyright,  1835.  Seventh  edition,  enlarged  and 
improved,  with  a  supplement.  Boston:  1845.  Copyright, 
1841. 

Knoop,  Fructologie Part  I.   Pomologie,  ou  Description  des  meilleures  sortes  de 

Pommes  et  de  Poires.  Part  II.  Fructologie,  ou  Description 
des  Arbres  Friiitiers.  Par  Jean  Herman  Knoop.  (Illustre.) 
Amsterdam:  177 1. 

Koch,  Deut.  Obst Die  Deutschen  Obstgeholze.     Vorlesungen  gehalten  zu  Berlin 

im  Winterhalbjahr  1875-76.  Von  Karl  Koch.  Stuttgart: 
1876. 

Kraft,  Pom.  Aust Pomona  austriaca,  Abhandlung  von  den  Obstbaumen.     Von 

Johann  Kraft.     2  Theile.     Vienna:  1792. 

Krunitz,  Enc Ausschnitt  aus  Kriinitz'  Encyklopadie.     1790.     Cherries. 

Lange,  Allgem.  Garten Allgemeines  Gartenbuch.     Von  Theodore  Lange.     2  Bande. 

Zweite  vermehrte.     Leipsic:  1897. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  343 

Langley,  Pomona Pomona,  or  the  Fruit  Garden  Illustrated.     By  Batty  Langley. 

London:  1729. 
Lauche,  Deut.  Pom Deutsche  Pomologie.     Von  W.  Lauche.     (Ilbtstn'rt.)     Berlin: 

1882. 
Lauche,  Erganzungsband. . .  Erster   Erganzungsband   zu   Lucas'    und   Oberdieck's    Illus- 

trirtes    Handbuch    der    Obstkunde.     \'on    W.     Lauche. 

Berlin:   1S83. 
Le  Bon  Jard Le  Bon  Jardinier.     126''    Edition  Almanach  Horticole,   1882 

et  129*^    Edition,  1884.     Paris. 
Leroy,  Diet.  Pom Dictionnaire   de    Pomologie.     Par   Andre    Leroy.     (Illustre.) 

6  Tomes.     Paris:  1867-1879.     Tome  5,  1877.     Cherries. 
Liegel,  Syst.  Anleit Systematische  Anleitiing   zur  Kenntniss  der  vorzuglichsten 

Sorten    des    Kern-,    Stein-,    Schalen-    und    Beerenobster. 

Von  Georg  Liegel.     Passau:  1825. 
Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat A  Catalogue  of  the  Fniits  Cultivated  in  the  Garden  of  the 

Horticultural  Society  of  London.     London:  1826.     Second 

edition,  183 1.     Third  edition,    1842.     A    supplement   was 

published  in  1853. 
Loudon,  Arb.  Frut.  Brit...  .   Arboretum  et  Fruticetum  Britannicum.     Par  J.  C.  Loudon. 

Deuxieme  Edition.     Tome  2.     London:  1844. 
Loudon's,  Enc.  Gard An  Encyclopedia  Of  Gardening.     By  J.  C.  Loudon.     (Illus- 
trated.)    New  edition.     London:  1834. 
Lucas,  Handb.  Obst VoUstandiges  Handbuch  der  Obstkultur.     Von  Ed.  Lucas. 

(Illustrirt.)     Stuttgart:  First  edition,  1880;  second  edition, 

1886;   third  edition,    1893.     Third  edition  edited  by   Fr. 

Lucas,   1894. 
Mag.  Hort The  Magazine  of  Horticulture.     Boston:   1837-1868.     First 

published  as  The  American  Gardener's  Magazine,  1835-6. 

Edited  by  C.  M.  Hovey  with  P.  B.  Hovey,  Jr.,  associate 

editor  during  1835-6. 
Manning,  Book  of  Fruits. . .   Book  of  Fruits.     By  Robert  Manning.     {Illustrated.)     Salem: 

1838.     Copyright,  1838. 
Mas,  Le  Verger Le  Verger  ou  Histoire,  Culture  Et  Description  avec  planches 

coloriees  Des  Varietes  De  Fruits  Les  Plus  Generalement 

Connues.     Par  M.Mas.     8  Tomes.     Paris:  1866-73.  Tome 

8.     Cherries. 
Mas,  Pom.  Gen Pomologie  Gen^rale.     Par.   M.    Mas.    (Illustre.)     12   Tomes. 

Paris:  1872-83.     Tome  11,  18S2.     Cherries. 
Mathieu,  Nom.  Pom Nomenclator     Pomologicus.     Von     Carl     Mathieu.     Berlin: 

1889. 
Mawe-Abercrombie,      Com. 
Gard The   Complete    Gardener.     By    Thomas    Mawe    and    John 

Abercrombie.     London:  1829. 


344 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


Mawe-Abercrombie,  Univ. 

Gard.  Bot The  Universal  Gardener  and  Botanist.     By  Thomas  Mawe 

and  John  Abercrombie.     London:  1778. 

Miller,  Gard.  Diet The  Gardener's  Dictionary.     By  Philip  Miller.     2  Volumes. 

London:  1754.  Revised  edition.  By  Thomas  Martyn 
London:  1807. 

Miller,  Gard.  Kal The  Gardener's  Kalendar.     By  Philip  Miller.     London:  1734. 

Mcintosh,  Bk.  Gard The  Book  of  the  Garden.  By  Charles  Mcintosh.  (Illus- 
trated.)    Two  Volumes.     London:  1855. 

McMahon,  Am.  Gard.  Cal.    The  American  Gardener's  Calendar.     By  Bernard  McMahon. 

Philadelphia:  1806. 

Mortillet,  Le  Cerisier Arboriculture  Fruitiere.     Les  Meilleurs  Fniits.     Par    M.  P. 

De  Mortillet.  (Illustre.)  Tome  II.  Le  Cerisier.  Gre- 
noble: 1866. 

Nat.  Nur The    National    Nurseryman.     Published    by    The    National 

Nurseryman  Publishing  Co.  (Illustrated.)  Rochester:  1893 
to  date. 

Nicholson,  Diet.  Gard The   Illustrated   Dictionary   of  Gardening,   a  practical  and 

scientific  Encyclopedia  of  Horticulture  for  Gardeners  and 
Botanists.  By  George  Nicholson,  assisted  by  J.  W.  H. 
Trail  and  J.  Garrett.  4  Volimies.  London.  Supplement 
to  same.     By  George  Nicholson  et  al.     London:  1900. 

Noisette,      Man.        Comp. 

Jard Manuel   Complet    du   Jardinier.     Par    M.    Louis    Noisette. 

Tome  Deuxieme.     Paris:  i860. 

Oberdieck,  Obst-Sort Deutschlands  beste  Obst-Sorten.     Von  F.  G.  C.  Oberdieck. 

Leipzig:   1881. 

Obstziichter Der   Obstziichter   Zeitschrift    fur   die   Gesamtinteressen   des 

Obstbanes.  References  in  Volume  VIII,  Numbers  i,  2,  3, 
4  and  10.     Vienna:  1910. 

Parkinson,  Par.  Ter Paradisi  in  Sole.     Paradisus  Terrestris.     By  John  Parkinson. 

(Illustrated.)     London:  1629. 

Phillips,  Com.  Orch The  Companion  for  the  Orchard.  An  Historical  And  Botani- 
cal Account  of  Frmts  Known  In  Great  Britain.  By 
Henry  Phillips.     New  Edition.     London:  183 1. 

Poiteau,  Pom.  Franc Pomologie  Francaise.     Recueil  des  Plus  Beaux  Fruits  Cultives 

En  France.  Par  Antoine  Poiteau.  Tomes  1-4.  Paris: 
1846. 

Pom.  France Pomologie  De  La  France  ou  Histoire  Et  Description  de  tous 

Les  Fruits  Cultives  En  France  Et  Admis  Par  Le  Congres 
Pomologique.  (Illustre.)  Tomes  I-VIII.  Lyon:  1863- 
1873.     Tome  VII,  1871.     Cherries. 

Pom.  Inst.  Reut Pomologisches  Institut  Reutlingen.     Reutlingen:  1911-1912. 


THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK  345 

Pom.  Mag The  Pomological  Magazine;  or,  Figures  And  Descriptions  of 

the  Most  Important  Varieties  Of  Fruit  cultivated  in 
Great  Britain.  Three  Volumes.  London:  1828-30.  This 
work  has  also  been  published  under  the  title  Pomona 
Brittanica. 

Popular  Gard Popiilar  Gardening.     An   Illustrated  periodical  devoted  to 

Horticulture  in  all  its  branches.  Volume  I.  Buffalo:  1886. 
Continued  as  Popular  Gardening  and  Fruit  Growing. 
Volumes  II-VI.  Buffalo:  18S7-1891.  Consolidated  with 
The  American  Garden  and  continued  as  American  Gar- 
dening.    New  York:  1892-1904. 

Prince,  Pom.  Man The    Pomological    Manual;   or,    A   Treatise   on   Fruits.     By 

William  Robert  Prince,  aided  bj'  William  Prince.  Second 
Edition.  Part  I.  New  York:  1832.  Copyright,  1831. 
Part  II.     New  York:  1832.     Copyright,  1832. 

Prince,  Treat.  Hort A  Short  Treatise  on  Horticulture.     By  William  Prince.  New 

York:  1828.     Copyright,  1828. 

Prince,      Treat.     Trees      & 

Plants A    Treatise    on    Fruit    and    Ornamental  Trees  And   Plants, 

cultivated  at  the  Linnaean  Botanic  Garden,  Flushing, 
Long-Island,  near  New- York.  By  William  Prince.  New 
York:  1820. 

Proskauer  Obstsort Proskauer  Obstsorten.     Von   Professor  Dr.   Stoll.     Proskau 

bei  Oppeln:  1907. 

Quintinye,  Com.  Gard The  Compleat  Gard'ner;  or.  Directions  for  Cultivating  and 

Right  Ordering  of  Fruit-Gardens,  and  Kitchen-Gardens. 
By  Monsieur  De  la  Quintinye.  Seocnd  Edition.  London: 
1699. 

Ray,  Hist.  Plant Historia  Plantarum.     By  John  Ray.     Second  volimie.     Lon- 
don: 1688. 

Rea,  Flora Flora:  Seu,  De  Flonim  Cultura;  or  A  Complete  Florilege. 

By  John  Rea.  3  Books.  London:  1676.  Book  3. 
Cherries. 

Reut.  Pom.  Inst.  Festschrift.   Festschrift  zum  Funfzigjahrigen  Bestehen  des  Pomologischen 

Instituts  In  ReutUngen.     Reutlingcn:  1910. 

Rev.  Hort Revue  Horticole.     Journal  D'Horticulture  Pratique.     {Illus- 

tre.)     Paris:  1829  to  date. 

Rural  N.  Y The  Rural  New-Yorker.     A  Journal  for  the  Suburban  and 

Country  Home.  {Illustrated.)  Rochester  and  New  York: 
1850  to  date. 

See.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom .  Societe  Nationale  D'Horticulture  De  France.     Section  Po- 

mologique.  Les  Meilleurs  Fruits  au  debut  du  XX°  siecle. 
(Illustre.)     Paris:   1904. 


346  THE  CHERRIES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Sou.  Cult The  Southern  Cultivator.     A  Monthly  Journal,  devoted  to 

the  improvement  of  Southern  Agriculture.  {Illustrated.) 
Augusta,  Ga. :  1843-1848. 

Thacher,  Am.  Orch The    American  Orchardist.     By    James    Thacher.     Boston: 

1822.     Copyright,  1822. 

Thomas,  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  .  .  The  American  Fruit  Culturist.  By  John  J.  Thomas.  {Illus- 
trated.) First  Edition.  Geneva  and  Auburn,  N.  Y. :  1846. 
Copyright,  1846.  Revised  Edition.  Auburn,  N.  Y.:  1851. 
Copyright,  1849.  Revised  Edition.  New  York:  1869. 
Copyright,  1867.  Revised  Edition.  New  York:  1885. 
Copyright,  1875-1885.  Twentieth  Edition,  Revised  and 
Enlarged.  New  York:  1897.  Copyright,  1897.  Twenty- 
first  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  New  York:  19 11. 
Copyright,  1903. 

Thomas,  Guide  Prat Guide  Pratique  de  L'Amateur  de  Fruits.     Par  O.  Thomas. 

1876.     Deuxi^me  Edition.     1895.     See  Guide  Pratique. 

Thompson,  Gard.  Ass't .         The    Gardener's    Assistant;    Practical    and    Scientific.     By 

Robert  Thompson.  {Illustrated.)  Two  Volumes.  London. 
1859.  Same,  revised  by  William  Watson.  Six  Volumes. 
London:  1901. 

Truchsess-Heim,    Kirschen- 

sort Systematische  Classification  und  Beschreibvmg  der  Kirschen- 

sorten.  Von  Christian  Freiherrn  Truchsess.  Edited  by 
Friedrich  Timotheus  Heim.     Stuttgart:  1819. 

U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture: 

1862-1894. 

U.  S.  D.  A.  Yearbook Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture: 

1894  to  date. 

U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt Reports  of  the  Agriculttu-al  section  of  the   United  States 

Patent  Office:  1837  to  1861. 

Wickson,  Cal.  Fruits The  California  Fruits  and  How  To  Grow  Them.     By  Edward 

J.  Wickson.  {Illustrated.)  Second  Edition.  San  Fran- 
cisco: 1891.  Copyright,  1889.  Fourth  Edition.  Los  An- 
geles: 1909.  Copyright,  1908.  Seventh  Edition.  San 
Francisco:  19 14.     Copyright,  191 4. 

Willich,  Dom.  Enc Domestic  Encyclopedia  or  a  Dictionary  of  Facts.     By  A.  F. 

M.  Willich.  First  American  edition  with  additions  by 
James  Mease.  In  five  voliunes.  Volume  4.  Philadelphia: 
1803. 


INDEX 


(Names  of  varieties  in  this  index,  if  accepted  names,   appear  in  Roman  type;  synonyms  in  italics.) 


A  Coeur  Hative,  205 

A  Feuilles  de  Pecher  Grosse,  205 

Abbesse,  205 

Abbesse  d'Oignies,  97 

Abels  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  205 

Abundance,  205 

Acker's  JVeichsel  (syn.  of  Griorte  Acher),  262 

Achte  (sein  sollende)  Kirsche  yier  auf  ein  Pfund  (syn. 
of  Tobacco-Leaved),  326 

Act  Gillos,  205 

Adam  (syn.  of  Adams  Crown),  205 

Adams,  var.  orig.  with,  205 

Adams  Crown,  205 

Adams  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Adams  Crown),  205 

Adlington,  205 

Admirable  de  Soissons  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  Soissons),  233 

Advance  (syn.  of  California  Advance),  113 

Affane,  205 

Afghanistan,  205 

Agathe  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  143 

Agatkirsche  (syn.  of  Dankelmannskirsche),  240 

Alaternblattrige  Siissweichsel,  206 

Albertine  Millet,  206 

Alexandrine  Beon,  206 

Alfred  Wesmael,  206 

All  Saints  (syn.  of  Toussaint),  193 

Allen,  206 

Allen,  J.  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  324 

Allen,  Zachariah,  var.  orig.  with,  206,  311 

Allen  Late  Favourite,  206 

Allen's  Sweet  Montmorency  (syn.  of  Sweet  Mont- 
morency), 324 

Allerfriiheste  Bunte  Maiherzkirsche,  206 

Alte  Kiinigskirsche,  206 

Altenlander  Friihkirsche,  206 

Amaranthkirsche,  206 

Amarell-Weichsel  (syn.  of  Early  May),  138 

Amarelle  a  point  pistillaire  blanc  (syn.  of  Amarelle  mit 
Weissem  Stempelpunct),  207 

Amarelle  Boquet  (syn.  of  Boquet  Morello),  223 

Amarelle  de  la  Madleine  (syn.  of  Madeleine),  294 

Amarelle  Double  de  Verre  (syn.  of  Double  Glass),  122 

Amarelle  Hative,  207 

Amarelle  mit  halbgefiillter  Bliithe  (syn.  of  Flcurs  Semi- 
doubles),  253 

Amarelle  mit  Weissem  Stempelpunct,  207 

Amarelle  Royale  (syn.  of  Montmorency),  169 

Amarelle  tres-ferlile  (syn.  of  Cerisier  Tres-fertile),  234 

Amarellenbaum  mit  ganz  gefiillter  Bliite  (syn.  of  Fleurs 
Doubles),  252 

Amber,  207 

Amber  (syn.  of  Amber  Gean),  207 


Amber  Gean,  207 

Amber  Heart  (syn.  of  White  Heart),  197 

Ambree  de  Guben,  207 

American  Amber,  208 

American  Doctor  (syn.  of  Doctor),  242 

American  Heart,  208 

Amos  Owen,  208 

Amygdalus,  sub-genus  of  Prunus,  15 

Amygdalus  indica  nana  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  trichostyla 

sinensis),  21 
Amygdalus  pumila  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa),  21;  (syn.  of 

P.  japonica  kerii),  22 
Andrews,  208 

Andrews,  C.  N.,  var.  orig.  with,  208 
Anglaise  Halioe   (syn.   of  May   Duke),    164;    (syn.   of 

Royal  Duke),  184 
Anglaise  Tardive  (syn.  of  Late  Duke),  155 
Anne,  208 
Annonay,  208 

Annonayer  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Annonay),  208 
Anstad,  208 

Anstad,  A.  P.,  var.  orig.  by,  208 
Antonie,  var.  introduced  by,  213 
Appalachian  cherry,  botanical  name  of,  35 
Arch  Duke,  98 
Argental  Late,  209 
Atwater,  Caleb,  var.  orig.  with,  249 
Auburn  Duke,  209 
August  Duke,  209 
Augustine  de  Vigny,  209 
Aurischotte,  209 
Austen,  R.  A.,  quoted,  68 
Badacconyi  (syn.  of  Badacsony),  209 
Badacsoner  Riesenkirsche  (syn.  of  Badacsony),  209 
Badacsoner  Schwarze  Riesenkirsche  (syn.  of  Badacsony), 

209 
Badacsony,  209 

Badacsonyer  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Badacsony),  209 
Baender,  210 
Baldwin,  100 

Baldwin,  S.  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  100 
Baltavaer  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Baltavar),  210 
Baltavar,  210 

Baltavari  (syn.  of  Baltavar),  210 
Baluder  Morello,  210 
Barnhart,  210 
Barry,  quoted,  70-71 
Baseler  Herzkirsche,  210 
Bates,  210 

Bates,  S.  J.,  var.  orig.  with,  210 
Baumann  May,  100 
Bay  State,  210 


347 


348 


THE    CHERRIES   OF   NEW    YORK 


Baylor,  211 

Beauty  of  Marienhohe  (syn.  of  Schone  von  Marienhohe), 

317 
Beauty  of  Orleans  (syn.  of  Belle  d'Orleans),  212 
Bedford,  A.  V.,  var.  introduced  by,  208 
Bedford  Prolific,  211 
Belle  Jgatke  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  144 
Belle  Agathe  de  Novembre  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  1+3 
Belle  Allemande  (syn.  of  Bettenburger  Glaskirsche),  213 
Belle  Aiidigeoise,  211 
Belle  Bosc,  211 
Belle  de  Boskoop,  211 
Belle    Brugeoise    Saint-Pierre    (syn.    of    Schone    von 

Brugge),  317 
Belle  de  Bruxelles  (syn.  of  Belle  d'Orleans),  212 
Belle  de  Caux,  211 

Belle  de  Chatenay  (syn.  of  Magnifique),  163 
Belle  de  Clioisy  (syn.  of  Choisy),  116 
Belle  de  Couchey,  211 
Belle  Defay,  211 
Belle  de  Franconville,  211 
Belle  glorie  de  Marie  (syn.  of  Schone  von  Marienhohe), 

317 
Belle  grosse  d' Ardeche  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  I'Ardeche),  230 
Belle  I'Herissier,  211 
Belle  de  Kis-Oers,  212 
Belle  de  Loche,  212 

Belle  Magnifique  (syn.  of  Magnifique),  163 
Belle  de  Magnifique  (syn.  of  Magnifique),  163 
Belle  et  Magnifique  (syn.  of  Magnifique),  163 
Belle  de  MarienhUhe  (syn.  of  Schone  von  Marienhohe), 

317 

Belle  de  Montreuil  (syn.  of  Montreuil),  298 

Belle  d'Orleans,  212 

Belle  de  Ribeaucourt,  212 

Belle  de  Rochelle,  212 

Belle  de  Rocmont,  212 

Belle  de  Sainr  Tronc,  213 

Belle  de  Sauvigny  (syn.  of  Montmorency  de  Sauvigny), 
298 

Belie  de  P'arennes  {syn.  of  Cerisier  de  Varenne),  234 

Belle  Vezzouris,  213 

Belle  de  Voisery,  213 

Belle  de  IVorsery  (syn.  of  Royal  Duke),  184 

Bender,  var.  orig.  with    213 

Bender,  J.  O.,  var.  orig.  with,  213 

Bender  (of  Michigan),  213 

Bender  (of  New  York),  213 

Berger,  Staquet,  var.  orig.  by,  231 

Berlin  Amarelle,  213 

Bernard,  213 

Bessarabian,  loi 

Bessey's  Cherry,  botanical  name  of,  37 

Bettenburger  Glaskirsche,  213 

Bettenburger  Herzkirsche,  214 

Bettenburger  Kirsche  von  der  Natte,  214 

Bettenburger  Schwane  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Bettenburger 
Herzkirsche),  214 

Bettenburger  Weichsel,  214 

Bettenburger  tVeichsel  Grosser  Gobet  (syn.  of  Betten- 
burger Weichsel),  214 


Bettenburger   IVeichsel  von  der    Natte  (syn.   of  Betten- 
burger Weichsel),  214 
Bicentenaireweichsel  (syn.  of  Cerise  du   Bicentenaire), 

Bicolor  (syn.  of  Zweifarbige  Kirsche),  336 

Bicolor  Van  Mons,  214 

Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Yellow  Spanish),  202 

Bigarreau  Abbesse  de  Mouland,  214 

Bigarreau  Ambre  Precoce  (syn.  of  Early  Amber),  247 

Bigarreau  Antoine  Nomblot,  214 

Bigarreau  Baumann  (syn.  of  Baumann  May),  100 

Bigarreau    Baute   de   I'Ohio    (syn.    of    Ohio    Beauty), 

302 
Bigarreau  belle  de  Rocmond  (syn.  of  Belle  de  Rocmont), 

212 
Bigarreau  blanc  de  Groll  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Groll),  217 
Bigarreau  Blanc  (Petit)  (syn.  of  Flamentine),  252 
Bigarreau  Blanc  Precoce,  215 
Bigarreau  Blanc-Rose  de  Piemont,  21; 
Bigarreau  Bordan,  215 
Bigarreau  de  Bourget,  215 
Bigarreau  Brun,  215 
Bigarreau     Brun     Kleindiensl     (syn.     of    Kleindienst 

Braune  Knorpel),  282 
Bigarreau  de  Capucins,  215 
Bigarreau  de  la  Caserne,  215 
Bigarreau  Cayenne,  215 
Bigarreau  de  Chalons,  215 
Bigarreau  de  Champvans,  216 
Bigarreau  Commun  (syn.  of  Yellow  Spanish),  202 
Bigarreau  Corniola,  216 
Bigarreau  Court  Picout  Hatif,  216 
Bigarreau  Court  Picout  Tardif,  216 
Bigarreau  Donnissen,  216 
Bigarreau  Dore,  216 
Bigarreau  Double  Royale,  216 
Bigarreau  Dur,  216 
Bigarreau  Duranno,  217 
Bigarreau      Empereur-Francois       (syn.      of     Emperor 

Francis),  249 
Bigarreau  d' Esperen  (syn.  of  Napoleon),  172 
Bigarreau  de  per  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  144 
Bigarreau  a  Feuilles  de  Tabac  (syn.  of  Tobacco-Leaved), 

326 
Bigarreau  de  Florence  (syn.  of  Florence),  140 
Bigarreau  Galopin,  217 
Bigarreau  Glady,  217 
Bigarreau  {Golden)  (syn.  of  Drogan  Yellow  Bigarreau), 

24; 

Bigarreau  Grand,  217 

Bigarreau  Groll,  217 

Bigarreau  Gros  Coeuret  (syn.  of  Large  Heart-shaped 
Bigarreau),  288;  (syn.  of  Napoleon),  172 

Bigarreau  Gros  Commun  (syn.  of  0.\  Heart),  178 

Bigarreau  a  Gros  Fruit  Rouge  (syn.  of  Red  Bigarreau), 
309 

Bigarreau  a  gros  Fruit  Rouge  Tardif  (syn.  of  Large 
Late  Red  Bigarreau),  288 

Bigarreau  Gros  Monstrueux  (syn.  of  Large  Heart- 
shaped  Bigarreau),  288 

Bigarreau  Gros  Noir  de  Luther,  217 


THE    CHERRIES   OF   NEW    YORK 


349 


Bigarreau   Grosse   Gomballoise    (syn.    of  Grosse   Gom- 

balloise),  265 
Bigarreau  Hatif  (syn.  of  Black  Bigarreau),  222 
Bigarreau  Hatif  Boulbon  (syn.  of  Boulebonner  Kirsche), 

224 
Bigarreau  Hatif  de  Champagne,  217 
Bigarreau  Hatif  de  Saint-Laud,  217 
Bigarreau  de  Hedelfingen  (syn.  of  Hedellingen),  274 
Bigarreau  de  Hildesheim  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  144 
Bigarreau  d'ltalie,  218 
Bigarreau  Jahoulay  (syn.  of  Lyons),  161 
Bigarreau  Jacquet,  218 

Bigarreau  jaune  (syn.  of  Dankelmannskirsche),  240 
Bigarreau  jaune  de  Donissen  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Don- 

nissen),  216 
Bigarreau  jaune  de  Groth  (syn.  of  Groth  Gelbe  Knor- 

pelkirsche),  268 
Bigarreau  Jumard,  218 
Bigarreau  de    Kronberg  (sj-n.  of  Kronberger  Kirsciie), 

285 
Bigarreau  Krilger,  218 
Bigarreau  Legrey,  218 

Bigarreau  de  Loire  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  de  Lory),  218 
Bigarreau  a  Longue  Queue  (syn.  of  Dunkelrothe  Knor- 

pelkirsche),  246 
Bigarreau  de  Lory,  218 
Bigarreau  de  Lyon  (syn.  of  Lyons),  161 
Bigarreau   MarjeoUais    (syn.    of   Bigarreau    Marjolet), 

218 
Bigarreau  Marjolet,  218 
Bigarreau  of  Mezel  (syn.  of  Mezel),  167 
Bigarreau  Mongin,  218 
Bigarreau  Monstreuse  de  Bavay,  219 
Bigarreau  monstreux  de  Baltava  {syn.  of  Baltavar),  210 
Bigarreau  Monstrueux  (syn.  of  Mezel),  167 
Bigarreau  Moreau,  219 
Bigarreau  de  Naples  (syn.  of  Naples),  300 
Bigarreau  Napoleon  Noir,  219 
Bigarreau    Noir   Buttner    (syn.    of   Biittner    Schwarze 

Herzkirsche),  299 
Bigarreau-noir  a  chair  Ires-ferme  (syn.  of  Festfleischige 

Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche),  251 
Bigarreau  Noir  d'EcuUy,  219 

Bigarreau  Noir  d' Espagne  (syn.  of  Black  Heart).  106 
Bigarreau  noir  d' Espagne  (syn.  of  Black  Spanish),  223 
Bigarreau  noir  de  Germersdorf  (syn.  of  GermersdorQ,  259 
Bigarreau  Noir  a  Gros  Fruits,  219 
Bigarreau  noir  de  Guben  (syn.  of  Guben),  268 
Bigarreau  noir  Hatif  (syn.  of  Black  Bigarreau),  222 
Bigarreau  Noir  de  Heintzen,  219 
Bigarreau-noir  de  Knight  (syn.  of  Knight  Late  Black), 

283 
Bigarreau  noir  de  Kriiger  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Kriiger), 

218 
Bigarreau  noir  de  Lamp'e  (syn.   of  Lampen   Schwarze 

Knorpelkirsche),  2S7 
Bigarreau  Noir  Napoleon  III  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Napo- 
leon Noir),  219 
Bigarreau  noir  de  Savoie  (syn.  of  Black  Bigarreau  of 

Savoy),  222 
Bigarreau  Noir  de  Tabor,  219 


Bigarreau  noir  de    Tilgner  (syn.   of  Tilgner  Schwarze 

Knorpelkirsche),  326 
Bigarreau  noir  Jfinkler  (syn.  of  Winkler  Black),  335 
Bigarreau  noire  de  Spitz  (syn.  of  Spitzens  Herzkirsche), 

322 
Bigarreau  d'Octobre,  219 
Bigarreau  de  I'Once,  220 
Bigarreau  Pelissier,  102 

Bigarreau  a  petit  fruit  blanc  (syn.  of  Flamentine),  252 
Bigarreau  a  petit  fruit  rouge  hatif  (syn.  of  Kleine  Bunte 

Friihkirsche),  282 
Bigarreau  pleureur  (syn.  of  Weeping  Black  Bigarreau), 

331 

Bigarreau  Ponctue  (syn.  of  Punktirte  Marmorkirsche), 
309 

Bigarreau  Pourpre,  220 

Bigarreau  Prince  Royal  de  Hanovre  (syn.  of  Kronprinz 
von  Hannover),  285 

Bigarreau  Printanier  d'OuUins,  220 

Bigarreau  Reverchon,  220 

Bigarreau  Richelieu,  220 

Bigarreau  Rival  (syn.  of  Rival),  311 

Bigarreau  de  Rocmont  (syn.  of  Belle  de  Rocmont),  212 

Bigarreau  Rosa,  220 

Bigarreau  Rose  Dragon,  22c 

Bigarreau  rouge  de  Biittner  (syn.  of  Buttner  Rothe 
Knorpelkirsche),  228 

Bigarreau  Rouge  Fonce  (syn.  of  Dunkelrothe  Knorpel- 
kirsche), 246 

Bigarreau  Rouge  de  Guben  (syn.  of  Early  Red  Bigar- 
reau), 248 

Bigarreau  rouge  hatif  (petit)  (syn.  of  Kleine  Bunte 
Friihkirsche),  282 

Bigarreau  Rouge  Tardif  de  Biittner  (syn.  of  Biittner 
Spate  Rothe  Knorpelkirsche),  229 

Bigarreau  rouge  de  Tilgener  (syn.  of  Tilgner  Rothe 
Herzkirsche),  326 

Bigarreau  de  Sausigny  (svn.  of  Sauvigny  Knorpel- 
kirsche), 315 

Bigarreau  de  Schleihahn  (syn.  of  Schleihahn  Sweet),  316 

Bigarreau  de  Schrecken,  220 

Bigarreau  Strie,  221 

Bigarreau  Tardif  Biittner  (syn.  of  Biittner  Spate 
Weichsel),  229 

Bigarreau   Tardif  de  Hildesheim  (syn.  of  Hildesheim), 

1+3 

Bigarreau  Tardif  de  Lade  (syn.  of  Lade  Late),  286 

Bigarreau  Tardif  de  Lieke  (syn.  of  Lieke  Bunte  Knorpel- 
kirsche), 291 

Bigarreau-tardif  de  Meiningen  (syn.  of  Meininger  Spate 
Knorpelkirsche),  297 

Bigarreau  Toupie  (syn.  of  Toupie),  327 

Bigarreau  de  Trie,  221 

Bigarreau  a  Trochets,  221 

Bigarreau  Turca,  221 

Bigarreau  Violet  (syn.  of  Dunkelrothe  Knorpelkirsche), 
246 

Bigarreau  de  Walpurgis,  221 

Bigarreau  Werder  (syn.  of  Werder  Early  Black),  332 

Biagarreau  de  Zeisberg,  221 

Bigarreau  Zschedowitzer  Schwarze,  221 


350 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


Btgarreautier    a  fruit  jaune    (syn.   of   Dankelmanns- 

kirsche),  240 
Bigarreautier    a    grandes   feuilles    (syn.    of    Tobacco- 
Leaved),  326 
Bigarreautier    de     Naples     (syn.     of    Neapolitanische 

Molkenkirsche),  300 
Bigarreautier  a  petit  fruit  hatif  (syn.  of  Flamentine),  252 
Bigarreautier  a  Petit  Fruit  Noir,  221 
Bigarreautier  a  Petit  Fruit  Rose,  222 
Bigarreautier  a  petit  fruit  rouge  (syn.  of  Kleine  Bunte 

Friihkirsche),  282 
Bigarreautier   d   rameaux   pendants    (syn.    of  Thranen 

Muskatellerkirsche),  326 
Biguarre  Cherrie  (syn.  of  Yellow  Spanish),  202 
Bill  and  Coo,  222 
Bing,  103 
Bismarck,  222 

Black,  J.  H.,  var.  orig.  with,  306 
Black  American,  222 
Black  Bigarreau,  222 

Black  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Manning  Late  Black),  295 
Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy,  222 
Black  Bohemian  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  d'ltalie),  218 
Black  Eagle  (syn.  of  Eagle),  126 
Black  Guigne,  104 
Black  Hawk,  105 
Black  Heart,  105 
Black  Hungarian  Gean,  222 
Black  Margaret,  223 
Black  Mastodon  (syn.  of  Mastodon),  296 
Black  Prolific,  223 

Black  Republican  (syn.  of  Republican),  181 
Black  Spanish,  223 
Black  Tartarian,  107 
Black  Turkey  Heart,  223 
Blasse  Johanni  Kirsche,  223 
Bleeding  Heart,  108 

Bleichrothe  Glaskirsche  (syn.  of  Cerise  Rouge  Pale),  233 
Bloem-kers  double  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Doubles),  252;  (syn. 

of  Fleurs  Semi-doubles),  253 
Bloodgood,  Daniel,  var.  orig.  by,  208 
Blutherzkirsche  (syn.  of  Bleeding  Heart),  109 
Blutrothe  Molkenkirsche  (syn.  of  Bleeding  Heart),   109 
Bocage,  223 
Bohemian  Black  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  d'ltalie), 

218 
Bohemian  Queen,  223 
Bon  Bon,  223 

Bonamy,  var.  orig.  with,  293 
Bonnemain,  .^uguste,  var.  orig.  by,  260 
Bonnemain  (syn.  of  Gloire  de  France),  260 
Book,  223 
Boppard,  223 

Bopparder  Friihkirsche  (syn.  of  Boppard),  223 
Boppard's  Early  (syn.  of  Boppard),  223 
Boquet  Morello,  223 
Boreatton,  224 
Bordan,  var.  orig.  by,  215 
Bordans  friihe  weisse  Henkirsche    (syn.   of   Bigarreau 

Bordan),  215 
Bordans  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Bordan),  215 


Bostock,  quoted,  45 

Boughton  Early  Black  Duke,  224 

Boulebonner  Kirsche,  224 

Bount  Dantzic,  224 

Bouquet-Herzkirsche,  224 

Bouquetweichsel,  224 

Bourgueil,  109 

Boussieuer  Knorpelkirsche,  224 

Bowers,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  224 

Bowers'  Seedlings,  224 

Boyd  Early  Black,  225 

Boyer's  Early  (syn.  of  Bowyer  Early  Heart),  225 

Bowyer  Early  Heart,  225 

Brandon,  225 

Brandywine,  225 

Brant,  225 

Brassington,  225 

Braunauer  Amarelle  (syn.  of  Braunauer  Glaskirsche),  225 

Braunauer  Glaskirsche,  225 

Braune  rathe  Sauerkirsche  (syn.  of  Braunrote  weichsel), 

226 
Braune  Soodkirsche,  226 
Braune  Spanische  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Braune  Spanische 

Kirsche),  226 
Braune  Spanische  Kirsche,  226 
Braunrote  Weichsel,  226 

Bretonneau,  Pierre,  var.  orig.  with,  no,  246,  305 
Briggs,  J.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  226 
Briggs  Sweet,  226 

Brinckle,  John  R.,  var.  orig.  by,  225 
Brindilles,  226 
Brown  Best,  226 
Brown  Seedlings,  226 
Bruce,  quoted,  61-62 
Brusseler  Braune,  no 

Briisselsche  Bruyn  (syn.  of  Brusseler  Braune),  no 
Buckatzsch  Weisse  Herzkirsche,  227 
Buckatzsch  Weisse  Knorpelkirsche,  227 
Budd,  J.  L.,  quoted,  74;  var.  introduced  by,  97,  :02, 

ni,  123,  129,  143,  147,  158,  160,  188,  195,  207,  224, 

227,  232,  243,  2S4,  263,  275,  280,  281,  297,  303,  312, 

318,  319,  322,  330,  336 
Budd,  No.  533,  227 
Buffalo,  227 
Bunte  Amarelle,  112 
Bunte  Morello,  227 
Burbank,  227 

Burbank,  Luther,  var.  orig.  by,  205,  227,  259 
Burbank  Early  (syn.  of  Burbank),  227 
Burchardt,  var.  orig.  by,  227 
Burchardts  Schwarze  Rosenobel,  227 
Burghley  Park,  227 
Burr,  228 

Burr,  Zera,  var.  orig.  with,  228 
Biittner,  var.  orig.  by,  228,  229 
Buttner  Gelbe  Knorpelkirsche,  228 
Biittner  Rothe  Herzkirsche,  228 
Buttner  Rothe  Knorpelkirsche,  228 
Buttner  Schwarze  Herzkirsche,  228 
Biittner  Schwarze  Sauerkirsche,  229 
Buttner  Spate  Rothe  Knorpelkirsche,  229 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


351 


Biittner  Spate  Weichsel,  229 

Btittner's  harte  Marmorkirsche  (syn.  of  Biittner  Spate 

Rothe  Knorpelkirsche),  229 
Btittner's    Late    Red    (syn.    of    Biittner    Spate    Rothe 

Knorpelkirsche),  229 
Biittner's  October  (syn.  of  Biittner  Spate  Weichsel),  229 
Biittner's    October    Morello    (syn.    of    Biittner    Spate 

Weichsel),   229 
Btittner's  October  Zucker  Weichsel  (syn.  of  Biittner  Spate 

Weichsel),   229 
Biittner's  rothe  Marmorkirsche  (syn.  of  Buttner  Rothe 

Knorpelkirsche),  228 
Biittner's  rothe  Molkenkirsche  (syn.  of  Biittner  Rothe 

Herzkirsche),  228 
Biittner's  schwarze  neue  Herzkirsche   (syn.   of  Biittner 

Schwarze  Herzkirsche),  229 
Biittner's  schwarze  neue  Sauerkirsche  (syn.  of  Biittner 

Schwarze  Sauerkirsche),  229 
Btittner's  Sehrspdte  (syn.  of  Buttner  Spate  Weichsel),  229 
Biittner's  September  und  Octoberzveichsel  (syn.  of  Biittner 

Spate  Weichsel),  229 
Biittner's    Yellow    (syn.    of    Biittner    Gelbe    Knorpel- 
kirsche), 228 
Byrnville,  230 
California  .Advance,  113 
Cameleon,  230 
Cardinalskirsche,  230 
Carmine  Stripe,  230 
Carnation,  114 
Caroline,  230 
Catskill,  230 
Cayenner  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Cayenne), 

215 
Centennial,  115 
Ceraseidos  apetala   (syn.   of   P.   apetala),   21;   (syn.   of 

P.  incisa),  20 
Cerasus,  group  name  of,  2;  sub-genus  of  Prunus,  15 
Cerasus  acida  (syn.  of  P.  Cerasus),  24 
Cerasus  asptenifolia  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  austera  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 
Cerasus  Avium  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  bigarella,  30;  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  25 
Cerasus  bigarella  regalis,  3 1 
Cerasus  Bungei  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  25 
Cerasus  californica  (syn.  of  P.  emarginata),  16 
Cerasus  Caproniana  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 
Cerasus  caproniana  ftore  roseo  pleno  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata 

hisakura),  18 
Cerasus  cucullaia  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  25 
Cerasus  decumana  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  depressa  (syn.  of  P.  pumila),  34 
Cerasus  donarium  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata  grandiflora),  18 
Cerasus  dulcis  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  duracina  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  effusa  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  25 
Cerasus  glandulosa  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa),  21 
Cerasus  glauca  (syn.  of  P.  pumila),  34 
Cerasus  Heaumiana  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  25 
Cerasus  herincquiana  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 
Cerasus  heterophylla  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  hortenses  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 


Cerasus    hortensis  fotiis    eleganter    variegatis    (syn.    of 

Striped-Leaved),  323 
Cerasus  incisa  (syn.  of  P.  incisa),  20 
Cerasus  intermedia  isyn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  itosakura  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 
Cerasus  japonica    (syn.    of    P.    glandulosa    trichostyla 

sinensis),  21 
Cerasus  japonica  multiplex  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  glabra 

albiplena),  21 
Cerasus  Juliana  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  lannesiana  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata  lannesiana),  18 
Cerasus  macrophylla  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  mahaleb  (syn.  of  P.  mahaleb),  3 1 
Cerasus  Marasca  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  25 
Cerasus  nicotianaefolia  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 
Cerasus  nigra  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  pallida  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  paniculata  (syn.  o{  P.pseudocerasussieboldii),  17 
Cerasus  pendula  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 
Cerasus  pettdula  flore  roseo  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 
Cerasus  pendula  kriegeri  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata  kriegeri),  18 
Cerasus  pendula  rosea  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 
Cerasus  phoshia  (syn.  of  P.  cerasoides),  19 
Cerasus  pseudocerasus  (syn.  of  P.  pseudocerasus),   17; 

(syn.  of  P.  serrulata),  18 
Cerasus   pseudocerasus    "  James    Feitch  "    (syn.   of   P. 

serrulata  veitchiana),  18 
Cerasus  puddum  (syn.  of  P.  cerasoides),  19 
Cerasus  pumila  (syn.  of  P.  pumila),  34 
Cerasus  regalis,  3 1 

Cerasus  Rhexii  (syn.  of  P.  ccra/u/),  25 
Cerasus  rubicunda  (syn.  of  P.  asium),  28 
Cerasus  ruja  (syn.  of  P.  rufa),  19 
Cerasus  salicifolia  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  serratijolia  rosea  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata  hisakura), 

18 
Cerasus  serrulata  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata),  18 
Cerasus  sieboldtii  (syn.  of  P.  pseudocerasus  sieboldii),  17 
Cerasus  tomentosa  (syn.  of  P.  tomentosa),  33 
Cerasus  tridentina  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  25 
Cerasus  varia  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 
Cerasus  vulgaris  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 
Cerasus  watereri  (syn.  of  P.  pseudocerasus  watereri),  17 
Cerasus  toattererii  (syn.  of  P.  pseudocerasus  watereri),  17 
Cerise  Albanes,  230 

Cerise  d' Jllemagne  (syn.  of  German  Morello),  258 
Cerise  Anglaise  (syn.  of  Cerise  Guigne),  232 
Cerise  d'Angleterre  Precoce,  230 
Cerise  de  I'Ardeche,  230 
Cerise  Bellon,  230 
Cerise  de  la  Besnardiere,  231 
Cerise  du  Bicentenaire,  231 
Cerise  Blanche  a  Petit  Fruit,  231 
Cerise  de  Bourgueil  (syn.  of  Bourgueil),  109 
Cerise  Carminee  (syn.  of  Carmine  Stripe),  230 
Cerise  Commune,  231 

Cerise  Commune  (syn.  of  Griotte  Commune),  262 
Cerise  Commune  (de  la  Madeleine)  (syn.  of  Madeleine), 

294 
Cerise  du  Comte  de  Henneberg  (syn.   of    Henneberger 

Grafenkirsche),  274 


352 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


Cerise  a  Cotes,  231 

Cerise    a    Courte   Queue    (syn.    of   Short-Stem    Mont- 
morency), 187 
Cerise  d'Espagne,  231 

Cerise  de  V Esviere  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  Prusse),  232 
Cerise  a  la  Feuille,  231 

Cerise  a  Feuilles  bigarrees'isyn.  of  Tobacco-Leaved),  326 
Cerise  de  Folger  (syn.  of  Folgerkirsche),  253 
Cerise  de  Gemblou.x,  231 
Cerise  de  Goitorpe  (syn.  of  Gottorper),  261 
Cerise  Graisseuse  (syn.  of  Speckkirsche),  321 
Cerise  Gros  Fruit  (syn.  of  Short-Stem  Montmorency), 

187 
Cerise  Guigne,  231 

Cerise  Halive  (syn.  of  Siisse  Friihweichsel),  324 
Cerise  Lard  (syn.  of  Speckkirsche),  321 
Cerise  de  Mai  Double,  232 
Cerise  de  Mai  Simple,  232 
Cerise  de  Martigne,  232 

Cerise  a  Noyau  tendre  (syn.  of  Soft-stone  Cherry),  320 
Cerise  Orange  (syn.  of  Pomeranzen),  306 
Cerise  d'Orange  (syn.  of  Carnation),  114 
Cerise  de  Ostheim,  232 
Cerise  du  Palatinat  (syn.  of  Velser),  329 
Cerise  de  petit-lait  rouge  (syn.  of  Rothe  Molkenkirsche), 

313 
Cerise  de  Planchouri  (syn.  of  Planchoury),  305 
Cerise  de  Portugal  (syn.  of  Arch  Duke),  98 
Cerise  de    Prague  tardive   (syn.    of  Pragische    Muska- 

telier),  307 
Cerise  precoce  d'Jlterdaud  (syn.  of  .-Mtenlander  Friih- 

kirsche),  206 
Cerise  du  Prince  Maurice,  232 
Cerise  de  Prusse,  232 

Cerise  de  Prusse  noire  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  Prusse),  232 
Cerise  de  Rouen  Double,  232 
Cerise  de  Rouen  Simple,  232 
Cerise  Rouge  Pale,  233 
Cerise  Rouge  Sanguine,  233 
Cerise  Royale  (syn.  of  Royal  Duke),  184 
Cerise  Royale  de  Hollande  (syn.  of  .Arch  Duke),  98 
Cerise  Royale  Ordinaire,  233 
Cerise  Royale    Tardive  D'Jnglelerre   (syn.   of  Holman 

Duke),  276 
Cerise  de  Sauvigny  (syn.  of  Montmorency  de  Sauvigny), 

298 
Cerise  de  Seckbach  (syn.  of  Seckbacher),  318 
Cerise  de  Soissons,  233 
Cerise  de  Tierce,  233 

Cerise  a  Trochet  (syn.  of  Cerisier  Tres-fertile),  234 
Cerise  van  der  Nat  (syn.  of  Double  Natte),  123 
Cerise  de  Folger  (syn.  of  Early  Richmond),  132 
Cerise  JValpurgis  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  de  Walpurgis),  221 
Cerise  de  Xavier,  233 

Cerise  de  Zeisberg  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  de  Zeisberg),  221 
Cerisier  a  Bouquet  (syn.  of  Cluster),  119 
Cerisier  Commun  a  Fruit  Rond,  233 
Cerisier  Commun  Pleureur,  233 
Cerisier  coulard  de  Holland  (syn.  of  Coularde),  239 
Cerisier  cuculle  (syn.  of   Griottier    a    Feuilles    Cucul- 

lees),  264 


Cerisier  a  Feuilles  Laciniees,  234 

Cerisier  a  Feuilles  de  Saule  (syn.  of   Willow-Leaved), 

335 

Cerisier  a  Fruit  Ambre,  a  Fruit  Blanc  (syn.  of  Choisy), 
116 

Cerisier  a  Gros  Fruit  Blanc,  234 

Cerisier  a  Gros  Fruit  Rouge-pale  (syn.  of  Cerise  Rouge 
Pale),  233 

Cerisier  Hatif  (syn.  of  Early  Richmond),  132 

Cerisier  de  Hollande  (syn.  of  Coularde),  238 

Cerisier  de  Hollande  a  feuilles  de  saule  ou  de  balsamine 
(syn.  of  Willow-Leaved),  335 

Cerisier  juniat  (syn.  of  June  Amarelle),  279 

Cerisier  de  la  Madleine  (syn.  of  Madeleine),  294 

Cerisier  Nain  a  Fruit  Rond  Precoce  (syn.  of  Early 
May),  128 

Cerisier  Royal  Tardif  a  Fruit  Noir,  234 

Cerisier  Tres-fertile,  234 

Cerisier  de  Varenne,  234 

Challenge,  234 

Champagne,  234 

Champion,  235 

Chapman,  235 

Chapman,  Henry,  var.  orig.  by,  116 

Chapman,  \V.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  113,  235,  296,  309 

Charoze,  var.  orig.  with,  271 

Chase,  Lewis,  var.  orig.  with,  292 

Chase,  R.  G.,  var.  introduced  by,  230 

Chatenay,  var.  orig.  with,  163 

Cheresoto,  235 

Cherries,  adaptions  of,  in  America,  55-56;  ameliora- 
tion of,  8-9;  ancient  history  of,  40;  ancient  use  of, 
39-40;  beginning  of  domestication  of,  42-44;  bloom- 
ing dates  and  season  of  ripening  of,  80-81;  char- 
acters of  bark,  branches  and  buds  of,  11-12;  char- 
acters of  flowers  and  fruit  of,  13-14;  characters  of 
leaves  of,  12-13;  classification  of  cultivated  varieties 
of,  15;  cultivated,  origin  of,  41-42;  diseases  of, 
88-92;  distribution  of  cultivated  varieties  of,  3; 
domestication  of,  8;  early  planting  of,  in  America, 
56;  geographical  distribution  of  species  of,  23-24, 
groups  of,  by  German  writers,  49;  habit  of  growth 
of  species  of,  10;  hardiness  of  species  of,  10;  history 
of,  in  England,  49-55;  history  of,  in  Greece,  42-44; 
history  of,  in  Italy,  44-48;  history  of,  in  New 
England,  57-58;  history  of,  in  New  York,  59-61; 
history  of,  in  the  Middle  West,  62;  history  of, 
in  the  Sixteenth  Century,  48-49;  history  of,  in  the 
South,  61-62;  history  of,  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 
62-64;  immunity  of,  to  diseases  and  insects,  lo-ii; 
insects  detrimental  to,  92-96;  lack  of  literature  of,  7; 
list  of,  growing  in  America  in  1804,  60-61;  minor 
species  of,  38;  natural  environment  of,  76-80; 
number  of  described  varieties  of,  8;  origin  of  described 
varieties  of,  9;  ornamental  value  of,  6-7;  pollina- 
tion of,  82-83;  productiveness  of,  10;  relation  of,  to 
other  species,  1-2;  separation  of,  from  plums,  2; 
species  of,  16-38;  stocks  for,  67-76;  susceptibility  of, 
to  diseases  and  insects,  lo-ii;  tree  and  fruit  char- 
acters of  species  of,  9-15;  uses  of  fruit  of,  3-6;  uses 
of  leaves  and  bark  of,  6;  wood-value  of  species  of,  6 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


353 


Cherry    culture,    commercial    magnitude    of,    in    the 

United  States,  65-67 
Cherry  orchards,  their  care  and  management,  83-84 
Cherry-Duck  (syn.  of  Holman  Duke),  276 
Cherry-growing,  commercial  status  of,  in  New  York, 

85-88 
China  Bigarreau,  236 

China  Heart  (syn.  of  China  Bigarreau),  236 
Choisy,  116 
Choque,  236 

Christ,  var.  orig.  by,  313 
Christbauer,  236 
Christiana,  236 
Churchill  Heart,  236 
Cistena,  336 
Clark  September,  236 
Cleveland,  118 

Clingman,  A.  K.,  var.  orig.  with,  292 
Cluster,  119 

Cluster  Black  Heart,  236 

Coburger  Maikerzkirsche  (syn.  of  Black  Guigne),  104 
Cocklin,  E.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  145;  var.  introduced  by, 

236 
Cocklin  Favorite,  236 
Coe,  120 

Coe,  Curtis,  var.  orig.  by,  120 
Coe  Late  Carnation,  237 
Coe's  Bunle  Transparent  (syn.  of  Coe),  120 
Coe's  Spate  Rote  Kirsche  (syn.  of  Coe  Late  Carnation), 

237 
Coe's  Transparent  (sj'n.  of  Coe),  120 
Coeur  de  Boeuf  nouveau  (syn.  of  0.\  Heart  [of  .'\merica]), 

303 
Coeur  de  Pigeon  Gros  (syn.  of  Belle  de  Rocmont),  212 
Coeur  de  Pigeon  Noir,  237 
Coeur  de  Poule,  237 

Colassale  d'Hedelfingen  (syn.  of  Hedelfingen),  274 
Cole,  237 

Collman,  A.  F.,  var.  orig.  with,  23  S 
Colorado  Moretlo  (syn.  of  English  Morello),  139 
Columbia,  237 

Common  French  Griotte  (syn.  of  Griotte  Commune),  262 
Common  Morello,  237 

Common  Red  Morello  (syn.  of  Common  Morello),  237 
Como,  237 

Comtesse  de  Medicis  Spada,  237 
Conde,  237 
Conestoga,  237 
Constance  Maisin,  238 
Cook,  Steven,  var.  orig.  with,  23S,  297 
Cook  Imperial,  238 
Cornelia,  238 
Corning,  238 
Corone,  238 
Corwin,  238 
Coularde,  23  S 
Courle-pendu    de    Gaiberg    (syn.    of   Courte-queue    de 

Gaiberg),  239 
Courte-queue  de  Gaiberg,  239 
Courtin,  var.  orig.  with,  320 
Coxe,  quoted,  68-69 

23 


Crawford,  239 

Cream  (syn.  of  Honey),  276 

Crown  Prince,  239 

Cserszeger  Honigkirsche,  239 

CuUen  Cherrie,  239 

Cumberland,  239 

Cumberland  Heart  (syn.  of  Cumberland),  239 

Cumberland  Spice  (syn.  of  Cumberland),  239 

Cyclone,  239 

Dacotah,  240 

Daiber  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  240 

Dankelmannskirsche,  240 

Dankelmann's  Molkenkirsclie  (syn.  of  Dankelmanns- 
kirsche), 240 

Dankelmann's  JVeisse  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Dankel- 
mannskirsche), 240 

D'Aout  Erfurt  (syn.  of  Erfurter  .-^ugustkirsche),  250 

D'Aremberg  (syn.  of  Reine  Hortense),  179 

Datge,  240 

Davenport,  240 

Davenport,  Edward,  var.  orig.  by,  240 

Davenport's  Early  (syn.  of  Davenport),  240 

Davenport's  Early  Black  (syn.  of  Davenport),  240 

Davenport's  Early  Red  (syn.  of  Davenport),  240 

De  Belleu,  240 

De  Chaux  (syn.  of  German  Morello),  258 

De  Jacap,  240 

De  Jonghe,  var.  orig.  by,  327 

De  Ravaene,  240 

De  Siberie  (syn.  of  Dwarf  Siberian),  247 

De  Siberie  a  fruit  rond  (syn.  of  Dwarf  Siberian),  247 

De  Siberie  a  gros  fruit  et  a  rameaux  pendans,  241 

De  Spa,  241 

De  Vaux,  241 

Dearborn,  H.  A.  S.,  var.  introduced  by,  163 

Dearborn  Red  French,  241 

Dechenaut,  241 

Delaware  Bleeding  Heart,  24I 

Delicate,  241 

Delices  d' Erfurt  (syn.  of  Erfurter  Augustkirsche),  250 

Delicieuse,  241 

Denner  Black,  241 

Des  Cheneaux,  241 

Deutsche  Belzweichsel,  241 

Deutsche  Griotte  (syn.  of  German  Morello),  258 

Deutsche  IVeichsel  (syn.  of  German  Morello),  258 

Deutscher  Griottier  fVeickselbaum  (syn.  of  German 
Morello),  258 

Dikeman,  121 

Dikeman,  George  B.,  var.  orig.  with,  121 

Disnoder  Gewiirzkirsche,  241 

Ditst,  241 

Dobbeete  Moreller,  242 

Doctay,  242 

Doctor,  242 

Dr.  Flynn,  242 

Dr.  Wiseman,  242 

Doctorkirsche,  242 

Doctorknorpelkirsche,  242 

Dollaner  Schwarze,  242 

Donna  Maria,  243 


354 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


Donnissens    gelbe    Knorprlkirsche    (syn.    of   Bigarreau 

Donnissen),  216 
Doppelte  Amardle  (syn.  of  Doppelte  Weichsel),  243 
Doppelte  Weichsel,  243 
Doppelttragende     Kleine    Rothe    Spdtkirsche    (syn.    of 

Hildesheim),  143 
Dorotheenkirsche,  243 
Dorrells  Neue  Himbeerkirsche,  243 
Doty,  243 

Double  Floured  Cherry  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Doubles),  252 
Double  Glass,  122 
Double  Natte,  123 
Double  Yellow  Spanish,  243 
Doublet,  var.  orig.  by,  211 
Douce  de  Bardowiclc,  243 

Douce  d' Espagne  (syn.  of  Siisse  Spanische),  324 
Douce  de  Palalinat  (syn.  of  Velser),  329 
Dougall,  243 
Dougall,  James,  var.  introduced  by,  243,  331;  var.  orig. 

with,  198 
Doulin  Bigarreau,  243 
Dove  Bank,  243 
Downer,  124 

Downer,  Samuel,  var.  orig.  by,  124 
Downer's  Late  (syn.  of  Downer),  124 
Downer's  Red  Heart  (syn.  of  Downer),  124 
Downing,  A.  J.,  life  of,  244;  quoted,  70,  157;  var.  orig. 

by,  244 
Downing,  Charles,  life  of,  234-235;  var.  orig.  by,  234 
Downing  Red  Creek,  244 

Downing's  Sdmling  (syn.  of  Downing  Red  Cheek),  244 
Downton,  244 

Downtoner  Molkenkirsche  (syn.  of  Downton),  244 
Dresdener  Mai  Herzkirsche,  245 
Drogan,  var.  orig.  by,  245 
Drogan  White  Bigarreau,  245 
Drogan  Yellow  Bigarreau,  245 
Drogans  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  245 
Drogan  s  Weisse  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Drogan  White 

Bigarreau),  245 
Drooping  Guigne,  245 
Du  Comte  Egger,  245 
Du  Nord  Nouvelle,  245 
Duchesse  d'Angouleme,  245 
Duchesse  de  Palluau,  246 
Dudley,  Paul,  quoted,  58 
Duhamel,  quoted,  70,  139 
Duke  Cherry  (syn.  of  May  Duke),  164 
Duke  cherries,  characters  of,  31 
Duke  of  Edinburgh,  246 
Dumas,  246 

Dunkelrothe  Knorpelkirsche,  246 
Duraccia,  246 
Dure  Noir  Grosse,  247 
Dure  de  Saumgny  (syn.  of  Sauvigny  Knorpelkirsche), 

315 
Dutch  Weeping  (syn.  of  Dwarf  Siberian),  247 
Dwarf  Double  Flowering  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Doubles),  253 
Dwarf  Siberian,  247 
Dyehouse,  125 
Dyehouse,  var.  orig.  by,  126 


Eagle,  126 

Early  Amarella,  247 

Early  Amber,  247 

Early  Black  Bigarreau,  247 

Early  Eugene,  247 

£arly  Griotte  (syn.  of  Early  Richmond),  132 

Early  Guigne  (syn.  of  Flamentine),  252 

Early  Jaboulay  (syn.  of  Lyons),  161 

Early  Lamaurie  (syn.  of  Lamaurie),  287 

Early  Lyons  (syn.  of  Lyons),  161 

Early  Mathere  (syn.  of  Guigne  Precoce  de  Mathere), 
271 

Early  May,  128 

Early  May,  247 

Early  Morello,  129 

Early  Prolific,  248 

Early  Purple,  130 

Early  Purple  Guigne  (syn.  of  Early  Purple),  130 

Early  Red  and  Yellow,  248 

Early  Red  Bigarreau,  248 

Eaily  Red  Guigne,  248 

Early  Richmond,  131 

Early  Rivers,  248 

Early  White  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Flamentine),  252 

Early  White  Guigne  (syn.  of  Grosse  Guigne  Blanche), 
266 

Early  York,  248 

Ebenter  Cherry,  249 

Ecullyer     Knorpelkirsche     (syn.     of    Bigarreau     Noir 
d'EcuUy),  219 

Edouard  Seneclause,  249 

Elfner  Kirsche,  249 

Elizabeth,  249 

Elkhorn,  134 

Elliott,  F.  R.,  life  of,  159;  quoted,  71,  197;  var.  intro- 
duced by,  159 

Elliott's  Favorite  (syn.  of  Favorite),  25 1 

Elton,  135 

Emperor  Francis,  249 

Empress  Eugenie,  137 

Englische  Schwarze  Kronherzkirsche   (syn.  of  Corone), 

238 
Englische  Weinkirsche,  249 
Englische    weisse    ganz    friihe    Herzkirsche    (syn.     of 

Englische  Weisse  Herzkirsche),  250 
Englische  Weisse  Herzkirsche,  250 
English  Amber,  249 
English  Bearer,  249 
English  Gaskin,  249 

English  Morello,  138;  susceptibility  of,  to  leaf  spot,  II 
English  Preserve  (syn.  of  English  Bearer),  249 
Enopa,  250 

Epervier  Noir  (syn.  of  Black  Hawk),  105 
Episcopale,  250 
Eppers  Weichsel,  250 

Erfurt  Delicious  (syn.  of  Erfurter  Augustkirsche),  250 
Erfurter  Augustkirsche,  250 
Escl  Kirsche  (syn.  of  May  Duke),  164 
Espagne  bigarree  (syn.  of  Perlknorpelkirsche),  305 
Etopa,  250 
Eugene  Furst,  250 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW   YORK 


355 


Eugenie  (syn.  of  Empress  Eugenie)  137 

Euprunus,  sub-genus  of  Prunus,  15 

Everbearing,  251 

Excellente  Douce  Tardive,  251 

Eyami,  251 

Ezaptan,  251 

Faversham  Heart,  251 

Favorite,  251 

Fenno,  J.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  301 

Fenwith,  George,  quoted,  58 

Festfleischige  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  251 

Flagg,  252 

Flamentine,  252 

Flanders  (syn.  of  Early  Richmond),  131 

Flanders  Cluster  (syn.  of  Cluster),  iig 

Flemish  (syn.   of  Large  Montmorency),   153;   (syn.  of 

Short-Stem  Montmorency),  187 
Flemish  Geaii,  252 

Flemish  Coloured  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Elton),  135 
Fleurs  Doubles,  252 
Fleurs  Semi-doubles,  253 
Florence,  140 

Florence  Heart  (syn.  of  Florence),  140 
Florianer  Kirsche,  253 
Flynn,  var.  orig.  with,  242 
Folgerkirsche,  253 
Folgers  Swolfe,  254 
Forsyth,  quoted,  68 
Fouche  Morello,  254 

Four  to  the  Pound  (syn.  of  Tobacco-Leaved),  326 
Franzosiche  Siissweichsel  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  Soissons), 

233 
Fraser's   White    Tartarian    (syn.   of  White  Tartarian), 

333 

Frauendorfer,  254 

Frauendorfer  JVeichsel  (syn.  of  Frauendorfer),  254 

French  (syn.  of  Early  Richmond),  132 

French  Amarelle,  254 

French  Weichsel,  254 

Frogmore  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Frogmore  Early  Bigar- 
reau), 254 

Frogmore  Early  Bigarreau,  254 

Frogmore  Early  Crown,  254 

Frogmore  Early  Prolific  (syn.  of  Frogmore  Early 
Bigarreau),  254 

Frogmore  Late  Bigarreau,  255 

Frogmore  Morrelo,  255 

Fromm,  var.  orig.  by,  255 

Fromm  Heart,  255 

Fromms  Sch-uiarze  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Fromm  Heart), 

253 
Friihe  Bernsteinkirsche  (syn.  of  White  Heart),  197 
Friihe  bunte  Herzkirsche,  255 
Friihe  Englische    Kirsche  aus  Lo:ven  (syn.  of  Lowener 

Friihkirsche),  292 
Friihe  Kurzstielige  Knorpelkirsche,  255 
Friihe  Lange  Weisse  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Friihe  bunte 

Herzkirsche),  255 
Friihe  Lemercier  (syn.  of  Lemercier),  290 
Friihe  Maiherzkirsche  (syn.  of  Baumann  May),  100 
Friihe  Maikirsche,  255 


Friihe  Morello,  255 

Friihe  Natte  aus  Samen  (syn.  of  Friihe  von  der  Natte), 

256 
Friihe  Sauerkirsche,  256 

Friihe  Schattenmorelle  (syn.  of  Shadow  .Amarelle),  318 
Friihe   Schwarze   Herzkirsche    (syn.  of  Black  Guigne), 

104;  (syn.  of  Black  Heart),  106 
Friihe  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  256 
Friihe  SUssweichsel  von  der  Natt  (syn.  of  Friihe  von  der 

Natte),  256 
Friihe  von  der  Natte,  256 
Friihe  Zzvergweichsel  (syn.  of  Early  May),  128 
Friiher  Gobet,  256 
Friiheste  Bunte  Herzkirsche,  256 
Friiheste  bunte  Molkenkirsche  (syn.  of  Friiheste  Bunte 

Herzkirsche),  256 
Friiheste  der  Mark,  257 

Friihkirsche  (syn.  of  Friiheste  Bunte  Herzkirsche),  256 
FrUhzeitige  Amarelle  (syn.  of  Early  Richmond),  132 
Fiirst  Schwarze  Septemberkirsche,  257 
First's  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Eugene  Furst),  250 
Galopin  (syn.  of  Lutovka),  160 
Galusha,  257 
Gamdale,  257 
Garcine,  257 

Garcine,  var.  orig.  by,  257 
Gardiner,  257 

Gardner,  V.  R.,  quoted,  82-83 
Gascoigne  (syn.  of  Bleeding  Heart),  109 
Gascoigne's  Heart  (syn.  of  Bleeding  Heart),  109 
Gaskins,  257 

Gauchers  Knorpelkirsche,  257 
Geante  de  Badacson  (syn.  of  Badacsonv),  209 
Geante  d'Hedelfingen  (syn.  of  Hedelfingen),  274 
Gedoppelte    Amarelle    mit    halbgefiillter    Bliite    (syn.    of 

Fleurs  Semi-doubles),  253 
Geer,  257 

Gefulllbiahende  Amarelle  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Doubles),  253 
Gefiilltbliihende    Siisskirsche    (syn.    of    Large    Double 

Flowering),  287 
Gefullter    Kirschbaume  (syn.   of  Fleurs   Semi-doubles), 

253 
Gelbe  Herzkirsche,  257 
Gelbe  Wachskirsche,  258 
Gemeine  Glaskirsche,  258 

Gemeine  Marmorkirsche  (syn.  of  Yellow  Spanish),  202 
Gemeine  Schwarze  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Grosse  Schwarze 

Herzkirsche),  267 
Gemeine  SUssweichsel  (syn.  of  Griotte  Commune),  262 
Genesee,  258 
George  Glass,  141 
Gerarde,  quoted,  51,  52,  53,  54,  55 
German,  258 

German  Duke  (syn.  of  German  Morello),  258 
German  (Kraus)  (syn.  of  German),  258 
German  Morello,  258 
Germersdorf,  259 

Germersdorfer  Grosse  Kirsche  (syn.  of  Germersdorf),  259 
Geschiltztblattrige  Siissweichsel,  259 
Gestriefte  Herzkirsche,  259 
Gewohnliche  Muskatellerkirsche,  259 


356 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


Giant,  259 

Gibb,  259 

GifFord,  259 

Gilbert,  R.,  var.  orig.  by,  227 

Glanzende  goldgelh  und  roth  marmorirte    KramelkiTsche 

(syn.  of  Belle  de  Rocmont),  212 
Glasherzkirsche,  259 

Claskirsche    mit    dickgefiillteT    Bliithe    (syn.    of    Fleurs 
Doubles),  252 

Claskirsche    mit    halbgejiillter    Bliithe    (syn.    of    Fleurs 
Semi-doubles),  253 

Claskirsche  von  der  Natte,  260 

Glas-Molkenkirsche  (syn.  of  Glasherzkirsche),  259 

Glass  (syn.  of  Double  Glass),  122 

Glasskirsche  Kurzstielige,  260 

Gloire  de  France,  260 

Gobet    a    Courte    Queue    (syn.    of    Short-Stem    Mont- 
morency), 1S7 

Gobet  Hatif  (syn.  of  Friiher  Gobet),  256 

Golden  Knob,  260 

Goldgelbe  Herzkirsche,  260 

Goldsmith  Black  Heart,  260 

Goodspeed,  260 

Gormley,  260 

Gormley,  John,  var.  orig.  with,  260 

Gottorper,  261 

Gottorper  Marmorkirsche  (syn.  of  Gottorper),  261 

Gould  No.  X,  261 

Governor  Luce,  261 

Gov.  Shannon  (syn.  of  Shannon),  319 

Governor  Wood  (syn.  of  Wood),  199 

Grafenburger  Friihkirsche,  261 

Graffion  (syn.  of  Yellow  Spanish),  202 

Graham,  261 

Grand,  var.  introduced  by,  217 

Grande  Ronde,  261 

Great  Bearing,  261 

Great  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Mezel),  167 

Great  Cornelian  (syn.  of  Double  Glass),  122 

Great  Leafed,  261 

Great  rose  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Doubles),  252 

Grenner  Glas,  261 

Gridiey,  261 

Gridley,  Samuel,  var.  orig.  with,  261 

Griotle  (syn.  of  Griotte  Commune),  262 

Griotte  Acher,  262 

Griotte  d'  Jllemagne  (syn.  of  German  Morello),  258 

Griotte  de  Bettenbourg  (syn.  of  Bettenburger  Weichsel), 
Z14 

Griotte  a  Bouquet  (syn.  of  Cluster),  119 

Griotte  de  Biittner,  262 

Griotte  de  Chaux  (syn.  of  German  Morello),  258 

Griotte  Commune,  262 

Griotte  a  Courte  Queue  (syn.  of  Imperial  Morello),  278 

Griotte  Double  (syn.  of  Griotte  Acher),  262 

Griotte  Douce  Precoce,  262 

Griotte  de  Frauendorf  (syn.  of  Frauendorfer),  254 

Griotte  a  gros  fruit  noir  de   Piemont  (syn.  of  Griotte 
Noire  de  Piemont),  263 

Griotte  a  gros  fruit  rouge  de   Piemont  (syn.  of  Griotte 
Rouge  de  Piemont),  264 


Griotte  Guigne  (syn.  of  Cerise  Guigne),  232 

Griotte  Imperiale  (syn.  of  Imperial  Morello),  278 

Griotte  Kleparite  (syn.  of  Griotte  de  Kleparow),  263 

Griotte  de  Kleparow,  263 

Griotte  de  Leopold  (syn.  of  Leopoldskirsche),  290 

Griotte  Lodigiana,  263 

Griotte  Noire,  263 

Griotte  Noire  de  Piemont,  263 

Griotte   Noire  des   Fosges  (syn.  of  Noire  des  Vosges), 

301 
Griotte  du  Nord  Amelioree,  263 
Griotte  a  Petit  Fruit,  263 
Griotte  de  Portugal  (syn.  of  Arch  Duke),  98 
Griotte  Precoce,  263 
Griotte    Precoce  d'Espagne    (syn.    of  Spanische    Friih- 

weichsel),  320 
Griotte  rouge  fonce  (syn.  of  Braunrote  Weichsel),  226 
Griotte  Rouge  de  Piemont,  264 
Griotte  de  Schaarbeck,  264 

Griotte  simple  (syn.  of  Griotte  Commune),  262 
Griotte  Tardive  d'Annecy,  264 
Griotte    Tardive    de    Biittner    (syn.    of   Biittner    Spate 

Weichsel),  229 
Griotte  Tardive  de  Plombieres,  264 
Griotte  de  Toscane,  264 
Griotte  de  Turquie,  264 

Griotte  de  IFellington  (syn.  of  Wellington),  332 
Griottier  a  Feuilles  CucuUees,  264 
Griottier  a  feuilles  de  Pecker  (syn.  of  Willow-Leaved), 

335 
Griottier  a  feuilles  de  Saule  (syn.  of  Willow-Leaved),  335 
Griottier  a  Fruit  Aigre,  264 
Griottier  a  Longues  Feuilles,  264 
Griottier  Nain  Precoce  (syn.  of  Early  May),  128 
Griottier  IFeichselbaum  (syn.  of  Griotte  Commune),  262 
Groll  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  264 
Grails  bunte   Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Groll), 

217 
Gros  Bigarreau  Blanc  (syn.  of  Napoleon),  171 
Ctos  Bigarreau  coeur-de- Poule  (syn.  of  Coeur  de  Poule), 

237 
Gros  Bigarreau  Noir  (syn.  of  Elkhorn),  134 
Gros  Bigarreau  pourpre  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Pourpre),  220 
Gros  Bigarreau  Rond,  265 

Gros  Gobet  (syn.  of  Short-Stem  Montmorency),  187 
Gros  Guindoul  Hatif,  265 
Gross  bldttrige  Molkenkirsche  (svn.  of  Tobacco-Leaved), 

326 
Grosse  Blanche  Carree,  265 
Grosse  Bunte  Herzkirsche,  265 
Grosse    bunte    Molkenkirsche    (syn.    of    Grosse    Bunte 

Herzkirsche),  265 
Grosse  Crrise  a  Ratafia  (syn.  of  English  Morello),  130 
Grosse  Cerise  des  Retigieuses  (syn.  of  Grosse  Nonnen- 

kirsche),  266 
Grosse  Cerise  Transparente  (syn.  of  Grosse  Glaskirsche), 

265 
Grosse  Deutsche  Belzkirsche  (syn.  of  German  Morello), 

258 
Grosse  dunkel  braunrothe  Kramelkirsche  (syn.  of  Fest- 

fleischige  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche),  251 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 


35/ 


Grosse  Friedrichskirsche,  265 

Crosse  gldnzendf  schzvarze  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Guigne 
Noir  Luisante),  270 

Grosse  Glas-IIirzkirsche  (syn.  of  Glasherzkirsche),  259 

Grosse  Glaskirsche,  265 

Grosse  Glaskirsche  von  Montmorency  (syn.  of  Large 
Montmorency),  153 

Grosse  Gomballoise,  265 

Grosse-Griotie  a  vin  (syn.  of  Grosse  Weinkirsche),  268 

Grosse  Guigne  Blanche,  265 

Grosse  Guigne  Noire  a  Court  Pedicelle,  266 

Grosse  Guigne  noire  luisante  (syn.  of  Guigne  Noir 
Luisante),  270 

Grosse  Hockerige  Marmorkirsche,  266 

Grosse  Lange  Lothkirsche  (syn.  of  English  Morello),  139 

Grosse  Mogulkirsche,  266 

Grosse  Morelle,  266 

Grosse  Morelle  double  (syn.  of  Grosse  Morelle),  266 

Grosse  Nonnenkirsche,  266 

Grosse  Picarde,  266 

Grosse  Schwarze  Friihe  Herzkirsche,  267 

Grosse  schwarze  Glanzkirsche  (syn.  of  Prinzenkirsche), 
308 

Grosse  Schwarze  Herzkirsche,  267 

Grosse  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Elkhorn),  134 

Grosse  schwarze  Knorpelkirsche  niit  festeni  Fleisch  (syn. 
of  Festfleischige  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche),  251 

Grosse  schzvarze  ungarische  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Grosse 
Ungarische  Kirsche),  267 

Grosse  Spanische  Weichsel  (syn.  of  Spanische  Glas- 
kirsche), 320 

Grosse  spate  Amarelle  (syn.  of  Grosse  Tardive),  267 

Grosse  Spate  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  267 

Grosse  Siisse  Maiherzkirsche,  267 

Grosse  Siisse  Maikirsche  (syn.  of  Grosse  Siisse  Mai- 
herzkirsche), 267 

Grosse  Tardive,  267 

Grosse  Transparente,  267 

Grosse  Ungarische  Kirsche,  267 

Grosse  de  Verrirees,  267 

Grosse  de  Wagnellee,  268 

Grosse  Weinkirsche,  268 

Grosse  Weisse  Friihkirsche,  268 

Grosse  Weisse  Marmorkirsche  (syn.  of  Napoleon),   172 

Grosse  wohltragende  hollandische  Morelle  (syn.  of  Wohl- 
tragende  Hollandische  Kirsche),  335 

Grosser  Gobet  (syn.  of  Large  Montmorency),  153 

Grosser  weisser  gldnzender  Herzkirschbaum  (syn.  of  Gelbe 
Herzkirsche),  257 

Groth  Braune  Knorpelkirsche,  268 

Groth  Gelbe  Knorpelkirsche,  268 

Groth's  IVachskirsche  (syn.  of  Groth  Gelbe  Knorpel- 
kirsche), 268 

Griinstiel-Kirsche,  268 

Guben,  268 

Cubener  Bernsteinkirsche  (syn.  of  Ambree  de  Guben), 
207 

Gubener  Schwarze  Knorpel  (syn.  of  Guben),  268 

Gubens  Ehre,  268 

Guigne  d'Annonay  (syn.  of  Guigne  la  Plus  Hative),  271 

Guigne  Anglaise  Blanche  Precoce,  268 


Guigne  d'Argovie,  268 

Guigne  de  Bettenbourg  (syn.  of  Bettenburger  Herz- 
kirsche), 214 

Guigne  Bigaudelle  (syn.  of  Black  Guigne),  104 

Guigne  Blanche  (syn.  of  Grosse  Guigne  Blanche),  266 

Guigne  Blanche  de  Bordan  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Bordan), 
215 

Guigne  Blanche  Precoce,  269 

Guigne  Blanche  de  Winkler  (syn.  of  Guigne  Carnee 
Winkler),  269 

Guigne  Bonne  Alostoise,  269 

Guigne  brune  de  Liefeld  (syn.  of  Liefeld  Braune),  291 

Guigne  de  Buxeuil,  269 

Guigne  Carnee  Winkler,  269 

Guigne  de  Chamblondes,  269 

Guigne  Chamonale,  269 

Guigne  Chavanne,  269 

Guigne  Choque  (syn.  of  Choque),  236 

Guigne  Coe  (syn.  of  Coe),  120 

Guigne  a  courte  queue  (syn.  of  Guigne  Courte-queue 
d'Oullins),  269 

Guigne  Courtt-queue  d'Oullins,  269 

Guigne  Downton  (syn.  of  Downton),  244 

Guigne  Early  Rivers  (syn.  of  Early  Rivers),  248 

Guigne  Ecarlate,  269 

Guigne  de  I'Escalier,  269 

Guigne  de  Gland,  269 

Guigne  a  gros  fruit  blanc  (syn.  of  Grosse  Guigne  Blanche), 

Guigne  a  Gros  Fruit  Noir  Hatif  (syn.  of  Grosse  Schwarze 

Friihe  Herzkirsche),  267 
Guigne  Grosse  ambree  (syn.  of  Gelbe  Herzkirsche),  257 
Guigne  Grosse  Rouge  Hative,  269 
Guigne  Grosse  Rouge  Tardive,  270 
Guigne  Guindole,  270 
Guigne  Hative  d'Elsdorf,  270 
Guigne-hative  de  Schneider    (syn.  of   Schneider    Friihe 

Herzkirsche),  316 
Guigne  Hative  de  Werder  (syn.  of  Werder  Early  Black), 

332 
Guigne  Jaune  (syn.  of  Gelbe  Herzkirsche),  257 
Guigne  de  Kruger  (syn.  of  Kriiger  Herzkirsche),  285 
Guigne  Lucien  (syn.  of  Lucien),  293 
Guigne  Ludwig  (syn.  of  Ludwig  Bigarreau),  293 
Guigne  de  Mai  (syn.  of  Baumann  May),  100 
Guigne  Marbree,  270 
Guigne  marbree  precoce  (syn.  of  Guigne  la  Plus  Hative), 

271 
Guigne  Marie  Besnard,  270 

Guigne  Marjolet  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Marjolet),  218 
Guigne  mure  de  Paris  (syn.  of  Spate  Maulbeerkirsche), 

321 
Guigne  de  Nice,  270 
Guigne  Noir  Luisante,  270 

Guigne  Noire  Ancienne  (syn.  of  Black  Heart),  106 
Guigne  Noire  Commune  (syn.  of  Black  Guigne),  104 
Guigne  Noire  a  Gros  Fruit  (syn.  of  Black  Tartarian), 

107 
Guigne  Noire  Hative,  270 
Guigne  noire  hative  a  gros  fruits  (syn.  of  Guigne  Noir 

Luisante),  270 


358 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


Guigne  Noire  de  Monstreux,  27: 

Guigne  noire  Spitz  (syn.  of  Spitzens  Herzkirsche),  322 

Guigne  Nouvelle  Espece,  271 

Guigne  Olive,  271 

Guigne  panachee  longue  precoce  (syn.  of  Friihe  bunte 

Herzkirsche),  255 
Guigne  panachee  precoce  (syn.  of  Early  Amber),  247 
Guigne  panachee  tres-precoce   (syn.  of  Friiheste  Bunte 

Herzkirsche),  256 
Guigne  Petite  Blanche,  271 
Guigne  Petite  Rouge,  271 
Guigne  la  Plus  Hative,  271 
Guigne  Precoce  Leo  d'Ounons,  271 
Guigne  Precoce  de  Mai  (syn.  of  Baumann  May),  100 
Guigne  Precoce  de  Mathere,  271 
Guigne  Precoce  Ponctuee,  271 
Guigne  de  Provence,  271 
Guigne  Ramon  Oliva,  271 
Guigne  Reinette  noire  (syn.  of  Guigne  Noir  Luisante), 

270 
Guigne  Rose  Hative,  271 
Guigne  Rouge  Commune,  272 
Guigne  Rouge  Hative  (syn.  of  Bleeding  Heart),  log 
Guigne  Rouge  Ponctuee,  272 

Guigne  Royale  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Double  Royale),  216 
Guigne  de  Russie  a  Fruit  Blanc,  272 
Guigne  sucr'ee  de  Leon  Leclerc   (syn.   of  Sucree   Leon 

Leclerc),  323 
Guigne  de  Tarascon  (syn.  of  Tarascon  Kirsche),  324 
Guigne  Tardive  de  Downer  (syn.  of  Downer),  124 
Guigne  de  Titgener  (syn.  of  Tilgner  Rothe  Herzkirsche), 

326 
Guigne  Tres  Precoce,  272 
Guigne     Troprichtz    (syn.    of    Troprichters    Schwarze 

Knorpelkirsche),  328 
Guigne  van  der  Broek,  272 
Guigne  Villeneuve,  272 
Guigne  de  Winkler  (syn.  of  Guigne  Carnee  Winkler), 

269 
Guignier  a  Fruit  Noir  (syn.  of  Black  Hearr),  106 
Guignier  a  Fruit  Noir  et  Tres-long  Pedoncule,  272 
Guignier  a  fruit  rose  hatij  (syn.  of  Guigne  Rose  Hative), 

272 
Guignier  a  Fruit  Rouge  Tardif  {syn.  of  Hildesheim),  143 
Guignier  a  gros  fruit   noir   (syn.   of  Grosse   Schwarze 

Herzkirsche),  267 
Guignier  a  Gros  Fruit  Noir  et  Court  Pedoncule  (syn.  of 

Grosse  Guigne  Noire  a  Court  Pedicelle),  266 
Guignier  a  Gros  Fruit  noir  hatif  (syn.  of  Guigne  Noire 

Hative),  270 
Guignier  a  gros  fruit  noir  luisant  (syn.  of  Guigne  Noir 

Luisante),  270 
Guignier  a  Petit  Fruit  Noir,  272 
Guignier  a  rameaux  pendans  (syn.  of  Drooping  Guigne), 

245 
Guindoux  Noir  de  Faix,  272 

Guindoux  du  Poitou  (syn.  of  Imperial  Morello),  278 
Guindoux  de  Provence  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  Prusse),  232 
Gunsleber  Spate  Knorpelkirsche,  273 
II albgefUlltbliihende    Amarelle    (syn.    of    Fleurs    Semi- 
doubles),  253 


Halbgefiilltbliihende  Weichsel,  273 

Halifax,  273 

Hallock,  273 

Hallock,  Nicholas,  var.  orig.  with,  273 

Hallowell,  273 

Hamell  Kirsche,  273 

Hamels  Arissen,  273 

Harrison  s  Heart  (syn.  of  Napoleon),  172 

Hartlib,  273 

Hartlippe,  273 

Hartz  Mountain,  273 

Hative  de  Balis,  273 

Hative  de  Louvain  (syn.  of  Lowener  Friihkirsche),  292 

Hative  de  Nattes  (syn.  of  Friihe  von  der  Natte),  256 

Hative  de  Prin,  273 

Hative  de  St.  Jean,  273 

Hative  ou  Precoce,  273 

Headley,  274 

Healy,  274 

Heart-Shaped  Griotte  (syn.  of  Heart-Shaped  Weichsel), 

142 
Heart-Shaped  Weichsel,  142 
Hedelfingen,  274 

Hedeltingen  Risenkirsche  (syn.  of  Hedelfingen),  274 
Hedwigs  Kirsche,  274 
Heidelberger  Kirsche,  274 
Heiges,  274 

Helntzen  (Heintze's)  Friihe  Kirsche,  274 
Heintzen's    (Heintze's)    Schvarze    Knorpelkirsche    (syn. 

of  Bigarreau  Noir  de  Heintzen),  219 
Henneberger  Grafenkirsche,  274 
Henrard,  Denis,  var.  orig.  by,  327 
Hensel  Early,  274 
Herrnhduser    neue    Ochsenherzkirsche    (syn.    of     Neue 

Ochsenherzkirsche),  300 
Hertogs- Kers  (syn.  of  Elkhorn),  134 
Herzformige     Sauerkirsche      (syn.      of     Heart-Shaped 

Weichsel),  142 
Herzformige  Siissweichsel  (syn.  of  Rothe  Herzkirsche), 

313 
Herzkirsche  Leona  Quesnel,  275 
Herzkirsche  Napoleon  III  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Napoliion 

Noir),  219 
Herzkirsche  Trauben,  275 
Herzkirsche  Wils  Friihe,  275 
Herzkirschenbaum  mit  grosse  gefiillter  Bliithe   (syn.   of 

Large  Double  Flowering),  287 
Herzkirschweichsel,  275 
Herzog  May,  275 
Herzogin    von    Angouleme    (syn.    of    Duchesse    d'An- 

gouleme),  245 
Herzogin  von   Patuau  (syn.  of  Duchesse  de  Palluau), 

246 
Herzogskirsche  (syn.  of  Arch  Duke),  98 
Hildesheim,  143 
Hildesheimer    Ganz    Spate     Knorpelkirsche     (syn.     of 

Hildesheim),  143 
Hildesheimer  Spate  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Hildesheim), 

144 
Hiller,  Casper,  var.  introduced  by,  237 
Hoadley,  275 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


359 


Hochgenuss    fon    Erfurt    (syn.    of    Erfurter    August- 

kirsche),  250 
Hockenberg,  275 
Hogg  Black  Gean,  275 
Hogg  Red  Gean,  275 
Hoke,  275 

Holland  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Napoleon),  172 
Hulland  Griotle  (syn.  of  Coularde),  239 
Hotldndische  Folgerkinche  (syn,  of  Folgerkirsche),  253 
Holtandische  grosse  Kirsche  Coulard  (syn.  of  Coularde), 

239 
Holldndische    Grosse    Prinzessinkirsche    (syn.    of   Na- 
poleon), 171 
Holldndische    grosse    Weichsel    [or]    Coulard    (syn.    of 

Coularde),  239 
Hollandische     Kirsche    (syn.    of    Hiillandische    Spate 

Weichsel),  275 
Hollandische  Spate  Weichsel,  275 
Holldndische  Siissweichsel  (syn.  of  Coularde),  239 
Hollandische    Weichsel    (syn.    of    Hollandische    Spate 

Weichsel),  275 
Holldndische  Weichselbaum  niit  sehr  grosser  Frucht  [or] 

Coulard  (syn.  of  Coularde),  238 
Holman  Duke,  276 
Holme  Late  Duke,  276 
Holstein,  276 
Homer,  276 
Honey,  276 
Honey  Dew,  276 

Honey  Heart  (syn.  of  Sparhawk),  189 
Honeywood,  276 

Hoppock,  Cornelius,  var.  orig.  by,  277 
Hoppock  Yellow,  277 
Hortense  (syn.  of  Reine  Hortense),  179 
Hoshino,  Yugo,  quoted,  75 
Hoskins,  277 
Hoskins,  C.  E.,  life  of,  277;  var.  orig.   by,  274,  277, 

286,  291,  296,  301,  309,  323,  330 
Houblon,  John,  var.  orig.  with,  141 
Hovey,  277 

Hovey,  C.  M.,  var.  orig.  with,  277 
Hoy,  277 
Hubbard,  278 
Hungarian  Cherry  of  Zwerts  (syn.  of  Hungarian  Gean), 

278 
Hungarian  Gean,  278 
Hyde,  T.  &  G.,  var.  orig.  with,  278 
Hyde  Late  Black,  278 
Hyde  Red  Heart,  278 

Hyde's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Hyde  Red  Heart),  278 
Ida,  144 

Imperatrice  Downton  (syn.  of  Downton),  244 
Imperial  (syn.  of  Imperial  Morelio),  278 
Imperial  Morelio,  278 
Incomparable  en  Beaute,  278 
Ingram,  Thomas,  var.  orig.  by,  254,  255 
Intorka,  278 
Irwin,  var.  orig.  by,  325 
Jaboulay,  var.  orig.  with,  l6l 

Johns  Durchsichtige  (syn.  of  Transparent  Guigne),  328 
Jaune  de  Prusse,  279 


Jean  Arendsen,  279 

Jeffrey  Duke,  146 

Jeffrey's  Royal  (syn.  of  Jeffrey  Duke),  146 

Jenkin  Black  Heart,  279 

Jerusalem  Kirsche  von  der  Natte,  279 

Jerusalemskirsche,  279 

Jockotos  (syn.  of  Jocosot),  279 

Jocosot,  279 

Joel  Keil  Kleine  Schwarze  Herzkirsche,  279 

John  Tradescantes  Cherrie  (syn.  of  Elkhorn),  134 

Josselyn,  John,  quoted,  57 

June  .^marelle,  279 

June  Duke,  280 

June  Morelio  (syn.  of  June  Amarelle),  279 

Jumat  Amarelle  (syn.  of  June  Amarelle),  279 

Junius  Amarelle  (syn.  of  June  Amarelle),  279 

Justinische  Amarelle  (syn.  of  Justinische  Morelio),  280 

Justinische  Morelio,  280 

Kaiser  Franz  Josef  (syn.  of  Emperor  Francis),  249 

Kaiserliche  Weichsel  (syn.  of  Imperial  Morelio),  278 

Kamdesa,  280 

Kappenblattrige  Siissweichsel,  2S0 

Kapuziner  Knorpel  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  de  Capucins), 
215 

Kassin,  var.  orig.  by,  280 

Kassin  Friihe  Herzkirsche,  280 

Katie,  280 

Kaufmann,  280 

Kazan  Seedling,  280 

Kelly,  280 

Kennicott,  281 

Kentish  (syn.  of  Early  Richmond),  132;  (syn.  of  Late 
Kentish),  157 

Kentish  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  White  Heart),  197 

Kentish  Drier,  281 

Kentish  Preserve,  281 

Kentish  Red  (syn.  of  Late  Kentish),  157 

Keokuk,  281 

Kesterter  Friih  Kirsche,  281 

King  Amarelle,  147 

King  George  the  Second,  281 

King  Morelio,  281 

King's  Cherry  (syn.  of  King  Amarelle),  147 

Kinsey,  Samuel,  var.  introduced  by,  330 

Kirchheimer,  281 

Kirchheimer  Weichsel  (syn.  of  Kirchheimer),  281 

Kirsch  von  Planchoury  (syn.  of  Planchoury),  305 

Kirsche  von  Basel,  281 

Kirsche  von  Benardiere  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  la  Besnar- 
diere),  231 

Kirsche  von  der  Natte  (syn.  of  Double  Natte),  123 

Kirschwasser,  manufacture  of,  4 

Kirtland,  148 

Kirtland,  B.  B.,  var,  orig.  by,  236,  296 

Kirtland,  J.  P.,  life  of,  2co;  var.  introduced  by,  118; 
var.  orig.  by,  105,  148,  183,  200,  222,  225,  230,  241, 
242,  248,  251,  275,  279,  281,  282,  288,  290,  291,  292, 
294,  302,  303,  306,  307,  310,  319,  324,  32s 

Kirtland  Morelio,  282 

Kirtland's  Large  Morelio  (syn.  of  Kirtland  Morelio),  282 

Kirtland's  Mammoth  (syn.  of  Mammoth),  294 


36o 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


Kinland's  Mary  (syn.  of  Kirtland),  148 

Kleindienst,  var.  orig.  by,  282 

Kleindienst  Braune  Knorpel,  2S2 

Kleine  Amarelle,  282 

Klfine  Ambra  (syn.  of  Goldgelbe  Herzkirsche),  260 

Kleine  Ambra,  [or]  Goldgelber  Herzkirschbaum  (syn. 
of  Goldgelbe  Herzkirsche),  260 

Kleine  Bunte  Friihkirsche,  282 

Kleine  Bunte  Herzkirsche,  2S2 

Kleine  bunte  Molkenkirsche  (syn.  of  Kleine  Bunte  Herz- 
kirsche), 282 

Kleine  Friihe  Amarelle,  282 

Kleine  friilie  rothe  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Guigne  Rose 
Hative),  271 

Kleine  Glaskirsche  von  Montmorency  (syn.  of  Mont- 
morency), 169 

Kleine  Natte,  282 

Kleine  Nonnenkirsche,  283 

Kleine  Schvvarze  Friihe  Herzkirsche,  283 

Kleine  Schwarze  Herzkirsche,  283 

Kleine  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  283 

Kleine  Weisse  Friihkirsche,  283 

Kleine  weisse  Friihkirsche  (syn.  of  Grosse  Guigne 
Blanche),  265 

Kleine  weisse  Perlkirsche  (syn.  of  Dankelmanns- 
kirsche),  240 

Kleiner  Friiher  May  Herzkirschbaum,  283 

Kleparavoska  (syn.  of  Griotte  de  Kleparow),  263 

Kleparower  Sussweichsel  (syn.  of  Griotte  de  Kleparow), 
263 

Knapp,  283 

Knapp,  George,  var.  orig.  with,  283 

Knevett's  Late  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Florence),  140 

Knight,  149 

Knight,  T.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  127,  136,  150,  196,  245 

Knight  Late  Black,  283 

Knight's  Early  Black  (syn.  of  Knight),  149 

Knights  Friihe  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Knight),  149 

Knorpelkirsche  von  Cleveland  (syn.  of  Cleveland),  118 

Knudson,  283 

Knudson,  William  0.,  var.  orig.  with,  283 

Knyasnaia  Sjevera,  284 

Koch  Spate  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  284 

Kochs  Ostheimer  Weichsel,  284 

Kochs  verbesserte  Ostheimer  IVeichsel  (syn.  of  Kochs 
Ostheimer  Weichsel),  284 

Koehne,  species  listed  by,  16-22 

Koeper,  284 

Kolaki,  284 

Konigliche  Fleischkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Double 
Royale),  216 

Konigliche  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Double 
Royale),  216 

Konigliche  Siissweichsel  (syn.  of  Jeffrey  Duke),  146 

Konigskirsche  (syn.  of  Royal  Duke),  184 

Korkovanyer  Kirsche,  284 

Koslov,  284 

Koslov  bush  Morello  (syn.  of  Koslov),  284 

Koslov-M orello  (syn.  of  Koslov),  284 

Kostelnice,  285 

Kostelniti,  285 


Kramelkirschenbaum  mit  gross  gefiillter  Bliithe  (syn.  ot 

Large  Double  Flowering),  287 
Kratos   Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  144 
Kreiselkirsche  (syn.  of  Toupie),  327 
Kriek  van  den  Broek,  285 
Kritzendorfer  Einsiedekirsche,  285 
Kronberg  Black  Heart  (syn.  of  Kronberger  Kirsche),  285 
Kronberger  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Kronberger  Kirsche), 

285 

Kronberger  Kirsche,  285 

Kronkirsche  (syn.  of  Kronberger  Kirsche),  285 

Kronprinz  von  Hannover,  2S5 

Kriiger  Herzkirsche,  285 

Kriigers  Herzkirsche  zu  Frankfurt  (syn.  of  Kriiger 
Herzkirsche),  285 

Kriigers  schwarze  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Kriiger  Herz- 
kirsche), 285 

Kriiger  s  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau 
Kriiger),  218 

La  Nappe,  286 

Lacure  (Large),  286 

Lacure  (Small  ),  286 

Lade,  var.  orig.  by,  286 

Lade  Late,  286 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  286 

Lady  Southampton,  286 

Lady  Southampton  s  Yellow  (syn.  of  Lady  Southamp- 
ton), 286 

Laeder  Kirsebaer,  286 

Lake,  286 

Laker  or  Loker  Bunte  Knorpelkirsche,  286 

Lamaurie,  287 

Lambert,  151 

Lambert,  J.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  152 

Lampen  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  287 

Lampers  Knorpel- Kirsche  (syn.  of  Lampen  Schwarze 
Knorpelkirsche),  287 

Lancaster,  287 

Lange  Marmorkirsche  (syn.  of  Napoleon),  171 

Langsurer  Brachtweichsel,  287 

Large  Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy  (syn.  of  Black  Bigar- 
reau of  Savoy),  222 

Large  Black  Gean,  287 

Large  Double  Flowering,  287 

Large  Griotte,  288 

Large  Guindolle,  288 

Large  Heart-shaped  Bigarreau,  288 

Large  Honey  (syn.  of  Honey),  276 

Large  Late  Red  Bigarreau,  288 

Large  Montmorency,  153 

Large  Morello  (syn.  of  English  Morello),  139;  (syn.  of 
Kirtland  Morello),  282 

Large  Red  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Red  Bigarreau),  310 

Large  Spanish,  288 

Larose,  var.  orig.  by,  180,  288 

Larose  (syn.  of  Laroses  Glaskirsche),  288 

Laroses  Glaskirsche,  288 

Late  Amber  (syn.  of  Cocklin  Favorite),  236 

Late  Amber  Gean  (syn.  of  Amber  Gean),  207 

Late  Bigarreau,  288 

Late  Black  Bigarreau,  2S9 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW   YORK 


361 


Late  Black  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Guben),  268 

Late  Duke,  155 

Late  Gean,  289 

Late  Honey  (syn.  of  Honey),  276 

Late  Kentish,  157 

Late  Large  Black  Griotte,  289 

Late  Purple  Guigne,  289 

Late  Red  Guigne  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  143 

Late  Richmond,  289 

Late  Ripe,  289 

Late  White  Guigne,  289 

Latham,  289 

Lauermannskirsche  (syn.  of  Napoleon),  171 

Laura,  289 

Lawrence,  John,  quoted,  68 

Lawson,  quoted,  62 

Leather  Stocking,  290 

Leclerc,  Leon,  var.  orig.  with,  323 

Leib,  290 

Leitzkauer,  290 

Leitzkauer  Einmachiveichsel  (  yn.  of  Leitzkauer),  290 

Lemercier,  290 

Lemercier,  var.  orig.  with,  290 

Leon  Leclercs  Herzkirsclie  (syn.  of  Sucree  Leon  Leclerc), 

323 
Leopold  (II),  290 
Leopoldskirsche,  290 

Leschken  (Leschke's)  Schwarze  Knorpel  Kirsche,  291 
Lesser  rose  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Semi-doubles),  253 
Lethe,  291 

Lewelling  (syn.  of  Republican),  181 
Lewelling,  Henderson,  life  of,  151-152 
Lewelling,   Seth,  life  of,   151-152;  var.  orig.  by,   103, 

181,  291,  335 
Liefeld  Braune,  291 
LiegeVs    Siisse   Friihweichsel    (syn.    of   Griotte    Douce 

Precoce),  262 
Lieke,  var.  orig.  with,  285,  291 
Lieke  Bunte  Knorpelkirsche,  291 
Ligier,  var.  orig.  with,  168 
Lincoln  (I),  291 
Lincoln  (II),  291 
Lindley,  291 
Lipp,  292 

Lipp  Late  Blood  (syn.  of  Lipp),  292 
Litham,  292 
Lithauer,  158 
Little  Phil,  292 
Logan,  292 
Long  Finger,  292 

Long  Stem  Montmorency  (syn.  of  Montmorency),  169 
Look  No  Further,  292 
Lord  Belhaven  White  Heart,  292 
Lothaunner  Erfurter,  292 
Lothkirsche,  292 
Loudon,  quoted,  70 
Louis  Philippe,  158 
Louise,  292 

Louisiana  Iron  Clad,  292 
Loz'e  Apple  (syn.  of  Tomato),  327 
Lowener  Friihkirsche,  292 


Lowener  Friihweichsel,  292 

Lucien,  293 

Ludwig  Bigarreau,  293 

Luduiig's  Bunte  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Ludwig  Bigarreau), 
293 

Luigne,  M.  de,  var.  orig.  with,  296 

Lukeward,  293 

Lukeward's  Heart  (syn.  of  Lukeward),  293 

Lundie  Guigne,  293 

Lutovka,  160 

Lyons,  161 

McAdow,  293 

McAdow,  var.  orig.  by,  293 

MacRoach,  293 

MacRoach,  James,  var.  orig.  with,  293 

Madame  Courtois,  293 

Madame  Gregoire,  294 

Madeleine,  294 

Madison,  294 

Madison  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Madison),  294 

Madison's  Bunte  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Madison),  294 

Magann,  294 

Magese,  294 

Magnifique,  163 

Magnifique  de  Daval,  294 

Magog,  294 

Mahaleb  stock,  comparison  of,  with   Mazzard    stock, 

72-73;  history  and  value  of,  69-72 
Major  Francis  (syn.  of  Ox  Heart  [of  America]),  303 
Mammoth,  294 
Mammoth  Oxheart,  295 
Mammuthkirsche  (syn.  of  Mammoth),  294 
Manger,  295 

Manning,  Robert,  var.  orig.  by,  248,  294,  295,  333 
Manning    Black    Bigarreau    (syn.    of    Manning    Late 

Black),  29s 
Manning  Early  Black,  295 
Manning  Early  White  Heart,  295 
Manning  Late  Black,  295 
Manning  Mottled,  295 
Maple  Heart,  295 

Maquerlot,  var.  introduced  by,  273 
Maraschino,  history  and  manufacture  of,  4-5 
Marells  Royal,  295 

Marguerite  (syn.  of  Bender  [of  New  York]  ),  213 
Maria  Gaucher,  295 
Marie  de  Chateauneuf,  295 
Marie  Therese,  296 
Marjolets  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Marjolet), 

218 
Markirsche,  296 
Marsotte,  296 
Mary,  296 

Mary  (syn.  of  Kirtland),  148 
Mascall,  Leonard,  quoted,  68 
Master  White  Heart,  296 
Mastodon,  296 
Matilda,  296 
Matts,  296 

May  (syn.  of  Early  May),  128 
May  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Baumann  May),  icxj 


362 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


May  Cherry  (syn.  of  May  Duke),  164 

May  Duke,  164 

May  Duke,  IVillow-leaved  (syn.  of  Willow-Leaved),  335 

Mayer's    kleine    schzvarze   Herzkirsche    (syn.  of   Kleine 

Schwarze  Herzkirsche),  283 
Mayo,  296 
Mazarine,  296 
Mazzard   stock,  comparison   of,   with   Mahaleb   stock, 

72-73;  history  and  value  of,  67-69 
Mednyansky,  297 

Meininger  Spate  Knorpelkirsche,  297 
Meissener  Weisse,  297 
Mercer,  166 
Merise  dfleur  Double  (syn.  nf  Large  Double  Flowering), 

287 
Merise  Grosse  Rose  Oblongue,  297 
Merise  Petite  Ronda,  297 
Merisier  Fastigie,  297 

Merisziere  (syn.  of  Large  Double  Flowering),  287 
Merveille  de  September  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  143 
Meyer,  E.,  var.  introduced  by,  273,  298 
Mezel,  167 
Michigan,  297 

Mijurin,  L  V.,  var.  orig.  by,  284 
Miller,  297 

Miller,  David,  var.  introduced  by,  239 
Millet,  297 
Minnesota,  297 
Minnesota  Ostheim,  297 
Minnie,  298 

Moduyansky  (syn.  of  Mednyansky),  297 
Monkirsche  Rote,  298 
Monstreuse  de  Mezel  (syn.  of  Mezel),  167 
Monstrous  Duke,  298 
Monstrous  Heart  (syn.  of  Large  Heart-shaped  Bigar- 

reau),  288 
Monstrueuse  d'lledelfingen  (syn.  of  Hedelfingen),  274 
Monstrueuse  Hennequine,  298 
Montmorency,  169;  immunity  of,  to  leaf  spot,  11 
Montmorency  (syn.  of  Large  Montmorency),  153 
Montmorency  de  Bourgueil  (syn.  of  Bourgueil),  109 
Montmorency  Ordinaire  (syn.  of  Montmorency),  169 
Montmorency  Pleureur,  298 
Montmorency  de  Sauvigny,  298 
Montmorency  Stark,  298 
Montreuil,  298 
Moorhouse,  299 
Morella  Extra  Noir,  299 
Morella  Wye,  299 
Morelle  von  Wilhelmshohe,  299 
Moreller  Langstilkede  Sode,  299 
Morgan,  J.  A.,  var.  introduced  by,  258 
Morisco,  299 
Morocco,  299 
Morten  Seedling,  299 
Mosely,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  300 
Mosler  Schwarze  Herzkirsche,  299 
Mottled  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Manning  Mottled),  295 
Moyer  Honey  Heart,  299 
Miickelberger  Grosse,  299 
Mijller,  Hugo  M.,  quoted,  49 


Murdock,  299 

Murdock,  John  R.  and  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  299,  313 

Murdochs'  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Murdoch),  299 

Muscat   de    Prague    (syn.    of   Pragische    Muskateller), 
307 

Muscat   des   Larmes    (syn.    of  Thranen    Muskateller- 
kirsche),  326 

Nancy,  299 

Naples,  300 

Napoleon,  171 

Napoleon  Noir  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Napoleon  Noir),  219 

NapoUtaine  (syn.  of  Neapolitanische  Molkenkirsche), 
300 

Natte  hative  de  semis  {syn.  of  Friihe  von  der  Nattc),  256 

Ne  Plus  Ultra,  300 

Neapnlitanische    Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Naples),  300 

Neapolitanische  Molkenkirsche,  300 

Nebraska  Sweet,  300 

Nelson  Kentish,  300 

Neue    Englische     Kirsche    (syn.    of    Neue    Englische 
Weichsel),  300 

Neue  Englische  Weichsel,  300 

Neue  Ochsenherzkirsche,  300 

Neumann  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  300 

New  Century,  300 

Netv  Frogmore  Morello  (syn.  of  Frogmore  Morrelo),  255 

New  Large  Black  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Black  Bigarreau 

of  Savoy),  222 
New  Royal,  301 

Nicnburger  Friihe  Bunte  Herzkirsche,  301 
Noble,  301 
Noire  des  Vosges,  301 

Noire  Native  de  Cobourg  (syn.  of  Black  Guigne),  104 

Nomblot,  Alfred,  var.  orig.  by,  214 

Nonpareil,  301 

Norfolk,  301 

Norma,  301 

Northeast,  301 

Northern  Griotte  (syn.  of  English  Morello),  139 
Northwest,  301 

Noui'elle  Guigne  des  Boeufs  (syn.  of  Neue  Ochsenherz- 
kirsche), 300 
Nouvelle  Roy  ale,  174 
Occident,  301 
Ohio  Beauty,  302 
Okiya,  302 
Oktober-  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  d'Octobre), 

219 
Oliver,  302 
Olivet,  175 
Opata,  302 
Oregon,  302 
Orel,  302 

Orel  No.  2j  (syn.  of  Early  Morello),  129 
Orel  No.  24,  303 

Orel  No.  26  (syn.  of  Orel  Sweet),  303 
Orel  Sweet,  303 
Orlean  Smith,  303 
Orleans,  303 
Osceola,  303 
Ostheim,  176 


THE    CHERRIES    OF   NEW   YORK 


363 


Ostheim  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  Ostheim),  232;  (syn.  of  Min- 
nesota Ostheim),  297 

Ostheim  (of  Morris),  303 

Othello,  303 

Ounce  (syn.  of  Tobacco-Leaved),  326 

Owanka,  303 

Ox  Heart,  178 

Ox  Heart  (of  America),  303 

Padus,  genus  of,  15 

Padus  cherries,  distinguishing  characters  of,  3;  use  of,  7 

Padus  mahaleb  (syn.  of  P.  Mahalfb),  31 

Pandys  Glaskirsche,  304 

Paramdam,  304 

Parent,  304 

Paretzer  Herzkirsche,  304 

Pariser  Griotte,  304 

Parisian  Guindoux,  304 

Parkinson,  John,  quoted  98,  134,  239,  273,  286,  292, 
299,  329 

Paul,  304 

Paul,  E.  V.  D.,  var.  orig.  with,  304 

Pauline  de  Vigny,  304 

Peach-Blossomed,  304 

Pease,  304 

Pease,  Charles,  var.  orig.  b_y,  238,  240,  286,  289 

Pease,  Charles,  Sr.,  var.  orig.  with,  299,  304 

Pelissiirs  KnoTpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  Pelissier), 
102 

Perlkirsche,  304 

Perlknorpelkirsche  305 

Perlmarmorkirsche  (syn.  of  Perlknorpelkirsche),  305 

Petit  Bigarreau  Hiitif  (syn.  of  Kleine  Bunte  Friih- 
kirsche),  282 

Petite  Bigarreau  hdtif  (syn.  of  Flamentine),  252 

Petite  Morelle,  305 

Pfdher  Siissweichsel  (syn.  of  Velser),  329 

Pfitzmann  Schwarze  Herzkirsche,  305 

Pie  Cherry  (syn.  of  Late  Kentish),  157 

Pierce,  Amos,  var.  orig.  with,  305 

Pierce  Late,  305 

Pigeon  Heart  Bigarreau  (syn.  of  Belle  de  Rocmont),  212 

Pigeon's  Heart  (syn.  of  Belle  de  Rocmont),  212 

Pink  Heart,  305 

Planchoury,  305 

Plattgedriickte  Schattenmorelle,  305 

Plumstone,  305 

Plumstone  Morello  (syn.  of  Plumstone),  305 

Plymouth  (syn.  of  Plymouth  Rock),  306 

Plymouth  Rock,  306 

Podiebrad,  306 

Podiebrad  Bunte  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Podiebrad),  306 

Pohlnische  Kirsche  (syn.  of  Griotte  de  Kleparow),  263 

Pointed  Guigne,  306 

Poitou  griotte  (syn.  of  Imperial  Morello),  278 

Polnische  grosse  IFeichsel  (syn.  of  Griotte  de  Kleparow), 
263 

Polnische  Weichsel  (syn.  of  Griotte  de  Kleparow),  263 

Polsted,  306 

Polton  Gean,  306 

Pomeranzen,  306 

Pomme-d' A mour  (syn.  of  Tomato),  327 


Pontiac,  306 

Pope,  307 

Portugal,  307 

Portugiesische  Griotte  (syn.  of  .^rch  Duke),  98 

Portugiesischer  Griottier  JVeichselbaum  (syn.  of  Arch 
Duke),  98 

Powhattan,  307 

Pragische  Muskateller,  307 

Prague  Tardif  {Muscadet  de)  (syn.  of  Velser),  329 

Precoce  d' Espagne  (syn.  of  Spanische  Friihkirsche),  320 

Precoce  Lemercier  (syn.  of  Duchesse  de  Palluau),  246 

Precoce  de  Marest,  307 

Precoce  de  Montreuil  (syn.  of  Early  May),  128 

Precoce  de  Sabaret,  307 

President,  307 

Prettyman,  H.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  302 

Pride  of  Washington,  307 

Priesche  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  308 

Prince,  308 

Prince,  William,  quoted,  203-204;  var.  introduced  by, 
108,  247;  var.  orig.  by,  236,  308 

Prince  Black  Heart,  308 

Prince  Duke,  308 

Prince  Englebert,  308 

Prince  de  Hanoore  (syn.  of  Kronprinz  von  Hannover), 
285 

Prince  Royal,  308 

Prince  Royal  du  Hanovre  (syn.  of  Kronprinz  von 
Hannover),  285 

Princess,  308 

Priner  Friihweichsel  (syn.  of  Hative  de  Prin),  273 

Prinzenkirsche,  308 

Prinzes skirsche  (syn.  of  Princess),  308 

Prodlitzer  Elitekirsche,  308 

Progress,  308 

Prolific  Cherry  (syn.  of  Cerisier  Tres-fertile),  234 

Proskauer  Knorpelkirsche,  308 

Proudfoot,  308 

Proudfoot,  D.,  var.  orig.  by,  308 

Proi'encer  Siissweichsel  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  Prusse),  232 

Prunus,  division  of,  15;  genus,  importance  of,  in 
horticulture,  i 

Prunus  acida,  16 

Prunus  acida  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 

Prunus  aestiva  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 

44  X  48  ?  Prunus  affinis,  18 

Prunus  ampla,  17 

Prunus  apetala,  21;  (syn.  of  P.  maximotviczii) ,  16 

Prunus  apetala  izvozana  (syn.  of  P.  tschonoskii),  20 

Prunus  apetala  typica  (syn.  of  P.  nipponica),  20 

Prunus  austera  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 

Prunus  autumnalis,  20 

Prunus  avium,  16;  characters  of,  28-29;  comparison  of, 
with  Prunus  cerasus,  9;  distribution  and  habitat  of, 
29;  division  of  and  how  divided,  30;  geographic 
range  of,  41-42;  specific  description  of,  28-30;  use 
of  wood  of,  6;  value  of,  as  a  stock,  67-69 

Prunus  avium  X  Prunus  cerasus,  specific  description  of, 

31 
Prunus  avium  decomana,  30 
Prunus  avium  duracina,  33 


364 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW   YORK 


Prunus  avium  regalis,  3 1 

Prunus  batalinii,  22 

Prunus  besseyi,  21;  characters  of,  36;  common  names 

of,    37;    habitat   of,    36;    hybridism    of,    with    other 

species,  37;  specific  description  of,  36-38;  use  of,  as  a 

stock,  37-38 
Prunus  biloba  (syn.  of  P.  herincquiana  biloba),  19 
Prunus  brachypetala,  22 

Prunus  bracteata  (syn.  of  P.  maximowiczii),  16 
Prunus  bungei  (syn.  of  P.  humilis),  21 
Prunus  campanulaia,  19 
Prunus  canescens,  20 
Prunus  carcharias,  22 
Prunus  caudata,  20 
Prunus  ceraseidos   (syn.. of   P.   apctala),   21;   (syn.   of 

P.  nipponica),  20;  (syn.  of  P.  tschonoskii),  20 
Prunus  ceraseidos  kurilensis  (syn.  of  P.  kurilensis),  20 
Prunus  cerasoides,  19;  (syn.  of  P.  campanulata),  19 
Prunus  cerasoides  tibetica  (syn.  of  P.  majesiica),  19 
Prunus  cerasus,  16;  characters  of,  25;  comparison  of, 

with   Prunus  avium,  9;  distribution  of,  26;  division 

of  and    how   divided,   26-28;   geographic   range  of, 

41;  probable  parentage  of,  44;  specific  description  of, 

24-28 
Prunus  cerasus  austera,  27 
Prunus  cerasus  caproniana,  27 
Prunus  cerasus  flore  plena  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata),   18; 

(syn.  of  P.  serrulata  mucronata),  18 
Prunus  cerasus  flore  simplici  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata),   17 
Prunus  cerasus  marasca,  28 
Prunus  cerasus  pendula  flore  rosea  (syn.  of  P.  pendula), 

20 
Prunus  cinerascens,  22 
Prunus  clarojolia,  16 
Prunus  conadenia,  16 
Prunus  concinna,  19 
Prunus  conradina;  19 
Prunus  cuneata,  habitat  of,  35;  specific  description  of, 

35-36 
Prunus  cyclamina,  17 
Prunus  cyclamina  biflara,  17 
Prunus  depressa  (syn.  of  P.  pumila),  34 
Prunus  dictyaneura,  21 
Prunus  dielsiana,  17 
Prunus  dielsiana  conferta,  17 
Pru7ius  dielsiana  la.xa,  17 
Prunus  diffusa,  22 
Prunus  discadenia,  16 
Prunus  donarium  (syn.  of  P.  pseudacerasus  virescens), 

17;  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata),  17 
Prunus  draseracea,  20 
Prunus  dulcis  (syn.  of  P.  ofium),  28 
Prunus  duclouxii,  17 
Prunus  emarginata,  16;  use  of,  38 
Prunus  formosana  (syn.  of  P.  pogonastyla),  21 
Prunus  fruticosa,  16;  use  of,  38 
Prunus  giraldiana,  20 
Prunus  glabra,  17 
Prunus  glandulifolia,  17 
Prunus  glandulosa,  21 
Prunus  glandulosa  glabra,  21 


Prunus  glandulosa  glabra  alba,  21 

Prunus  glandulosa  glabra  albiplena,  21 

Prunus  glandulosa  glabra  rosea,  21 

Prunus  glandulosa  purdamii,  21 

Prunus  glandulosa  salicifoli,  21 

Prunus  glandulosa  trichostyla,  21 

Prunus  glandulosa  trichostyla  jaberi,  21 

Prunus  glandulosa  trichostyla  paokangensis,  21 

Prunus  glandulosa  trichostyla  sinensis,  21 

Prunus  glyptocarya,  20 

Prunus  gracilifalia,  21 

Prunus  griffithii,  22  ' 

Prunus  helente,  19 

Prunus  henryi,  17 

Prunus  herincquiana,  19;  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 

Prunus  herincquiana  ascendens  (syn.  of  P.  subhirtella), 

19 

Prunus  herincquiana  biloba,  19 

Prunus  hirtifolia,  17 

Prunus  hirtipes,  17 

Prunus  hirtipes  glabra  (syn.  of  P.  glabra),  17 

Prunus  hortensis  (syn.  of  P.  (r<rra/u/),  24 

Prunus  hasseusii,  19 

Prunus  humilis,  21 

Prunus  incana,  22;   (syn.  of  /".  pumilla),  34;   use  of, 

38 
Prunus  incisa,  20;  (syn.  of  P.  subhirtella),  19 
Prunus  incisa  kurilensis  (syn.  of  P.  kurilensis),  20 
Prunus  involucrata,  17 
Prunus  itasakra  ascendens  amabilis   (syn.   of   P.   .fu^ 

hirtella  fukubana),  20 
Prunus  itosakra  pendula  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 
Prunus  itosakra  subhirtella  (syn.  of  P.  subhirtella),  20 
Prunus  itosakura  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 
Prunus  iwagiensis,  20 
Prunus  involucrata,  use  of,  38 
Prunus  jacquemontii,  22;  use  of,  38 
Prunus  jamasakura  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata),  17 
Prunus  jamasakura  borealis  (syn.  of  P.  sargentii),  19 
Prunus  jamasakura    elegans    compta    (syn.   of    P.  jar- 

gfn/!i),  19 
Prunus  jamasakura  elegans  glabra   (syn.   of   P.   serru- 
lata'', 18 
Prunus    jamasakura    elegans    parvifolia     (syn.    of    P. 

pan'ifolia),  19 
Prunus  jamasakura  speciosa  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata),  18 
Prunus  jamasakura  speciosa   nobilis   (syn.   of   P.   j^t- 

rulata  lannesiana),  18 
Prunus  jamasakura  speciosa  nobilis  donarium  (syn.  of 

P.  serrulata  hisakura),  18 
Prunus  japonica,  21;  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  glabra  alba, 

21;    of    P.    glandulosa    glabra    albiplena,    21;    of    P. 

glandulosa   trichostyla  jaberi,    21;    0/    P.    glandulosa 

trichostyla  sinensis,  21;  of  P.  japonica  kerii,  22) 
Prunus  japonica  engleri  (syn.  of  P.  japonica  gracillima 

engleri),  22 
Prunus  japonica  eujaponica,  21 
Prunus  japonica  eujaponica  fauriei,  21 
Prunus  japonica  eujaponica  oldhamii,  21 
Prunus  japonica  flor.  simp.  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  glabra 

rosea),  21 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW    YORK 


365 


Prunus  japonica  flore   albo    plena    (syn.    of    P.    glan- 

dulosa  glabra  albiplena),  21 
Prunus  japonica  flore   plena    (syn.    of    P.    glandulosa 

glabra  albiplena),  21;   (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  tricho- 

styla  sinensis),  21 
Prunus  japonica    glandulosa    (syn.    of    P.    glandulosa 

glabra),  21;  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  glabra  rosea),  21 
Prunus  japonica  gracillima,  22 
Prunus  japonica  gracillima  engleri,  22 
Prunus  japonica  gracillima  minor,  22 
Prunus  japonica  gracillima  sphaerica,  22 
Prunus  japonica  gracillima  thunbergii,  22 
Prunus  japonica  japonica  (syn.  of  P.  japonica),  21 
Prunus  japonica  kerii,  22 
Prunus  japonica  multiplex  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  glabra 

albiplena),  21 
Prunus  japonica  packangensis  (syn.  of    P.  glandulosa 

trichostyla  paokangensis),  21 
Prunus  japonica  salicifolia  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  sal- 

icifoli),  21 
Prunus  japonica  sphaerica  (syn.  of  P.  japonica  gracil- 
lima sphaerica),  22 
Prunus  japonica  thunbergii  (syn.  of  P.  japonica  gracil- 
lima thunbergii),  22 
Prunus  japonica  typica  (syn.  of  P.  japonica),  21 
Prunus  japonica  typica  flore  pleno  (syn.  of  P.  japonica 

kerii),  22 
Prunus  japonica  typica  flore  roseo  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa 

glabra  rosea),  21 
Prunus  Juliana  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 
Prunus  kerii  (syn.  of  P.  japonica  kerii),  22 
Prunus  kurilensis,  20 
Prunus  latidentata,  20 
Prunus  leveilleana,  19 
Prunus  litigiosa,  16 
Prunus  litigiosa  abbreviata,  16 
Primus  lobulaia,  20 
Prunus  macgregoriana,  17 
Prunus  macradenia,  16 
Prunus  mahaleb,  16;  characters  of,  31-32;  habitat  of, 

32;   importance  of,   in   horticulture   and   commerce, 

32-33;  specific  description  of,  31-33;  value  of,  as  a 

stock,  69—72;  value  of  wood  of,  6 
Prunus  majestica,  19 
Prunus  malifolia,  17 
Prunus  malifolia  rosthornii,  17 
Prunus  Marasca  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 
Prunus  maximowiczii,  16 
Prunus  maximo'U'iczii  adenophora  (syn.  of  P.  tatsien- 

ensis  adenophora),  16 
Prunus  maximowiczii  aperta,  16 
Prunus  mesadenia,  19 
Prunus  microcarpa,  22 
Prunus  microlepis,  20 
Prunus  microlepis  ternata,  20 
Prunus  micromeloides,  20 
Prunus  miqueliana,   20;    (syn.   of   /".   nipponica),   20; 

(syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 
Prunus  mollis,  16 

Prunus  mume  crasseglandulosa  (syn.  of  P.  sargentii),  19 
Prunus  nakii,  22 


Prunus  neglecta,  17 

Prunus  nigricans  (syn.  of  Z'.  avium),  28 

Prunus  nikkoensis,  20 

Prunus  nipponica,  20 

Prunus  oxycarpa  (syn.  of  /*.  ffrajuj),  24 

Prunus  oxyodonta,  20 

Prunus  padus,  3 

Prunus  paniculata  (syn.  of  P.  pseudocerasus  sieboldii), 

Prunus  paracerasus,  17 

Prunus  parjifolia,  19 

Prunus  parjifolia  aomoriensis,  19 

Prunus  paucifolia,  19 

Prunus  pendula,  20 

Prunus  pendula  ascendens  (syn.  of  P.  subhirtella),  19 

Prunus  pennsyhanica,  16;  use  of,  as  a  stock,  74 

Prunus  phyllopoda,  20 

Prunus  pilosiuscula,  16 

Prunus  pleiocerasus,  16 

Prunus  plena  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 

Prunus  pleuroptera,  20 

Prunus  plurinervis,  17 

Prunus  podadenia,  20 

Prunus  pogonostyla,  21 

Prunus  pogonostyla  globosa,  21 

Prunus  pogonostyla  obovata,  21 

Prunus  polytricha,  16 

?  Prunus  praecox,  22 

Prunus  prostrata,  22 

Prunus  pseudocerasus,   17;   (syn.  of  /".  sargentii^,   19; 

(syn.  of  P.  serrulata  albida),  18;  use  of,  38;  use  of 

as  a  stock,  75 ;  use  of  wood  of,  6 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  benifugen  (syn.  of  P.   serrulata 

hisakura),  18 
Prunus   pseudocerasus  borealis   (syn.   of  P.  sargentii), 

19 

Prunus   pseudocerasus  flore   roseo    pleno    (syn.    of    P. 

pseudocerasus  sieboldii),  17 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  hisakura   (syn.   of   P.   serrulata 

hisakura),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flore  carneo  sufjuso  (syn. 

of  P.  serrulata  shidare-sakura),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flore  pleno  viridi  (syn. 

of  P.  serrulata  grandiflora),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flore  pulcherrimo  pleno 

candido  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata  mucronata),  18 
Prunus   pseudocerasus   hortensis  flore   semipleno    roseo 

(syn.  of  P.  serrulata  hisakura),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  hortensis  flore  simplici  albo  (syn. 

of  P.  serrulata  albida),  18 
Prunus    pseudocerasus    hortensis  flore   simplici    carneo 

(syn.  of  P.  serrulata  lannesiana),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  jamasakura  X  incisa,  18 
Prunus   pseudocerasus  jamaskura   glabra    (syn.    of    P. 

serrulata),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  jamasakura  glabra  praco  .   (syn. 

of  P.  serrulata),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  jamasakura  pracox  (syn.  of   P. 

serrulata),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  naden  (syn.  of  P.  pseudocerasus 

sieboldii),  17 


366 


THE    CHERRIES    OF    NEW   YORK 


Prunus  pseudocerasus  "New  Red  "  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata 

hisakura),  i8 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  ochichima  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata 

ochichima),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  parvifolia  (syn.  of  P.  parvifolia), 

19 

Prunus    pseudocerasus    sachalinensis    (syn.  of    P.  sar- 

gentii),  19 
Prunus    pseudocerasus    serrulata    glabra    (syn.    of    P. 

serrulata),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  glabra  fugenzo  (syn.  of  P. 

serrulata),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  glabra  viridiflora  (syn. 

of  P.  serrulata  grandiflora) ,  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  sieboldti  albida  (syn.  of 

P.  serrulata  albida),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  serrulata  sieboldtii   (syn.   of  P. 

pseudocerasus  sieboldii),  17 
Prunus    pseudocerasus     shidare-sakura      (syn.    of    P. 

serrulata  shidare-sakura),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  shirojugen  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata 

ochichima),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  sieboldii,  17 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  spontanea  (syn.  of  P.  sargentii), 

19 

Prunus  pseudocerasus  spontanea  hortensis   (syn.  of   P. 

serrulata),  18 
Prunus    pseudocerasus    typica    parvifolia    (syn.    of    P. 

parvifolia),  19 
Prunus    pseudocerasus    typica    sieboldii    (syn.    of    P. 

pseudocerasus  sieboldii),  17 
Prunus    pseudocerasus    ukon    (syn.    of    P.    serrulata 

grandifolia),  18 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  virescens,  17 
Prunus  pseudocerasus  watereri,  17 
Prunus    pseudocerasus   yoshino    (syn.    of    P.    serrulata 

albida,  18 
Prunus    puddum    (syn.    of    P.    cerasoides,    19;    of    P. 

majestica,  19;  of  P.  sargentii,  19;  of  P.  serrulata),  18 
Prunus  pulchella,  16 
Prunus  pumila,  21;  characters  of,  34-35;  distribution 

of,    3S;    specific    description    of,    34-35;    use    of,    as 

a  stock,  74 
Prunus  pumila  Besseyi  (syn.  of  P.  besseyi),  36 
Prunus  pumila  cuneata  (syn.  of  P.  cuneata),  35 
Prunus  rehderiana,  16 
Prunus  rosea  (syn.  of  P.  cerasus),  24 
Prunus  rossiana,  21 

Prunus  rufa,  19;  (syn.  of  P.  trichantha),  19 
Prunus  rufoides,  17 

Prunus  salicina  (syn.  of  P.  humilis),  21 
Prunus  saltuum,  19 
Prunus  sargentii,  19 
Prunus  schneideriana,  17 
Prunus  scopulorum,  17 
Prunus  serotina,  value  of  wood  of,  7 
Prunus  serrula,  19 
Prunus  serrula  tibetica,  19 
Prunus  serrulata,  17 

Prunus  serrulata  cf.  supra,  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata),  18 
Prunus  serrulata  albida,  :8 


Prunus  serrulata  borealis  (syn.  of  P.  sargentii),  19 

Prunus  serrulata  Jlore  plena  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata 
mucronata),  18 

Prunus  serrulata  grandiflora,  1 8 

Prunus  serrulata  hisakura,  18 

Prunus  serrulata  kriegeri,  1 8 

Prunus  serrulata  lannesiana,  18 

Prunus  serrulata  mucronata,  18 

Prunus  serrulata  ochichima,  18 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  albida  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata 
albida),  18 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  fugenzo  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata 
ochichima),  18 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  fugenzo  rosea  (syn.  of  P. 
serrulata),  18 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  lannesiana  (syn.  of  P. 
serrulata  lannesiana),  18 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  sieboldtii  (syn.  of  P.  pseudo- 
cerasus sieboldii),  17 

Prunus  serrulata  serrula'a  viridiflora  (syn.  of  P.  serru- 
lata grandiflora),  18 

Prunus  serrulata  serrulata  wattererii  (syn.  of  P.  pseudo- 
cerasus watereri),  17 

Prunus  serrulata  shidare-sakura,  18 

Prunus  serrulata  veitchiana,  18 

Prunus  serrulata  "  JV.  Kou "  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata 
hisakura),  18 

Prunus  serrulata  yashino  (syn.  of  P.  serrulata  albida), 
18 

Prunus  setulosa,  20 

Prunus  sieboldii  (syn.  of  P.  pseudocerasus),  17;  (syn. 
of  P.  pseudocerasus  sieboldii),  17 

Prunus  sihatica  (syn.  of  P.  cerasoides),  19 

Prunus  sinensis  (syn.  of  P.  glandulosa  trichostyla 
sinensis),  21 

Prunus  sontagiit,  19 

Prunus  Sp.  Zabel  (syn.  of  P.  sargentii),  19 

Prunus  sprengeri,  19 

Prunus  stipulacea,  20 

Prunus  subhirtella,  19 

Prunus  subhirtella  autumnalis  (syn.  of  P.  autumnalis), 
20 

Prunus  subhirtella  fukubana,  20 

Prunus  subhirtella  oblongifolia  (syn.  of  P.  subhirtella), 

19 

Prunus  subhirtella  pendula  (syn.  of  P.  pendula),  20 

Prunus  Susquehanae  (syn.  of  P.  pumila),  34 

Prunus  sylvestris  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 

Prunus  szechuanica,  16 

"  P.  szechuanica,  var.  ?  "  (syn.  of  P.  dielsiana),  17 

"  P.  szechuanica  dielsiana  "  (syn.  of  P.  dielsiana),  17 

Prunus  taiwaniana,  20 

Prunus  tatsienensis,  16 

Prunus  tatsienensis  adenophora,  16 

Prunus  tatsienensis   pilosiuscula   (syn.   of    P.  pilosius- 

cula),  16 
Prunus  tatsienensis  stenadenia,  16 
Prunus  tenuiflora,  19 
Prunus  tomentosa,  22;   characters  of,  33;   habitat  and 

distribution  of,  33-34;  specific  description  of,  33-34 
Prunus  tomentosa,  ?  Batalinii  (syn.  of  P.  batalinii),  22 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 


567 


Prunui  tomentosa  breviftora,  22 

Purnus  tomentosa  endotricha,  22 

Prunus  tomentosa  graebneriana,  22 

Prunus  tomentosa  heter-  mera,  22 

Prunus  tomentosa  insularis,  22 

Prunus  tomentosa  kashkarouii,  22 

Prunus  tomentosa  souliei,  iz 

Prunus  tomentosa  spaethiana,  22 

Prunus  tomentosa  trichocarpa,  22 

Prunus  tomentosa  tsuluensis,  22 

Prunus  trichantha,  19 

Prunus  trichocarpa  (syn.  of  P.  tomentosa  trichocarpa), 
22 

Prunus  trichostoma,  20 

Prunus  tschonoskii,  20 

Prunus  twymaniana,  19 

Prunus  varia  (syn.  of  P.  avium),  28 

Prunus  variabilis,  16 

Prunus  veitckii,  20 

Prunus  venusta,  16 

Prunus  verrucosa,  22 

Prunus  virginiana,  3 

Prunus  vulgaris  (syn.  of  P.  ffra/u/),  24 

Prunus  wildeniana,  19 

Prunus  yedcsnsis,  19 

Prunus  yunnanensis,  17 

Prunus  yunnanensis  henryi  (syn.  of  P.  Itenryi),  17; 
(syn.  of  P.  neglecta),  17 

Prunus  zappeyana,  20 

Prunus  zappeyana  ?  subsimplex,  20 

Prussian  Cherry  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  Prusse),  232 

Puhlmann  Friihe,  309 

Punctirte  Siisskirsche  mit  feslem  Fleischs  (syn.  of 
Punktirte  Marmorkirsche),  309 

Punktirte  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Punktirte  Mar- 
morkirsche), 309 

Punktirte  Marmorkirsche,  309 

Punktirte  Molkenkirsche,  309 

Purity  (I),  309 

Purity  (II),  309 

Purple  Cherry  (syn.  of  Early  Purple),  130 

Purple  Guigne  (syn.  of  Early  Purple),  130 

Purpurrothe  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Red  Bigarreau), 
309 

Pyramidenkirsche  (syn.  of  Jerusalemskirsche),  279 

Pyramidenweichsel  (syn.  of  Jerusalemskirsche),  279 

Quaker,  309 

Rainier  French,  309 

Ratafia  (syn.  of  Brusseler  Braune),  1 10 

Ratafia  Griotie  (syn.  of  English  Morello),  139 

Raton,  var.  orig.  with,  211 

Red  Bigarreau,  309 

Red  Canada,  310 

Red-flo-jiered  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Semi-doubles),  253 

Red  Guigne,  310 

Red  Heart  (syn.  of  Bleeding  Heart),  109 

Red  Jacket,  310 

Red  Muscatel,  310 

Red  Oranien,  310 

Red  Pie  Cherry  (syn.  of  Late  Kentish),  157 

Red  Rock,  310 


Red  Russian,  310 

Reichart,  310 

Reid,  John,  quoted,  68 

Reina  Hortense,  179 

Reine-Hortense  Hative,  310 

Remington,  311 

Remington  Heart  (syn.  of  Remington),  311 

Rentz  Morello,  311 

Republican,  181 

Resacks  Knorpelkirsche,  311 

Richardson,  311 

Richardson,  J.  R.,  var.  orig.  with,  311 

Richardson,  William  P.,  var.  orig.  with,  311 

Richardson  Late  Black,  311 

Richter  Samling,  311 

Riga  No.  108,  311 

Riga  No.  109,  311 

Riley,  quoted,  45 

Rival,  311 

Rivers,  Thomas,  var.  orig.  by,  247,  248,  293,  311 

River's  Early  Amber  Heart  (syn.  of  Early  .'\mber),  247 

Rivers  Early  Heart,  311 

Roberts,  David,  var.  orig.  with,  312 

Roberts'  Red  (syn.  of  Bowyer  Early  Heart),  22; 

Roberts  Red  Heart,  311 

Rochaline,  312 

Rock,  312 

Rockland,  312 

Rockport,  182 

Rocky  Hill  Honey  Heart,  312 

Rocky  Mountain,  312 

Rocky  Mountain  Cherry,  botanical  name  of,  37 

Rocmonter  Marmorkirsche  (syn.  of  Belle  de  Rocmont), 

212 
Roe,  312 
Romaine,  312 
Ronald,  312 
Ronald's  Large  Black  Heart  (syn.  of  Black  Tartar  an), 

107 
Roschers,  var.  orig.  with,  312 
Roschers  Kirsche,  312 
Rose  Charmeux,  312 
Rosenobel,  312 
Rosenrothe  Maikirsche  (syn.  of  Guigne  Rose  Hative), 

272 
Rostraver  Bigarreau,  313 
Rothe  Glanzkirsche,  313 
Rothe  Herzkirsche,  313 
Rothe  Maikirsche  (syn.  of  May  Duke),  164 
Rothe  Maiknorpelkirsche,  313 
Rothe  Molkenkirsche,  313 

Rothe  Muskateller  (syn.  of  Cerise  Guigne),  232 
Rothe  Oranienkirsche  (syn.  of  Carnation),  114 
Rothe  Soodkirsche,  313 
Rothe    Spanische    Marmorkirsche    (syn.    of    Belle    de 

Rocmont),  212 
Rouaanse  Kirsche,  313 

Rouge  de  Downing  (syn.  of  Downing  Red  Cheek),  244 
Rouge  Pale  Tardive,  313 
Rouge  des  Vosges,  313 
Round  Sweet,  314 


368 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 


Royal  American,  314 

Royal  Jnn  (syn.  of  Napoleon),  172 

Royal  Duke,  184 

Royal  Hatif,  314 

Royale  (syn.  of  Jeffrey  Duke),  146 

RoyaU  d' Angletcrre  (syn.  of  Royal  Duke),  184 

Royale  Cherry  Duke  (syn.  of  May  Duke),  164 

Royale   Native    (syn.    of  Jeffrey    Duke),  146;    (syn.  of 

May  Duke),  164 
Royale  Tardive  (syn.  of  Holman  Duke),  276 
Rumsey,  314 

Rumsey,  J.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  314 
Rumsey' s  Late  Morello  (syn.  of  Rumsey),  314 
Runde  Marmorirte  Siisskirsche,  314 
Rupert,  314 
Rupp,  314 

Rupp,  Solomon,  var.  orig.  b\-,  314 
Russian  cherries,  value  of,  for  stocks,  73-74 
Russian  Morello,  314 

Russian  20y  (syn.  of  Russian  Morello),  314 
Russian  Seedlings  Nos.   8,  42,  49,  54,   109,    128,   169 

and  199,  315 
Russie  a  Fruit  Blanc,  315 
Ryley  Black  Tartarian,  315 
Siichsische  Friihe  Maikirsche,  315 
Sacramento,  315 
Saint-Laurent,  315 
St.  Lucie  cherry,  32 

St.  Margaret's  Ch-rry  (syn.  of  Elkhorn),  134 
St.  Walpurgiskirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  de  Walpurgis), 

221 
Sand  Cherry,  botanical  name  of,  35;  use  of,  as  a  stock, 

74 

Sansoto,  315 

Sapa,  31; 

Sapplngton,  315 

Sauer  Einmach  and  Backkirsche  (syn.  of  Leitzkauer), 
290 

Sauerjotte,  315 

Saure  Herzkirsche,  315 

Sauvigny  Knorpelkirsche,  315 

Scharlachkirsche,  316 

Schatten  .-Imarelle  (syn.  of  Shadow  Amarclle),  318 

Sclieur-  Kers  (syn.  of  Black  Guigne),    104 

Schleihahn  Sweet,  316 

Schlossers  Schattenmorelle,  316 

Schmehls,  316 

Schmidt,  185 

Schmidt,  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  186,  316 

Schmidt  Bigarreau  No.  2,  316 

Schmidt  Friihe  Herzkirsche,  316 

Schneeberger  Kirsche,  316 

Schneider  Friihe  Herzkirsche,  316 

Schneider  Spate  Knorpelkirsche,  316 

Sclione  .4gathe  (syn.  of  Hildesheim),  144 

SchSne  Audigeoise  (syn.  of  Belle  Audigeoise),  211 

Schone  aus  Sauvigny  (syn.  of  Montmorency  de  Sau- 
vigny), 298 

Schone  von  Ardeche  (syn.  of  Cerise  de  I'Ardeche),  230 

Schone  von  Briigge,  317 

Schone  von  Choisy  (syn.  of  Chois)'),  116 


Schone  von  Couchey  (syn.  of  Belle  de  Couchey),  211 

Schone  von  Marienhohe,  317 

Schone  von  Alontreuil  (syn.  of  Montreuil),  298 

Schone  von  Ribeaucourt  (syn.   of  Belle  de  Ribeaucourt), 

212 
Schone  von  Rocmont  (syn.  of  Belle  de  Rocmont),  212 
Schreckens   Kirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  de  Schrecken), 

220 
Schrocks  Spate  Bunte  Knorpelkirsche,  317 
Schwarzbraune  Knorpelkirsche,  318 
Schwarze  Forellenkirsche,  317 
Schwarze  Knorpel  von  Mczel  (syn.  of  Mezel),  167 
Schwarze  Maikirsche  (syn.  of  Schwarze  Maiweichsel), 

317 
Schwarze  Maiweichsel,  317 
Schwarze  Mabasierkirsche  (syn.  of  Schwarze  Oranien- 

kirsche),  317 
Schwarze  Muskateller,  317 
Schwarze  oder  Spate  Herzkirsche  (sj-n.  of  Black  Spanish), 

223 
Schwarze  Oranienkirsche,  317 
Schwarze  Soodkirsche,  317 
Schwarze    Spanische    Friihkirsche    (syn.    of    Spanische 

Friihkirsche),  320 
Schwarze    Spanische     Knorpelkirsche    (syn.    of    Bl.nck 

Spanish),  223 
Schwarze     Ungarische     Kirsche    (syn.    of    Ungarische 

Weichsel  ,  329 
Schwarze    ll'eichsel    mit    kalb    gefiillter    Blute    (syn.    of 

Halbgefiilltbliihende  Weichsel),  273 
Schwarzes  Taubenherz,  318 

Schwefetkirsche  (syn.  of  Dankelmannskirsche),  240 
Sebril,  318 
Seckbacher,  318 

Seckbacher  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Seckbacher),  318 
Seederberger,  318 
Select  Beauty,  318 
Semis  de  Burr  (syn.  of  Burr),  228 
Shadow  Amarelle,  318 

Shadow  Morello  (syn.  of  Shadow  Amarelle),  318 
Shailer,  319 
Shannon, 319 

Shannon  Morello  (syn.  of  Shannon),  319 
Shelton,  319 

Shelton,  William,  var.  orig.  by,  319 
Shepler,  Louis,  var.  orig.  with,  210 
Shippen  (syn.  of  June  Duke),  280 
Short-stem  May,  319 
Short-Stem  Montmorency,  187 
Short  Stem  Montmorency  (syn.  of  Large  Montmorency), 

153 
Shiibianka,  319 
Sibrel,  319 

Siebenfreund,  var.  introduced  by,  328 
Silver  Thorne,  319 
Sklanka,  188 
Skublics  Weichsel,  319 
Sleinhaus,  319 
Small  Black  Guigne,  319 

Small  Double  Flowering  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Doubles),  252 
Small  Morello,  319 


THE    CHERRIES   OF    NEW    YORK 


369 


Smyech,  Daniel,  var.  orig.  with,  287 

Smidt  Yellow,  319 

Smith  (syn.  of  Schmidt),  185 

Socsany,  320 

Soft  Slwld  (syn.  of  Soft-stone  Cherry),  320 

Soft-stone  Cherry,  320 

SoodamarMe  (syn.  of  Rothe  Soodkirsche),  313 

Sour  Cherry,  adaptation  of,  to  culture,  3;    comparison 

of,  with  the  Sweet  Cherry,  9;  environment  of,  76-80; 

geographic  range  of,  41;  group  name  of,  2;  probable 

parentage  of,  44 
Souths  Breite  Herzkirsche,  320 
Souvenir  d'Essonnes,  320 
Spanische  Friihkirsche,  320 
Spanische  Friihweichsel,  320 
Spanische  Glaskirsche,  320 
Spanische  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Spanische  Fruhkirsche), 

320 
Spanish  (syn.  of  Yellow  Spanish),  202;  (syn.  of  Black 

Spanish),  223 
Spanish  Griotte,  321 
Sparhawk,  189 

Sparhawk,  Edward,  var.  introduced  by,  190 
Sparhawk's  Honey  (syn.  of  Sparhawk),  189 
Spatbliihende  Glaskirsche,  321 
Spate  Amarelle,  190 

Spate  Amarelle  (syn.  of  Sijsse  Amarelle),  323 
Spate  braune  Spanische   Herzkirsche   (syn.   of  Braune 

Spanische  Kirsche),  226 
Spate  grosse  honigliche  Weichsel  (syn.   of  Jerusalems- 

kirsche),  279 
Spate  Herzogenkirsche  (syn.  of  Late  Duke),  155 
Spate  Konigliche  JVeichsel  (syn.  of  Jerusaiemskirsche), 

279 
Spate  Maikirsche  (syn.  of  Seckbacher),  318 
Spate    M aulbeerherzkirsche    (syn.    of   Spate    Maulbeer- 

kirsche),  321 
Spate  Maulbeerkirsche,  321 
Spate  Morello  (syn.  of  Spate  Amarelle),  190 
Spate  Rote  Knorpelkirsche,  321 
Spate  Schwarze  Forellenkirsche,  321 
Spate  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  321 
Spate  Schwarze  Spanische  Herzkirsche,  321 
Speckkirsche,  321 
Spitzens  Herzkirsche,  322 
Srdcovka  v  Skalka,  322 
Stanapa,  322 
Standard,  322 
Starr  Prolific,  322 

Stdls  Bliihender  Kirschbaum  (syn.  of  Toussaint),  193 
Strass  Early  Black,  322 
Strauss,  322 
Strauss  Weichsel,  322 
Strauss  JVeichsel  (syn.  of  Strauss),  322 
Striker,  323 
Striped-Leaved,  323 
Strong,  J.  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  307 
Stuart,  323 

Stuart,  C.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  323 
Sucree  Leon  Leclerc,  323 
Suda,  192 

24 


Suda,  var.  orig.  with,  192 

Suda  Hardy  (syn.  of  Suda),  192 

Summer's  Honey  (syn.  of  Honey),  276 

Summit,  323 

Susse  .\marelle,  323 

Susse  Friihherzkirsche,  323 

Siisse  Friihweichsel,  324 

Susse  Friihweichsel  (syn.  of  Griotte  Douce  Precoce),  262 

Siisse  Maiherzkirsche,  324 

Siisse  Maiherzkirsche  (syn.  of  Baumann  May),  100 

Siisse  Spanische,  324 

Siisskirsche  mit  Gefurster  Bluthe,  324 

Siisskirschenbaum    mit    ganz    gefiillter    Blute    (syti.    of 

Large  Double  Flowering),  287 
Siisszveichselmn  Chaux  (syn.  of  German  Morello),  258 
Sweedish,  324 
Sweet  Cherry,  adaptation  of,  to  culture,  3;  comparison 

of,  with  the  Sour  Cherry,  9;  environment  of,  77-80; 

geographic  range  of,  41-42;  group  name  of,  2 
Sweet  Montmorency,  324 
Sweet  Morello,  324 
Tabors   schwarze    Knorpelkirsche    (syn.    of   Bigarreau 

Noir  de  Tabor),  219 
Tarascon  Kirsche,  324 
Tardive  d' Avignon,  325 
Tardive  de  Brederode,  325 
Tardive  Noire  d'Espagne,  325 
Tardive  de  Peine,  325 
Tartarian  (syn.  of  Black  Tartarian),  107 
Tecumseh,  325 
Temple,  325 
Terry,  325 

Terry  Early  (syn.  of  Terry),  325 
Terry,  H.  .\.,  var.  introduced  by,  325 
Thacher,  quoted,  69 
Theophrastus,  quoted,  43 
Thirty  Day,  325 
Thomas,  quoted,  70 
Thompson,  325 

Thranen  Muskatellerkirsche,  326 
Tilgner  Rothe  Herzkirsche,  326 
Tilgner  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  326 
Timme,  192 

Timme,  var.  introduced  by,  193 
Tobacco-Leaved,  326 
Toctonne  Precoce,  327 
Tokeya,  327 
Tomato,  327 
Toronto,  327 
Toupie,  327 
Toussaint,  193 
Townsend,  327 

Townsend,  W.  P.,  var.  orig.  by,  327 
Tradescant  (syn.  of  White  Bigarreau),  196 
Tradescant,  John,  var.  orig.  with,  134 
Tradescant' s  Black  Heart  (syn.  of  Elkhorn),  134 
Transparent,  327 
Transparent    de    Bettenburg    (syn.     of    Bettenburger 

Glaskirsche),  213 
Transparent  Guigne,  328 
Transparent  de  John  (syn.  of  Transparent  Guigne),  328 


370 


THE    CHERRIES    OF   NEW    YORK 


Traniparente    d'Espagne    (syn.     of    Spanische    Glas- 

kirsche),  320 
Transparente  de  Meylan,  328 
Transparence  de  Rivers,  328 
Transparente  de  Siebenfreund,  328 

Trauben  oder  Bouquet  Amarelle  (syn.  of  Cluster),  1 19 

Trauerknorpelkirsclu    (syn.   of  Weeping    Black    Bigar- 

reau),  331 
Triomphe  de  Fausin,  328 

Triumph  of  Cumberland  (syn.  of  Cumberland),  239 
Troprichters  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  328 

Tros-Kers  (syn.  of  Cluster),  119 
Truchsess,  var.  orig.  by,  213,  214 
Truchsess  Schwarze  Herzkirsche,  328 
Tubbs,  328 
Tiirkine,  328 

Tiirkine  (syn.  of  Flamentine),  252 

Turkirsche  Grosse,  329 

Turner  Late,  329 

Twyford,  329 

Uellner,  var.  orig.  with,  293 

Uhlhorns  Trauerkirsche,  329 

Ulatis  (syn.  of  California  Advance),  113 

Ungarische    Herzkirsche    (syn.    of   Grosse    Ungarische 
Kirsche),  267 

Ungarische  Sissaieichsel  (syn.  of  Royal  Duke),  184 
Ungarische  Weichsel,  329 
Urinall,  329 
Utha,  329 
Vail,  Henry,  var.  orig.  with,  209 

Vail's  August  Duke  (syn.  of  August  Duke),  209 

Van  Gaasbeck,  329 

Van  Mens,  var.  orig.  with,  246 

Vanskike,  329 

Varenne,  var.  orig.  with,  137 

I'arrenne,  De  (syn.  of  Grosse  Nonnenkirsche),  266 

Vaughn,  329 

Velser,  329 

Very  Large  Heart,  330 

Vesta,  330 

Villeneuver  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Guigne  Villeneuve),  272 

Villennes  (syn.  of  Cerise  Rouge  Pale),  233 

Vilna  Sweet,  330 

Violet,  330 

Virginia  May  Duke,  330 

Vistula,  330 

Vladimir,  194 

Von  Lade's  Spate  Knorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Lade  Late), 

286 
Voronezh  No.  27,  330 
Wabash,  330 
Wachampa,  330 

Wachsknorpelkirsche  (syn.  of  Biittner  Gelbe  Knorpel- 
kirsche), 228 
Wagner,  330 

fVakre  Englische  Kirsche  (syn.  of  Late  Duke),  155 
Walling,  G.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  304 
Walpurgiskirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  de  Walpurgis),  221 
JValsh  Seedling  (syn.  of  Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy),  222 
JVanfrieder  Weichsel  (syn.  of  Velser),  329 
Warner,  331 


Warner,  Mathew  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  331 

Warren,  var.  orig.  by,  331 

Warren  Transparent,  331 

Washington  Purple,  331 

Waterhouse,  331 

Waterhouse,  Warren,  var.  orig.  by,  331 

Waterloo,  196 

Weber,  R.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  301 

Weeping,  331 

Weeping  (syn.  of  Dwarf  Siberian),  247 

Weeping   or  Pendulous  Morello  (syn.  of  Weeping),  331 

Weeping  Black  Bigarreau,  331 

Weeping  Napoleon,  331 

Weichsel  mit  halbgefiillter  Bliithe  (syn.  of  Fleurs  Semi- 
doubles),  253 

Weichselbaum  mit  biindelfbrmigen  Friichten  (syn.  of 
Cerisier  Tres-fertile),  234 

Weichselbaum  mit  gelb,  weiss,  unci  rothlich  marmorirte 
Frucht  (syn.  of  Spatbluhende  Glaskirsche),  321 

Weichselbaum  mit  sehr  gross  gefullter  Bliithe  (syn.  of 
Fleurs  Doubles),  252 

Weidenbldttrige  Siissweichsel  (syn.   of  Willow-Leaved), 

335 
Weis,    Roth    und    Rosenfarbig    Marmorirte    Kramel- 

kirsche,  331 
Weiss  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of  Grosse  Bunte  Herzkirsche), 

265 
Weiss  und  hellroth  grfleckte  grosse    Kramrlkirsche  {syn. 

of  Weisse   Rosenroth   Marmorirte  Herzkirsche),  331 
Weiss  und  hellroth  geflekte  grosse    Kramelkirsche  (syn. 

of  Runde  Marmorirte  Susskirsche),  314 
Weiss  und  rothe  grosse  Herzkirsche   (syn.   of  Friiheste 

Bunte  Herzkirsche),  256 
Weisse  Mandelkirsche,  332 
Weisse  Rosenroth  Marmorirte  Herzkirsche,  331 
Wellington,  332 

Wellington's  Weichsel  (syn.  of  Wellington),  332 
Weltz,  Leo,  var.  introduced  by,  205 
Wendell,  Herman,  var.  orig.  by,  332 
Wendell  Mottled,  332 
Wenzlecks  Bunte  Knorpelkirsche,  332 
Werder  Early  Black,  332 
Werdersche  Schzuarze  .-lllerjrUheste  Herzkirsche  (syn.  of 

Werder  Early  Black),  332 
Werder'sche  Bunte  Herzkirsche,  332 
Western  Sand  Cherry,  botanical  name  of,  37 
Wheeler,  332 

Wheeler,  H.  J,,  var.  orig.  with,  332 
White  Bigarreau,  196 
White  Bigarreau,  332 
White  French,  333 
White  French  Guigne,  333 
White  Gean,  333 
White  Heart,  197 

White  Heart  (syn.  of  Grosse  Guigne  Blanche),  266 
White  Hungarian  Gean,  333 
White  Mazzard,  333 

White  Oxheart  (syn.  of  White  Bigarreau),  196 
White  Spanish,  333 
White  Tartarian,  333 
White  Transparent,  333 


THE    CHERRIES   OF   NEW   YORK 


371 


Wier,  D.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  252,  257,  301,  333,  334 

Wier  No.  2,  333 

Wier  No.  II,  334 

Wier  No.  12,  334 

Wier  No.  13,  334 

Wier  No.  19,  334 

Wier  No.  24,  334 

Wier  No.  44,  334 

Wier's  Seedlings,  333 

Wild  Morello  (syn.  of  Common  Morello),  237 

Wild  Ross-shire,  334 

Wilde  Bunte  Marmorkirsche,  334 

Wilder,  Samson  V.  S.,  var.  introduced  by,  292 

Wilding  von    Kronberg  (syn.  of  Kronberger   Kirsche), 

285 
Wilhelmine  KJeindienst,  334 
Wilkinson,  334 
Willamette,  335 
Willis  Early,  335 
Willow-Leaved,  335 
U'incklers   schwarze    KnoTpelkirsche    (syn.   of  Winkler 

Black),  335 
Windsor,  198 

Winkler,  var.  orig.  by,  269 
Winkler  Black,  335 


Winkler  weisse   Herzkirsche    (syn.    of  Guigne    Carnee 

Winkler),  269 
Winkler's  ichwarze  Ilerzkirsche  (syn.  of  Winkler  Black), 

335 
Winter,  Pastor,  var.  introduced  by,  334 
Winter  Schwarze,  335 
Wirt,  Henry,  var.  orig.  with,  275 
Wohltragende  Hollandische  Kirsche,  335 
Wood,  199;  immunity  of,  to  powdery  mildew,  II 
Wragg,  201 
Yan,  335 

Yellow  Glass,  336 
Yellow  Honey  (syn.  of  Honey),  276 
Yellow  Spanish,  202 
Young  Large  Black  Heart,  336 
Youngken,  Josiah  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  299 
Yuksa,  336 

Zahm,  G.  W.,  var.  orig.  with,  274 

Zeisbergische  Kirsche  (syn.  of  Bigarreau  deZeisberg),  221 
Zimmtkirsche,  336 
Zweifarbige  Kirsche,  336 
Ztveite   Grosser   Herzkirschweichsel    (syn.    of    Brusseler 

Braune),  no 
Zwitterkirsche,  336 
Zzuckser  Schwarze  Knorpelkirsche,  336